Payment Of Fines Research Articles

Arresting Roadside Corruption: What Prospects Remain for Anglophone Cameroon

Introduction: Corruption is a canker warm that has eaten deep into the fabrics of several communities worldwide. The phenomenon has serious consequences on investment, trade, aid, inequality, government expenditure and services, just to name a few. In Cameroon, its effects are widespread in both Private and Public sectors including the education, justice, customs, taxation, finance, administration, military and police. Based on the Transparency International Corruption Perception Index, Cameroon was classified as the most corrupt country in the world in 1998 and 1999 and was ranked 149th out of 158 countries in 2020 following the implementation of several anti-corruption measures. This reveals that irrespective of the Cameroonian anti-corruption initiatives, high rates of corruption are still observed in the country. Roadside corruption is prevalent in Cameroon and is being orchestrated by both the police and other forces of the law and order. The practice is monotonous and considered a way of life by most Cameroonians. With the degeneration of the Anglophone crisis into violence, many troops of the forces of law and order have been deployed to Anglophone Cameroon to monitor and maintain security in this region.
 Purpose: To investigate the implications of the heavy presence of uniform men on roadside corruption in Anglophone Cameroon.
 Methodology: Secondary data was consulted and interviews were conducted with some road users in Bamenda.
 Findings: Respondents revealed that roadside corruption was a major problem and that the uniform men took advantage of the crisis situation to compel them to pay fines without collecting receipts and equally extort money from them even in situations where they presented all their valid vehicle and personal identification papers. This has made many drivers to care less about the regularization of theira papers.
 Unique Contribution to Practice and Policy: There is need to galvanize NGOs and civil societies to organize training programs and sensitization campaigns to inform road users on all vehicle documents, accessories, high way code and all the fines and procedures associated with defaults. The government should regulate and monitor the activities of patrol teams deployed in times of crisis and create several hotlines through which road users can call to report cases of road side corruption. Also, road users should be encouraged to regularize themselves with all necessary documents as requested by state regulations and to understand the high way code and all the procedures associated with the payment of fines in case of defaults.

Motorists’ perceptions of factors that influence payment of speeding fines in Cape Town, South Africa: application of the Theory of Planned Behaviour

Despite the aggressive enforcement of speed limits, speeding remains the second leading cause of fatalities in vehicle accidents in South Africa. Speeding fines are one mechanism for enforcing speed limits; however, these are only effective deterrents against speeding if fines are enforced. The potential effectiveness of speeding fines to increase safety on South African roads is rendered almost obsolete because so many offenders default on payment. Our aim was to utilise the Theory of Planned Behaviour as a framework to explore motorists’ perceptions of factors that may influence the payment of speeding fines in Cape Town, South Africa. Self-report data were collected from participants who had received fines ( n = 268), about their speed fine-paying behaviour, their perceptions of the consequences of non-payment, subjective and social norms, and control beliefs about the ease with which fines can be paid and motorists’ ability to afford fines. Regression analysis showed that motorists who report paying their fines are more likely than those who do not pay to hold beliefs that non-payment will result in serious consequences, affirm injunctive norms supporting the payment of fines, believe that it is easy to pay fines, and are able to afford to pay. This study provides novel insights into the potential of theories of behaviour change to design evidence-based behavioural interventions to encourage motorists to comply with speeding fines and hence to improve road safety in South Africa.

Sistem Informasi Pengelompokan Pembayaran Denda Tilang Menggunakan Algoritma K-Means Clustering

This study Violation can be defined as a situation where there is a mismatch between the rules and implementation. The regulation is contained in Law Number 22 Year 2009, concerning "Road Traffic and Transportation" which has been stipulated by the state and is valid legally. The current problem shows, there is no information service system for ticket data management, unable to manage the process of grouping the results of the payment of fines properly, because the process is still manual by checking the data of offenders who have made payments, so it takes longer to process the grouping and data management payment results. The objectives of this study are: Knowing the success of the k-means clustering algorithm in the process of grouping the ticket data to the process of grouping the results of the payment of fines. This research uses the clustering method with the k-means algorithm which is one of the algorithms for the formation of data clusters. This algorithm works by dividing the data into k-clusters by grouping data based on certain classes which are then formulated the results by analyzing the articles that are violated and average. the total amount of the penalty payment. Research shows that information services for ticket data management using the k means clustering algorithm can simplify the process of grouping the payment of fines by more than 70%. This can be proven through the results of the hypothesis test which states that t count is smaller than t table with a value of -2.430 <2.178 so that Ha can be accepted and H0 is rejected.

Tanggung Jawab Penyewa dalam Perjanjian Sewa-Menyewa Kendaraan Bermotor (Mobil) di Desa Tibubeneng Canggu

Business opportunities in Bali are vehicle rental services, using a rental agreement to provide the vehicle for rent. According to the agreement agreed upon, the lessee must return the leased item. But in its implementation many parties violated the agreement or late returned (overtime). Problem formulation 1) What is the responsibility of the tenant if there is a default in the lease agreement of the motorized vehicle (car) in the village of Tibubeneng Canggu? 2) How is the settlement of the breach of contract carried out by the rent car to the tenant in the Village of Tibubeneng Canggu? The method in this study is a type of empirical legal research with the approach of legal sociology. This study uses primary data derived from observations and interviews obtained from 3 Rent car owners in the village of Tibubeneng Canggu. Data collection techniques used interviews, observation and inventory using qualitative analysis techniques. The responsibility of the tenant if there is a default in the lease agreement of the motorized vehicle (car) in the village of Tibubeneng Canggu in terms of overtime is in the form of compensation with payment of fines in accordance with the agreed agreement. Settlement of defaults carried out by the rent car party to the tenant in the Village of Tibubeneng Canggu is an alternative dispute resolution through negotiations between the lessee and the rent car party. In order to reduce the occurrence of defaults in the case of returning car overtime, Rent Car revisits the clauses of the agreement with the tenant, especially in the case of overtime to be made in a written agreement, as well as implementing a full payment system at the beginning so as not to incur losses. In addition, the lessee is expected to read more and comply with the contents of the agreement so that there is no negligence that causes harm to the Rent Car.

Prevention of road accidents by means of automatic photo-video recording of traffic violations

The article deals with the main reasons of injuries and deaths in traffic accidents is exceeding the safe speed. The problems and consequences of speeding by drivers, owners (co-owners) of the vehicle in the field of road traffic are analyzed. The advantages and disadvantages of the introduction of automatic fixation of traffic violations in Ukraine are highlighted. The principle of automatic fixing, consideration of an administrative case and issuance of a resolution is considered. The issue of payment of fines by owners (co-owners) and persons who imported a vehicle into the territory of Ukraine is singled out. Reviewed the statistics of speed violations since the introduction of automatic fixation on the roads of Ukraine. There is a link between speeding and the number of serious accidents. Reviewed other preventive measures to reduce speeding violations. Analyzed the experience of other countries on bringing the owner of a vehicle for administrative offenses in the field of road safety to administrative responsibility. The introduction of automatic recording of administrative offenses (speeding) in the field of road safety can be an effective preventive measure to reduce the number of road accidents. Video recording allows you to: significantly reduce the number of accidents and people injured in them; to exclude a corruption component at fixing of offenses and registration of the corresponding administrative materials; to improve relations in the field of road safety and bring them closer to European standards. Among the reasons that hinder the effective use of modern technologies in monitoring compliance with transport legislation is the ambiguous understanding of legal presumptions and legal liability of vehicle owners. It can be predicted that this may motivate dishonest drivers to resort to illegal actions in order to avoid liability.

Improving payment of traffic fines with financial incentives: Discounts vs. penalties

The effective enforcement of traffic laws is critical for improved road safety outcomes. Decisions to follow traffic rules and pay fines are influenced by formal institutions (e.g. laws, court summons, and fines) as well as informal institutions (e.g. norms and aspects of culture). Formal and informal institutions create incentives that should be designed to steer individuals’ behaviour towards desired outcomes. Unfortunately, there is no reason to believe that the institutions to deal with traffic violations in South Africa currently create effective incentives. This paper discusses the findings of a controlled laboratory experiment, conducted with a sample of university students, that tested the efficacy of different financial incentives that may influence the payment of traffic fines. An early payment discount was compared to a late payment penalty (used in other countries, for example, some states in the USA), and to the absence of any incentives. Furthermore, we examined whether the willingness to settle fines is sensitive to the likelihood of detection by the authorities. We found that introducing financial incentives significantly increases voluntary payment of fines, irrespective of whether immediate payment is encouraged with a discount or late payment is discouraged with a surcharge. In addition, subjects are more sensitive to the likelihood of detection when financial incentives are present.

A Study on the Introduction of a New Type of Modified Punishment Disposal

벌금을 부과받은 자가 벌금을 납부하지 않으면 환형처분으로 교도소 수감과 동시에 노역장에서 일을 해야 한다. 하지만 피환형처분자는 마지못해 일을 함으로써 일의 효율성이 없는 실정이다. 심지어 장애인 등은 일을 하지 않고 거실에서 생활하고 있다. 또한, 장애인 등이 사회봉사처분을 받더라도 일할 곳이 마땅치 않으며, 이동에 따른 교통비, 식비 등이 없는 경우 이마저도 하기 어려운 실정이다. 본 연구는 이러한 문제점을 개선하기 위해 다양한 환형처분 유형을 제시하고자 한다. 먼저 환형처분제도에 대한 선행연구를 바탕으로 이론적 고찰을 하고, 현재 환형처분제도의 다양한 문제점을 교정시설 관계자와 사례를 통해 살펴보며, 이를 바탕으로 새로운 환형처분 유형을 제시하는 것을 연구의 범위로 한다. 연구결과로 나온 민간형 환형처분, 주말 환형처분, 주간 환형처분, 전자감독 조건부 환형처분제도 등 다양한 환형처분 유형을 관계기관이 도입하여 시행한다면 현행 환형처분제도의 문제점은 상당부분 개선될 수 있을 것이다. 환형처분제도는 벌금이나 과료 등의 납부를 심리적으로 강제한다는 점에서 효과가 있다. 하지만 시대적 흐름을 반영하지 못하는 환형처분제도로 인해 그 실효성에 의문이 제기되고 있다. 따라서 환형처분제도의 실효성을 담보하기 위해서는 환형처분 유형을 다양화해야 할 것이다.The purpose of the study is to work at a labor court at the same time as imprisonment with a modified penalty if the person who is fined does not pay the fine. Those who have been subject to the changed punishment are reluctant to do their work and thus have no efficiency. Even the disabled live in the living room without work. In addition, even if disabled people receive social services, they do not have a place to work, and they are in a difficult situation if they do not have transportation or food expenses. To improve this problem is to introduce and implement a variety of modified types of punishment. The scope of the research is to conduct theoretical research based on prior research on modified bees, identify various problems of the currently modified bee disposal through correctional facility officials, and present new types of modified bee disposal based on this. Research has shown that introducing and implementing a variety of modified types of penalties, including private-type modified penalties, weekend modified penalties, weekly modified penalties, and electronic supervision conditionally modified penalties, will significantly improve the problems of the current changed punishment system. The changed punishment system works in that it psychologically forces the payment of fines and others. However, the annular disposal system is being implemented that does not reflect the trend of the times. Therefore, the changed punishment system should be moved in a more advanced way to ensure its effectiveness.

EFFICACY OF FEAR APPEALS ON ADOPTION OF COVID-19 PREVENTIVE MEASURES: A CASE OF BODA BODA RIDERS IN NAIROBI COUNTY, KENYA

This study was an investigation of the effectiveness of fear appeals on the adoption of COVID-19 preventive measures among boda boda riders in the Nairobi County, Kenya. The problem of the study was that little or no research has been conducted on fear appeals and adoption of COVID-19 preventive measures, hence a gap that demands specific studies to be undertaken to fill it. This study draws from the Health Belief Model (HBM). Case study research design was used because the study focused only on boda boda riders operating in the seventeen constituencies in Nairobi County. Convenience sampling was used to identify the riders who were available and willing to participate in the study. The main data collection tool was telephone interviews. Findings of this study revealed that fear appeals were effective in making boda boda riders in Nairobi County adopt the COVID-19 preventive measures. The boda boda riders’ felt that they were susceptible to the coronavirus disease, police arrests, fourteen days mandatory quarantine, motorcycles being impounded and payment of fines, if they did not adopt the COVID-19 preventive measures. Moreover, the riders believed that the virus posed a more serious threat to their health and lives. The operators perceived susceptibility to the threats, elicited high levels of fear. The COVID-19 preventive measures, also, provided the riders with an effective method of changing behavior which they believe will protect them from contracting the virus. This study recommended that in order to motivate the boda boda riders to continue practicing the COVID-19 preventive measures, the government should frequently give the riders masks and hand sanitizers. Further, more communication campaigns should be developed and conducted on COVID-19 awareness and prevention among boda boda riders.

“Any Alternative Is Great If I’m Incarcerated”: A Case Study of Court-Ordered Community Service in Los Angeles County

California courts increasingly order community service for those convicted of nonviolent and minor misdemeanors or infractions, assigning unpaid work to be performed. While court-ordered community service has been used as an alternative to incarceration and the payment of fines, little is known about the monetary and personal costs for those completing it. A case study design is used to examine court-ordered community service performed in Southeast Los Angeles. Data were gathered from a quantitative dataset of 541 court files of those assigned to community service and 32 in-depth interviews with attorneys and court-ordered community service workers. While the quantitative data and Attorney interviews found that negative outcomes of community service can drive community service workers deeper into debt and result in new warrants that place defendants at risk for rearrest, individuals that completed community service appreciated the opportunity to pay off their criminal justice debts and stay out of jail.

Does Punishment Compel Payment? Driver’s License Suspensions and Fine Delinquency

Many state and local governments use the threat of driver's license suspension (DLS) to compel the payment of fines and fees. In this paper, I provide the first quasi-experimental evidence on the efficacy of such threats. Using administrative records from the City of Chicago, I estimate the effect of receiving a threat of DLS on the payment of traffic fines. To isolate the causal effect of receiving a threat, I exploit cross-sectional variation in exposure to a change in the enforcement of DLS policy in a fuzzy difference-in-differences research design. Receiving a threat of DLS increases traffic fine payment by $658 on average over the four years following receipt, representing 40 percent of the average traffic fine debt among drivers in my sample. The effect is significantly smaller among drivers with vehicles registered in higher-poverty ZIP Codes. My estimates suggest that eliminating DLS for the non-payment of traffic fines would reduce annual traffic fine revenue in the city by 4.5 percent.

Research of the possibility of application of the means of efficient client data management in a credit organization for the purpose of fulfilling regulatory requirements

This article is dedicated to the problem of effective use by credit organization of the own client data due to their heterogeneity. The object of this research is the client data of a credit organization. The subject is the possibility of application of the means of efficient client data management in a credit organization for the purpose of fulfilling regulatory requirements  The main goal of this work consists in the analysis and formulation of recommendations with regards to modification of client data model, as well as improvement of quality of client data by means of data management based on the DAMA-DMBOK body of knowledge in the context of the key areas of data management. The article reviews the key areas of data management and the methods of application of rules and recommendations of each of them to the data management process of the credit organization. The relevance of this article is substantiated by legislative requirements pertaining to monitoring of services provided for private and legal entities from the sanctioned territory. The scientific novelty consists in application of data management knowledge to the relevant issue on the need for automatic determination of territorial affiliation of the client in order to comply with the requirements of normative legal acts. The research methods are content analysis, structural analysis, and modeling. The main conclusions consist in recommendations for modification client data model of the bank, namely methods and principles for expanding the data model using standardized data parameters, which significantly improves the quality of data. The implementation of such recommendations would allow a financial organization to reduce the risks associated with payment of fines and revoke of licenses due to noncompliance with the regulatory requirements.

Settlement of A Corruption Criminal Offence Based on the State's Financial Loss Value Using an Economic Analysis of the Law

The purpose of this research is analyze and find alternative models of arrangements for the resolution of corruption that are detrimental to the country's finances in the future based on economic analysis of the law. This research uses normative legal research methods with the statute approach, comparative approach, case approach and conceptual approach. The analytic technique of this research is using library research. The results showed that ineffectiveness and efficiency in law enforcement occur against corruption, the value of which is less than the cost of law enforcement. The researcher recommends a resolution model, first adopting a case resolution model which consists of a case resolution model outside the court proceeding with a modified transaction offer resulting from an economic analysis of the application of the law to the suspect, by creating a mechanism in a separate technical regulation and a restorative justice settlement model by modifying the application of the perpetrators' obligations for victims in the form of returning damages worth the amount that was corrupted, plus payment of the minimum fines stated in the law, and the value of indirect losses and the relative risk of law enforcement. Second Adopt a model of criminal implementation through the mechanism of payment of fines that are applied to traffic violations, by establishing a special current account set by the state and a mechanism of criminal social work to pay compensation for state losses. The deterrence and education effects of other communities can be stimulated through the imposition of an obligation to recover damages worth being corrupted; pay the minimum penalty stated in the law; pay for the relative risk of law enforcement; pay an indirect loss in the form of a difference in the difference in the amount of change in value of the corrupted state money calculated according to economic value when the legal process is in progress. Keywords: Alternative Models, Corruption Crime Settlement, Economic Analysis of the Law. DOI : 10.7176/JLPG/93-11 Publication date: January 31 st 2020

The Washington State Second Chance Expungement Gap

Every time a person is convicted of a crime, this event is memorialized in the person’s criminal record in perpetuity, setting off thousands of potential collateral consequences, including being penalized in searches for employment, housing and volunteer opportunities. To remove these harmful consequences, Washington law allows people whose criminal records meet certain conditions to vacate their records. However, the Second Chance Gap in Washington “expungements” - the share of people who aren’t accessing the vacation remedy because of hurdles in the petition process - we suspect is large. To estimate it, we used research and practice expertise to approximately model the eligibility criteria for vacation set forth in the law and applied it to a sample of records obtained through a records request from the Administrative Office of the Courts of Washington. Importantly, data limitations made it impossible for us to consider out of state charges, payment of fines and fees, and sentence completion, so we did not model these eligibility conditions. Based on our analysis, Washington’s vacation laws allow for approximately 60% of those who live burdened with criminal conviction records, or over 1M people, to potentially receive relief. But less than 5% of those eligible for relief, and less than 1% of the charges eligible for relief have received the remedy. At current rates of vacation, we estimate that it would take over 4,000 years to clear the backlog of eligible charges using current, petition-based methods, based on our calculations regarding the number of charges that we estimate are eligible for vacation, and the actual number of charges that were vacated last year (1,973). Existing racial disparities in the Washington criminal justice system are significant: currently, African-Americans represent 4.2% of individuals in Washington but within our sample, Afrian-Americans represented 11% of Washingtonians with a criminal record, 15% of Washingtonians with any felony record, and 22% of Washingtonians with a Class A felony record. Among the population of people with criminal records, Clean Slate would apply evenly and therefore not exacerbate but also, would not narrow racial disparities. However, among the general population, Clean Slate would reduce racial disparities significantly as the differences in the share of African-Americans with a record and share of whites with a record would get considerably smaller. Because of the large second chance gap, the filing of petitions by all those who are entitled to could result in a severe congestion at the courts. Washington can close the 95-99% second chance gap between eligibility and delivery of relief by automating relief, solving both problems, but only if it implements the law with some adjustments and compensates for missing and dirty data.

Seguridad e Higiene en las empresas de la Zona Norte del Estado de Guerrero

Every Physical or Moral Person that develops a business, Services or Industrial activity is obliged to comply with legal provisions in matters of Safety and Hygiene with its workers, which guarantees at all times the health, well-being and preservation of human life, in order to prevent accidents, occupational hazards and occupational diseases that may occur during and after your workday. The objective of the present investigation is to make a diagnosis of the companies of the North Zone of the State of Guerrero, that when hiring workers comply with the labor and social security laws in their organizations (Office, workshops, production area, machines, with In order to avoid the payment of fines and sanctions by the Ministry of Labor and Social Welfare and constituent capital by Social Security, we thank the Technological National of Mexico campus, Instituto Tecnológico de Iguala, for the financial support and facilities for the completion of this Research.

Law Enforcement Against Fishing Ship Crews That Do Not Have A Sail Permit

Abstract: This study aims to determine and analyze Law Enforcement Against Crews of Fishing Vessels Who Do not Have Sailing Permits. The data used in this study were analyzed and presented descriptively by using a statute approach and case approach (case uproach) through a qualitative approach to secondary data and primary data. The results show that law enforcement against fishing vessel crews who do not have a sailing permit can basically be done by fixing and improving the system and management of licensing documents in a simple way with the one-stop integrated service method (PTSP) in improving the quality of service by presenting the harbormaster's representative office in every area/city district and conducting surveillance and patrols in areas frequented by ships to catch fish and the activity of the marine police in providing counseling to fishing communities with the aim of providing knowledge about the obligations of each ship captain or crew members to have a letter of approval to sail and take action based on the Criminal Procedure Code and other relevant laws and regulations as a formal source of law used in enforcing criminal law. a material through the imposition of imprisonment, payment of fines, warnings and coaching. Keywords: Law Enforcement, Crew, Permit to Sail r

Legal risks management in the economic sphere

A significant number of regulatory acts that determine economic activity leads to an increase in the risk of losses in the economic sphere. Thus, some norms of the laws may worsen economic results due to inadequate or misleading interpretation of the conditions of the activity that violates the country’s economic safety and requires its protection.
 According to the results of the analysis and assessment of legal risks in the economic sphere, the author notes that the lack of management of legal risks causes irreparable damage and leads to the need for damages reimbursement, payment of fines and penalties, administrative and criminal liability, hinders the further development of the activities. In order to reduce the losses of the state budget of the country and certain economic entities, it is necessary to study the consequences of legal risks in the economic sphere with a view to their further management.
 Based on the analysis of the current legislation of Ukraine and the generalization of the main provisions of the work of scholars, the author has established the consequences of legal risks in the economic sphere in order to reduce the losses of the state budget of the country. The factors influencing the size of possible losses have been also considered.
 According to the author, the essence of legal risks management in the economic sphere is to overcome the negative economic consequences by the results of their analysis and evaluation. The author has provided propositions on the mechanism of analysis of the economic consequences of legal risks and the preparation of the results of such an analysis. By the example of legal risk management of banks, the author has presented possible components of the management system, aimed at overcoming the possible consequences of legal risks in the economic sphere.

К вопросу о переходе тепловых электрических станций с традиционных топлив на органоводоугольные топливные композиции

Актуальность исследования обусловлена необходимостью эффективной утилизации многочисленных аккумулированных отходов углеобогащения и нефтепереработки в составе водоугольных и органоводоугольных топлив, существенного снижения потребления полезных ископаемых для получения тепловой и электрической энергии, минимизации влияния теплоэнергетики на здоровье населения и состояние природы. Цель исследования: оценка преобразования систем топливоподачи при переходе тепловых электрических станций с твердого, жидкого и газового топлива на органоводоугольные топлива; проведение технико-экономического анализа применения органоводоугольных топлив на ТЭС с учетом основных статей затрат. Объект: тепловая электрическая станция тепловой мощностью 800 Гкал/ч и электрической мощностью 300 МВт, расположенная в Сибирском регионе Российской Федерации. В качестве основных видов топлива используется каменный уголь марки «Д» и природный газ, в качестве растопочного топлива используется мазут. Методы: проведение технико-экономического анализа эффективности перехода тепловой электрической станции с традиционного топлива на органоводоугольные топлива путем расчета следующих затрат: топливные, эксплуатационные, хранение топлива, хранение и утилизация золошлаковых отходов, уплата штрафов и экологические мероприятия, переоборудование системы топливного хозяйства. Результаты. Переход с традиционного твердого топлива (угля) на органоводоугольные суспензии существенно упрощает системы топливных хозяйств ТЭС и котельных, так как для создания таких систем требуется значительно меньшее количество оборудования. При выработке общей установленной мощности всеми угольными электростанциями мира за счет сжигания органоводоугольных топлив экономия одних только топливных затрат может составить от сотен млн р до десятков млрд р в год.

The Institute of Monetary Penalties in Criminal Law: Condition and Prospects

Ever since the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation was adopted, new amendments have been added to it every year. Thus, the system of criminal law measures has been regularly improved through changes to the existing norms, the abolishment of old norms and the introduction of new ones. On the whole, modern Russian criminal policy is aimed at increasing the number of possible measures of influencing lawbreakers. One of the latest innovations is the institute of court fines introduced by the Federal Law № 323-ФЗ of July 3, 2016. It is a beneficial innovation. Monetary penalties can now be used practically at all stages of court procedures: before delivering a judgment - as a court fine, and as part of the sentence when a fine is a criminal penalty. This could have a positive impact on court procedures and the enforcement of criminal measures, it could also increase income to the budget in the unstable financial conditions. However, the imposition of monetary penalties has some drawbacks, as it may not be always possible to control the payment of fines by the perpetrators, especially when such payments are done one-time. There are some other issues and negative sides connected with the further development of the institute of monetary penalties. The analysis of penalties enforcement allowed the author to identify one vital drawback - a gap in the legal regulation regarding the control that a specially authorized agency has over the perpetrators. While this could be considered acceptable in the case of court fines, it is not adequate for the goals of criminal punishment. The results of the generalized analysis of punitive measures allow the author to conclude that it is necessary to make monetary penalty a measure that is different from criminal punishment; it should be enforced in cases of exemption from criminal liability or as an obligatory addition to criminal punishment.

Payment of Fines for Administrative Offenses to the Budget in the System of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia: Problems and Possible Solutions

Introduction. The annual increase in the number of identified administrative offenses requires more effective measures to administer payments. Improvement of the pro- cess of administering fines is relevant both for the development of internal affairs agencies and for the country’s economy as a whole. The purpose of the paper is to identify the problems arising when administering fines for administrative offenses and to suggest ways to solve them. Materials and Methods. A comprehensive approach to the problem under discussion was used together with the dialectical approach to the research results. The statistical and economic method, as well as the abstract-logical, monographic, calculation and construction methods of scientific research were also employed. Results. It has been revealed that the administration of fines for administrative of- fenses by the subdivisions of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation following “their own” various methods has not been effective. Indicators have been determined that made it possible to improve the situation taking into account the passage of payments to budget accounts of the country’s budget system. Problems with receipt of payments to the budget of a constituent entity of the Russian Federation have been identified. Measures have been proposed to develop the mechanism for execution of payments of administrative fines imposed by the internal affairs agencies and to strengthen control over the reception of payments for administrative offenses. Discussion and Conclusions. The annual increase in the number of administrative offenses requires more effective measures to administer payments as this greatly affects the level of revenues in all the budgets in the country. The measures proposed by the authors to centralize the reception of payments and strengthen control over their receipt will help to avoid numerous complaints of people and organizations concerning recording the facts of payment of fines, as well as to reduce the burden on administrators of budget revenues and reduce to minimum unidentifiable payments.

PELANGGARAN KEWAJIBAN PENDAFTARAN SERTIFIKAT HALAL: Dapatkah Dibuat Sanksi?

The number of businessmen who have not yet registered for halal certificate grabs government’s attention. This is reflected in the Article 4 about Halal Product Warranty (Jaminan Produk Halal/JPH). The infraction against that article has no juridical implication, either administratively or criminally. The inconsistency of this article encourages researcher to seek for answers on two issues: can the infraction of article 4 be judged? Which kind of sanction is appropriate as the juridical consequence of the aforementioned article? The article is a normative research and uses legislation and conceptual approaches. Using the individual-liberalistic and strafrecht’s ordenings theories, the researcher assumes that infraction against Article 4 of JPH Law is still possible. The reason is that this article does not have a particular status of infraction; either it is civil, administrative, or criminal. This JPH law should be revised by adding strict sanctions, in both, the article itself and the chapter on criminal provision. Criminal sanctions that can be given are confinement and/or fine payment.