Fine Motor Development Research Articles

Meningkatkan Pengembangan Motorik Halus Anak Melalui Finger Painting Pada Anak Usia Dini Kelompok A Di TK Al Hidayah Terpadu I Samboja

This study aims to improve fine motor development through finger painting in group A early childhood at TK Al-Hidayah Terpadu I Samboja Kutai Kartanegara. Data collection methods used are observation, interviews, and documentation. This research is a population study where members of the population are used as research subjects. The research data obtained were then analyzed using a percentage score which later could be known about the extent of fine motor development through finger painting. In observation 1 it can be seen that 16.7% of the 30 children have progressed in finger painting activities, while 33.3% of the children are starting to develop and 50% of the children are still in the undeveloped category. And in observation 2 it can be seen that 40% of the 30 children have developed in finger painting activities, 26.7% of children are starting to develop and 33.3% of children are still categorized as not yet developing in finger painting activities.

Emergence of Treadmill Running Ability and Quantitative Assessment of Gait Dynamics in Young Ts65Dn Mice: A Mouse Model for Down Syndrome.

Down syndrome (DS), which results from the complete or partial trisomy of chromosome 21 (trisomy-21), is the most common genetically defined cause of intellectual disability. Trisomy-21 also produces, or is associated with, many neurodevelopmental phenotypes and neurological comorbidities, including delays and deficits in fine and gross motor development. The Ts65Dn mouse is the most studied animal model for DS and displays the largest known subset of DS-like phenotypes. To date, however, only a small number of developmental phenotypes have been quantitatively defined in these animals. Here, we used a commercially available high-speed, video-based system to record and analyze the gait of Ts65Dn and euploid control mice. Longitudinal treadmill recordings were performed from p17 to p35. One of the main findings was the detection of genotype- and sex-dependent developmental delays in the emergence of consistent, progressive-intensity gait in Ts65Dn mice when compared to control mice. Gait dynamic analysis showed wider normalized front and hind stances in Ts65Dn mice compared to control mice, which may reflect deficits in dynamic postural balance. Ts65Dn mice also displayed statistically significant differences in the variability in several normalized gait measures, which were indicative of deficits in precise motor control in generating gait.

The Effect of Puzzle Educational Game Tools on Fine Motor Development in Pre-school Children at Al-Wahdah Kindergarten Bandung City

Fine motor development is a movement that uses smooth muscles or certain parts of the body that are influenced by learning and practicing opportunities. Delayed fine motor development results in children's development being inappropriate for their age. Overcoming this, need stimulation to improve fine motor skills such as playing a puzzle. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of Educational Games Tools puzzle on fine motor development in children. This type of research is pre-experimental research with one group pre-test post-test design. The sample of this study was children aged 5-6 years in TK Al-Wahdah totaling 45 samples. The instrument of this research used a modified sheet of KPSP fine motor. Analysis of univariate data before being treated to playing puzzles, found that there were 33 children in the appropriate category (73.3%) and 12 people in the unsuitable category (26.7%). After being given therapy playing puzzle children in the appropriate category were 45 people (100.0%). Based on the results of calculations using the Mc Nemar test, a p-value of 0.000 < (0.05) was obtained, and X counted 14.08 >X table 3.841. It can be concluded that there is an effect of puzzle educational game tools on fine motor development in pre-school age children at TK Al-Wahdah Bandung City. For teachers and health centers it is recommended to be able to redevelop puzzle games by stimulating children to use puzzles that are more varied and harmless, and can pay more attention to fine motor development in children in the future.

Antenatal Care Visits, Economic Status, and Nutritional Status of Pregnant Women on Stunting

Introduction: Stunting is a chronic malnutrition problem caused by insufficient nutritional intake for a long time due to improper feeding. Toddlers who are stunted have a decreased risk of intellectual ability and productivity, as well as an increased risk of developing degenerative diseases in the future. Stunting is caused by many factors, so it is necessary to evaluate the relationship between the incidence of stunting in children under five, including antenatal care visits, economic status, and the nutritional status of pregnant women. Objective: Stunting is one of the nutritional problems globally, especially in developing countries. The impact of stunting affects many aspects including disorders of gross and fine motor development, language development, and personal social. Method: This research is an analytical descriptive research. using a cross-sectional approach to assess risk factors for stunting. he population in this study were all mothers who had toddlers aged 24-60 months. The sampling technique used in this study was to use a purposive sampling technique of 40 mothers of toddlers. The economic status of the family has a significant influence on the incidence of stunting as evidenced by the p-value <0.05. Result: The statistical results show that the ANC has a significant effect on the incidence of stunting as evidenced by the p-value <0.05. The nutritional status of the mother based on MUAC has no significant effect on the incidence of stunting as evidenced by the p-value > 0.05 Conclusion: ANC visits, nutritional status and family economic status have a significant influence on the incidence of stunting in toddlers in Petirhilir Village, Working Area of the Baregbeg Health Center, Ciamis Regency.

Analysis of risk factors associated with the high incidence of amblyopia in preterm infants at the corrected gestational age of 12 months

ObjectiveTo investigate the perinatal and in-hospital risk factors associated with the high incidence of amblyopia in preterm infants and to analyze the correlation between the amblyopia and neurodevelopment.MethodsChildren discharged from the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) at 12 months of corrected gestational age were retrospectively included in this study. Ocular screening was performed in children. At the risk of amblyopia was determined according to the American Academy of Ophthalmology Guidelines for automated preschool vision screening factors. Differences in perinatal characteristics, complications during hospitalization, and treatment modalities between the two groups of children were analyzed, and multifactorial logistic regression analysis was used to identify the independent risk factors for amblyopia. The results of developmental assessment were collected retrospectively to analyze the correlation between amblyopia and various aspects of neurological development.ResultsA total of 128 preterm infants, 30 in the amblyopia risk group and 98 in the non-amblyopia risk group, were included in this study. Univariate analysis showed that the amblyopia risk group had lower birth weights, higher rates of asphyxia, preterm brain white matter injury, bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD), intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH), sepsis during hospitalization, and higher rates of treatment with pulmonary surfactant (PS), blood transfusion, invasive ventilator, and levothyroxine. Logistic regression analysis showed that BPD in the neonatal period (odds ratio [OR] 8.355, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.492, 46.786), brain white matter injury (OR 16.742, 95% CI 0.684, 409.804), treatment with levothyroxine (OR 2.859, 95% CI 0.946, 8.639), and use of an invasive ventilator (OR 2.983, 95% CI 0.942, 9.445) were independent risk factors for amblyopia at 12 months of corrected gestational age, while the administration of glucocorticoids (OR 0.055, 95% CI 0.004, 0.737) was a protective factor. Regarding neurodevelopmental assessment, the number of infants with lagging fine motor development was greater in the amblyopia risk group.ConclusionThe presence of BPD in the neonatal period, brain white matter damage in preterm infants, and use of levothyroxine and invasive ventilator were high risk factors for amblyopia. The use of glucocorticoids therapy was a protective factor. Children with risk of amblyopia had a higher rate of poor fine motor development.

Association between neonatal near miss and infant development: the Ribeirão Preto and São Luís birth cohorts (BRISA)

AimTo analyze the association between neonatal near miss and infant development at two years.MethodsData from two birth cohorts, one conducted in Ribeirão Preto (RP)/São Paulo and the other in São Luís (SL)/Maranhão, were used. The cognitive, motor and communication development of children was evaluated using the Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development, Third Edition (Bayley-III). The following criteria were used for the definition of NNM: birth weight < 1,500 g, 5-min Apgar score < 7, gestational age < 32 weeks, and report of congenital malformations. The relationship between neonatal near miss and development was assessed using the weighted propensity score from the Inverse Probability of Treatment Weighting (IPTW). A directed acyclic graph was built to select the adjustment variables.ResultsA total of 1,050 mother-newborn dyads were evaluated in SL and 1,840 in RP. Regarding outcomes in SL and RP, respectively, 2.4% and 17.3% of the children were not competent in the cognitive domain, 12.1% and 13.3% in the receptive communication domain, 39.2% and 47.1% in the expressive communication domain, 20.7% and 12.6% in the fine motor domain, and 14.3% and 13.8% in the gross motor domain. The prevalence of neonatal near miss was 5.4% in SL and 4.3% in RP. Unadjusted analysis showed an association of neonatal near miss with fine motor development in SL and RP and with the cognitive, receptive communication, expressive communication, and gross motor domains only in RP. These associations remained after adjusted analysis.ConclusionNeonatal near miss is a risk factor for developmental delays.

Effect of music therapy based on traditional Chinese musical instruments on fine motor development of patients with mental retardation

BackgroundMental retardation is a kind of mental disorder in which the intelligence of the patient is lower than that of children of the same age before maturity, which is specifically manifested as difficulties in social adaptation and sports ability defects. Music therapy establishes a good therapeutic relationship through music experience, without obvious toxic side effects. Therefore, the study used traditional Chinese musical instruments to intervene in patients with mental retardation and explore the therapeutic effect on fine motor development.Subjects and MethodsThe 68 children with mental retardation who came to our hospital from February 2019 to June 2020 were selected and included in the study according to their compliance and the principle of parental voluntariness. Then, 68 children’s fine motor development quotient and original scores of fine motor test items were evaluated and recorded by Peabody Motor Development Scale. The patients were given music therapy with Chinese traditional instruments and music playing, three times a week. After 12 weeks of treatment, they were evaluated again with Peabody Motor Development Scale.ResultsTable 1 shows the comparison of children’s fine motor scores and development quotient before and after music therapy. The results showed that the fine motor of the children improved significantly after treatment, with a statistically significant difference (P &lt; 0.001).Table 1.Comparison of fine motor score and development quotient of children before and after music therapyProjectGrasping abilityVisual motor integrationFine motor development quotientBefore treatment27.76±3.3850.61±9.6354.78±4.72After treatment31.18±3.7558.41±8.5658.71±5.13t5.5864.9924.649P0.000.000.00ConclusionsMental retardation is a kind of mental disorder that endangers the healthy growth of children. The study used music therapy of traditional Chinese musical instruments to treat patients with mental retardation. The results showed that the method effectively improved the fine motor function of children and had certain clinical application value.

The Effect of Puzzle Playing Therapy on Fine Motor Development in Preschool Children

Introduction: Preschoolers are children aged 3 to 6 years. At this stage, children often experience delays in fine motor skills, such as when writing or drawing, which interferes with the use of small muscles. One therapy that can strengthen and stimulate small muscles is playing puzzle therapy. Objectives: To determine the effect of playing puzzle therapy on fine motor development in preschool children at RT 16, Inkopad Bogor Complex in 2021 Methods: This type of research is pre-experimental with a one group pre-test and post-test approach. The total population is 34 people. Sampling was carried out by Total Sampling with a total of 30 preschool children aged 3 to 6 years (4 people did not take part in puzzle play therapy because they were absent). The data collection instrument was observation using puzzle playing therapy sheets and fine motor development. Bivariate analysis used T-test paired sample test. Results: Fine motor development before being given puzzle play therapy intervention, namely 5 people were categorized as very weak, 10 people were categorized as weak and 15 people were categorized as sufficient while fine motor development after being given puzzle play therapy intervention, namely 8 people were categorized as weak and 23 people were categorized as strong. As well as statistical test results obtained by researchers p-value of 0.023. Conclusion: There is an effect of playing puzzle therapy on fine motor development in preschoolers at RT 16, Inkopad Complex, Bogor in 2021.

Analisis Kemampuan Motorik Halus dan Kreativitas pada Anak Usia Dini Melalui Kegiatan Kolase

This study aims to find out how to develop children's fine motor skills through collage activities. This research is a qualitative descriptive research. Data can be collected through observation, interviews and documentation at RA At-Taqwa Jangraga. Qualitative data analysis at RA At-Taqwa Jangraga used data reduction, data presentation, and conclusion drawing. This study shows how children's fine motor skills are through collage activities such as (cutting, gluing and pasting) and how activities train children's fine motor skills(coordination of hand/finger movements, and wrists and eyes) simultaneously. Fine motor development is very important for the overall development of the child. Kindergarten-aged children still often have difficulty moving their fingers for activities such as cutting, drawing, tearing, folding, compiling and filling patterns by gluing small objects. This study aims to describe fine motor skills and creativity in early childhood through collage activities. The research method used is literature review which is carried out by collecting data or based on scientific writings that connect research with existing literature to solve a problem. Methods of collecting library data by reading and recording and managing research materials and then concluding research materials. The results of the study found that the development of fine motor skills and creativity in early childhood requires eye and hand coordination, such as composing, tearing and pasting which is done through collage activities. Based on the conclusions of this study, it is recommended that: The main objective of implementing collage activities is to improve children's fine motor skills, therefore RA/TK institutions can provide more interesting kinds of media to facilitate their students in developing fine motor skills

COMPARISON OF ECONOMIC STATUS AND EDUCATIONAL STATUS OF PARENTS ON FINE MOTOR DEVELOPMENT IN CHILDREN AGED 24 MONTHS IN THE CHILD POLY OF RSUD Dr. ADJIDARMO

Delay in early childhood development is high in all countries, this condition is more common than other chronic conditions that cause major morbidity throughout life. This incident is evidenced by the incidence of child development delay problems in the world in 2015 around 12-16%, in Asia 50% and in Africa as much as 30%. The purpose of this study was to compare the economic status and educational status of parents on fine motor development in toddlers aged 24 months at the children's polyclinic at ADJIDARMO Hospital in 2022. This research method used an analytic survey with a cross-sectional design. The sample in this study were toddlers aged 24 months as many as 82 respondents, the sampling technique was accidental sampling. Data analysis using chi square. The results showed that there was a significant relationship between education (0.026 &lt;0.05), economic status (P-Value &lt;0.040) and fine motor development in toddlers aged 24 months at the Children's Clinic of Dr. ADJIDARMO in 2022 with (Pvalue &lt; α).So that this research is expected to be able to provide education and information Fine Motoric Development in Toddlers.

THE INFLUENCE OF MERONCE EDUCATIONAL GAME ON MOTOR DEVELOPMENT IN LEARNING COLORS

This motor development is caused by several things, including habits in the limbs that allow students to be able to move places, genetics, psychological aspects, and muscle tone abnormalities or neuromuscular diseases. This research was a quasi-experimental with One Group Pretest-Posttest design. The sample was 15 students. The results of the study found that the majority of children in the preschool age group before being given the Meronce Educational Game was in the category of starting to develop as many as 7 respondents (46.7%). The fine motor development of students after being given the Meronce Educational Game was mostly in the category as expected as many as 8 respondents (53.3%). There is an effect of Meronce's Educational Game on Fine Motor Development of students, the significance value is = 0.000 where 0.05. It is hoped that studets will improve their fine motor development through books and other information.Keywords : Meronce, Educational Game, Motor Development

PENERAPAN KEGIATAN KOLASE SETELAH MENJIPLAK DI ATAS SKETSA BERGAMBAR UNTUK MENINGKATKAN ASPEK PERKEMBANGAN MOTORIK HALUS ANAK USIA 4-5 TAHUN DI TK AISYIYAH BUSTANUL ATHFAL II PERUMNAS

The importance of increasing fine motor development in early childhood so that children carry out motor movements and activate their eyes with interesting and unique activities. Fine motor development in children, especially tracing by pasting grains on the child's tracing results. This study aims to determine the extent to which aspects of children's motor development are improved by tracing activities and then the results of the child's tracings are attached with green beans and peanuts at the age of 4-5 years. This community service research in the form of service learning was conducted at Aisyiyah Bustanul Athfal II Kindergarten with a total of 5 children. The instruments used are animal sketches, observation sheets for children and evaluation of the implementation of the intervention. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics. The results showed that children were able to trace through pictorial sketches, then green seeds and peanuts were attached to the tracing results. The findings in this study imply that by applying the collage activity after tracing, it can train children's fingers to choose the seeds to be pasted on top of the tracing.&#x0D;

The effect of stimulation smart book educative game tool on improving fine motor skills for early childhood

&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;Background: &lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;The COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in a global wave of crises that have a massive impact on all aspects of life. The world of education, especially learning activities, is also an impact that is in the spotlight. The change in learning activities from face-to-face to distance learning makes it difficult for early childhood education levels. Studies prove the impact of the Covid-19 pandemic on disorders of fine motor development in children aged 3-4 years with a high category of 60.71%. Early age is the golden age of rapid child development, so positive stimulation is needed for optimal growth and development. An important aspect that affects the overall development of children is fine motor skills. Fine motor skills can be developed through various fun activities through the smart book educational game tool.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;Objectives: &lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;The purpose of this study was to test the effectiveness of smart book educational game stimulation on fine motor skills in early childhood.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;Methods: &lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;This research was an action research with nonequivalent control group pretest-posttest design. Stimulation using smart books was carried out for five days with 90 minutes. The number of samples was 80 PAUD children, consisting of 40 children in the intervention group who were given smart book stimulation and 40 children in the control group without smart book stimulation only using conventional educational game tools that are usually done in everyday schools. Statistical test using general linear model + posthoc bonferroni.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;Results: &lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;The results showed that there was a significant effect on the fine motor skills of early childhood who were given smart book stimulation and those that were not given with a p value of 0.001.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;Conclusions: &lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;Educational game-based learning can be used to stimulate children's fine motor skills and is expected to be integrated into children's learning activities with various methods.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

Turkish Translation/Cultural Adaptation and Psychometric Analyses of the Affordances in the Home Environment for Motor Development-Infant Scale (AHEMD-IS).

In this study we translated the Affordances in the Home Environment for Motor Development-Infant Scale (AHEMD-IS) into Turkish, adapted the instrument culturally, examined its psychometric properties within a Turkish population, and identified its limitations. We administered the AHEMD-IS to families of 65 premature or full-term Turkish infants and repeated this testing for 17 families after one-two weeks to establish test-retest reliability. We calculated the Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC) and Cronbach alpha coefficient to assess reliability, and we evaluated test validity using the Spearman's correlation coefficient and correlations with the Bayley-III motor development score. The Cronbach Alpha coefficient of the questionnaire was 0.846, and, for test-retest reliability, the ICC score was 0.830. The Turkish AHEMD-IS total score was moderately correlated with the Bayley-III fine motor development score (r = 0.469, p < 0.001), the Bayley-III gross motor development score (r = 0.533, p < 0.001), and the Bayley-III total motor development score (r = 0.526, p < 0.001). The Turkish version of the AHEMD-IS was found to be valid and reliable for children born prematurely or at full-term. The use of this questionnaire in Turkey will facilitate the creation of a home environment that will support motor development in children between 3-18 months of age.

OPTIMALISASI PERKEMBANGAN MOTORIK HALUS ANAK USIA DINI MELALUI TEKNIK MOZAIK

This study examines the fine motor development of children using the mosaic technique. The purpose of this study was to find out how to optimize children's fine motor development with the mosaic technique. This research method uses a qualitative descriptive approach with two research subjects. Data collection techniques in this study using observation and documentation. Analysis of the data used in this study using data collection, data reduction, data display and affirmation of conclusions. This study shows how children attach origami paper that already has a pattern with a small shape and glue HVS paper which has an apple-shaped pattern in training eye and hand coordination simultaneously. Based on the results of the data in this study, two subjects had optimal fine motor skills using the mosaic technique.

Psychomotor and neurofunctional aspects after Covid-19.

the pandemic caused by the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (Covid-19, SARS-CoV-2 virus) has infected more than 646 million people and caused more than 6.6 million deaths worldwide (December/2022). It is surprising that a virus that affects airways can trigger neurological manifestations. The aim of this study was to create and apply specific questionnaires/evaluations for post-Covid-19 patients to profile any neurofunctional sequelae. epidemiological and psychomotor aspects as well as the intensity of cognitive, memory, attention, and concentration impairment were assessed. A total of 184 subjects post-Covid-19 and a control group (n=30) were evaluated. the most prevalent blood types in the Covid-19 group were the same as those from control group and in Brazilian population (no influence). Loss of smell/taste and headache were the most common reported symptoms. Talking about psychomotor and neurofunctional aspects, Covid-19 induced marked impairments in the tests: Fine Motor Development (diadochokinesis, puppets, fan, and knead paper); Balance (immobility, static balance, feet in line, and persistence); Episodic Memory after distractors; Verbal Fluency; and Clock, compared to the control group data. There was also marked increase of synkinesis. Therefore, Covid-19 induced impairments in psychomotor assessments and in different cognitive aspects of the Mini-Mental State Examination. These results are more surprising considering that most participants did not report pre-existing disease and did not require hospitalization. Covid-19 induced psychomotor, neurofunctional, and memory impairments, including in young and healthy subjects. The present study revealed neurological impairments, which should be considered in the development of rehabilitation protocols for patients affected by Covid-19.

EFFORTS FOR CHILDREN'S FINE MOTOR DEVELOPMENT THROUGH COLORING SCHEDULE MEDIA IN GROUP B CHILDREN AT TKN PERMATA HATI

The application of the coloring method through drawing sketches in developing children's fine motor skills and being able to find out fine motor development in group B children. The reason for choosing coloring picture sketch media is because coloring is one of the types of activities that children like to increase their creativity and imagination to develop their fine motor skills. This research is a class action research using qualitative data analysis. Data collection methods are carried out by observation and documentation. The instrument used is an observation sheet. The data analysis technique used is descriptive quantitative. Children's attention when learning children's fine motor development activities can be improved through the coloring sketch method. Children's attention has increased each cycle. In the pre-action, the attention of children with good attention criteria was only 40%. After the action in cycle I it increased to 60%, and in Cycle II the child's attention increased again to 93%. so that it can be concluded that the child's response in the activity of coloring a sketch of a picture is able to develop a child's imagination

Permainan Lilin Plastisin Sebagai Stimulasi Motorik Halus Anak dalam Persiapan Menulis

This study aims to find out how giving stimulation using plasticine wax games has an effect on children's fine motor development in preparation for writing. The method used is by filling out a questionnaire using a Google form which is disseminated online. The results of the fine motor research analysis through filling out the questionnaire obtained 35 respondents, namely parents with children aged 2-6 years. As many as 31.4% of respondents have children aged 6 years, 40% of respondents have children aged 5 years, 8.6% of respondents have children aged 2 and 4 years. . These students are given a stimulus using a plasticine candle game. Stimulus is given by educators as well as parents at school and at home. Plasticine games help the child's fine motor development process develop optimally. Optimal fine motoric development of children determines children's writing skills.

The Effect of Busy Book Stimulation in Fine Motor Development of Preschool Children

Backgrounds: Child development involves few main aspects: cognitive, speech and language, fine motor, grossmotor and social emotional development. Many preschool-aged children suffer from neurodevelopmentaldisorder, including impaired fine motor development. We can use our hands in a coordinated way due to finemotor abilities. We depend on these abilities to complete important tasks in play, education, and daily life. Earlyinfancy is where fine motor skill development starts and it lasts through preschool and the first few years ofprimary school.Aim: This study aimed to determine the effect of busy book stimulation in fine motor development of preschoolchildren.Methodology: This study used pre-experimental with one group pretest posttest design. The instrument usedwas observation sheet. The total sample was 20 children who attended Sunshine Preschool, Bogor, Indonesia. Thesampling method was Saturated Sampling. The Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test used to test whether or not there wasa significant difference between two population means.Result: The results of the pre-test showed that out of 20 participants, 11 participants had deviant fine motordevelopment (55%). The post-test showed that out of 20 participants, 17 participants (85%) had proper finemotor development. In the intervention group, the average fine motor development of children before busy bookstimulation was 62.47 ± 7.539, while after busy book stimulation it increased to 86.08 ± 4.104. The statistical testresults of the Wilcoxon signed ranks test obtained a p-value 0.000 (p-value &lt;0.05).Conclusion: There was a significant effect of busy book stimulation in fine motor development of preschoolchildren.

Grip Strength and Body Balance in Static and Dynamic Push Walkers Measurement Using Force Sensing Resistors and Kinect System

Most parents use push walkers to encourage toddlers in gross and fine motor stimulation to develop basic walking skills. Push walkers are a choice for parents other than baby walkers to help toddlers under one year learn to walk. The push walker options for toddlers include static (the shaft moves in place) and dynamic (moving mobile). This study aimed to compare the effect of push walkers between static and dynamic types on motor stimulation of toddlers using biomechanics by measuring hand grip strength and body balance. This research contributes to selecting a push walker for parents to support gross and fine motor development after agreeing on the consideration of the toddler expert panel for the toddler walking task simulation using a push walker involving nine toddlers according to body mass index. Simulation of toddler walking in two experimental sessions using static and dynamic push walkers in measuring hand grip strength using force-sensing resistors and body balance using the Kinect system with Vitruvius software. The grip strength value was tested by paired t-test to determine the significance of the grip strength value. Body balance values were tested by paired t-test to determine the significance of leg compression force and leg moment. Dynamic push walker has a greater value of grip strength than static, and p-value = 0.001 (&lt; 0.005), providing good motor stimulation to toddlers when pushing with more muscular grip strength, allowing the toddler's hand muscles to tighten up. Static push walkers have a greater compression force and foot moment than dynamic and p-value = 0.001 (&lt; 0.005), providing gross motoric stimulation to toddlers while walking in a balanced and stable manner, allowing the toddler's leg muscles to tighten up.