Fine Fibers Research Articles

Yield and Fiber Quality Characteristics of Mutation-Based IMI Tolerant Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) Lines

The economical and effective weed control in cotton can succeed by breeding IMI-tolerant genotypes. For this purpose, we treated seeds with gamma rays at different doses and sprayed the plants with imazamox in M1-M5 generations. Thirty-three M4 lines in 2020 and seventeen M5 lines in 2021 with two comparative varieties were arranged in a Randomized Complete Block Design with three replications. M4 lines generally had superior fiber properties than standard varieties. We transferred 17 M4 lines, superior in terms of yield, ginning out-turn and fiber quality, to the M5 generation. All M5 lines exhibited finer fibers than comparative varieties. Seed cotton yield and ginning out-turn of eight M5 lines were superior to the comparative varieties. Five IMI-tolerant genotypes with high yield and favourable fiber quality were transferred to further generations.

Fabrication of SiC(OAl) and SiC(Al) fibers by melt-spinning, UV curing, thermolysis and sintering of photo-sensitive polyvinylaluminocarbosilane

SiC fiber is an important structural material in high-temperature extreme environments and nuclear energy applications. Oxidation and electron irradiation are main curing methods for the fabrication of industrial SiC fibers. In this work, a photo-sensitive polyvinylaluminocarbosilane (PVACS) is facilely prepared by blending polyaluminocarbosilane (PACS) and 1,3,5,7-tetramethyl-1,3,5,7-tetravinylcyclotetrasiloxane (D4Vi), which can be melt spun, cured by ultraviolet irradiation at room temperature. After thermal pyrolysis and sintering, the SiC(OAl) fibers with oxygen content of 8.84 wt% and C/Si ratio of 1.34, the SiC(Al) fibers with oxygen content of 0.29 wt% and C/Si ratio of 1.03 are achieved. The cured mechanism and the structural evolution from the precursor fiber to the final ceramic fibers is investigated. The results show that homopolymerization of D4Vi is the main curing mechanism in addition to the β-addition of hydrosilylation. Different from the typical oxidative curing, the oxygen in the fibers mainly comes from D4Vi. At about 800 ℃, the SiAlxOy phase, the SiCxOy phase and free carbon are formed. At 1200 ℃, the Al-C bonds possibly in Al4C3 are formed. At around 1600 ℃, Al may exist mainly in the form of Al4O4C, and the amorphous carbon phase changes into crystalline graphitic structure. Meanwhile, a lot of mesopores and macropores in the SiC(OAl) fibers are formed due to thermal decomposition of the SiCxOy phase. However, at 1800 ℃, the SiC(Al) fibers densify again due to the formation of Al2OC and Al4SiC4 phases, which also inhibit the growth of β-SiC and favor the formation of α-SiC.

Optimization of Process Parameters for Bamboo Fiber Extraction by Steam Explosion

ABSTRACT Bamboo fiber (BF) has emerged as a promising natural, environmentally friendly material for use in composite materials. The steam explosion process plays a crucial role in preparing BFs suitable for composites. In this study, the effects of solid–liquid ratio, explosion pressure, and explosion holding time on BF preparation were investigated by orthogonal experiments, and the structural and chemical changes occurring during the separation of BF were also investigated. The results showed that the combined method of alkali treatment and steam explosion successfully produced BFs with good morphology. The highest yield of fine fibers (39.07%) was obtained at a solid–liquid ratio of 2:1, explosion pressure of 2.2 MPa, and explosion holding time of 4 min. BFs obtained using the optimal values exhibited dispersed fiber bundles, partial removal of hemicellulose and lignin, and improved crystallinity. Furthermore, the hygroscopicity of BFs decreased, reaching a minimum of 15% under the optimal process conditions. The optimization of steam explosion parameters can help to improve the extraction efficiency of fine fibers for composites and promote the industrialization of BFs prepared by steam explosion.

Pemesinan Pada Produksi Mesin Pencacah Sabut Kelapa Sawit di PT. XYZ

A coconut fiber chopping machine or often called a coconut fiber decomposing machine is a very important tool in the production process. Its main function is to chop coconut fiber into fine fibers, opening up the potential for using these fibers in various useful products. The aim in designing this coconut fiber chopping machine is to know how to make a coconut fiber chopping machine and be able to design machine components that can chop coconut fiber quickly and with a larger capacity. To develop knowledge and apply it in the form of design and research. The conclusion was that the design of the coconut fiber chopping machine was based on the design of palm oil using an 80 HP 3-cylinder diesel engine. The chopping process per hour can reach 300 kg to 500 kg per hour with a maximum engine rotation of 2000 rpm. The volume of the chopping room is 680.94 m3.

Scale‐up fabrication and advanced properties of recycled polyethylene terephthalate aerogels from plastic waste

AbstractTraditional fabrication methods of aerogels are time consuming, toxic, and difficult to implement, making the production of aerogels expensive and severely limits widespread adoption. Nonwoven technology is introduced to prepare fibers that can be used to create polymer‐based aerogel. With its introduction, it allows the continuous flow of fine fibers and eliminates the bottlenecking fiber preparation phase of the fabrication process. Using recycled polyethylene terephthalate (rPET) fibers and polyvinyl alcohol, two types of rPET aerogels are successfully fabricated, namely the lab‐scale and the large‐scale aerogels, to investigate the effectiveness of the nonwoven process line for the fiber preparation processing step. Fibers prepared manually (lab‐scale aerogels) and with the aid of a fiber preparation production line (large‐scale aerogels) are characterized and compared. Both lab‐scale and large‐scale aerogels exhibited the required specifications of low densities (12.6–45.9 and 13.2–43.7 mg/cm3, respectively) and high porosity (99.1%–96.7% and 99.0%–96.8%, respectively). Their thermal conductivity (23.4–34.0 and 23.2–31.9 mW/m⋅K, respectively) and compressive modulus (4.74–21.91 and 4.53–22.29 kPa, respectively) were also relatively similar. The advantage of scaled preparation of fibers for aerogel manufacturing includes higher throughputs (the line can produce up to 60 kg/h), improved consistency for defibrillation, homogenous fiber blending, and accurate replication of laboratory‐made aerogel properties. This demonstrates the viability of using nonwoven technology to scale for continuous production to bring down the production cost.Highlights Scale up production of aerogels using nonwoven technology Improving preparation process of aerogels through homogenous fiber blending Preparation rate of up to 60 kg/h Developed high porosity aerogels up to 99% Good thermal insulation of 23.2–31.9 mW/m⋅K

Enhanced output performance piezoelectric nanogenerators based on highly polarized PVDF/TBAHP tree-like nanofiber membranes for energy harvesting

As a piezo-polymer, the most contribution of polar phases (β-, γ-phases) to the piezoelectricity of polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) has been researched. Herein, a new type PVDF/tetrabutylammonium hexafluorophosphate (TBAHP) tree-like nanofiber membrane (TLNM) with high polar phase content and numerous fine branch fibers was successfully developed via electrospinning. PVDF-TLNMs exhibited mass branch fibers whose diameters of less than 50 nm. The β-phase content of 88.94 % disclosed piezoelectric polarization ability in the presence of TBAHP and tree-like structure. The best output current and voltage of flexible PVDF-TLNMs based piezoelectric nanogenerators (PENGs) could reach 2.04 μA and 4.08 V at 0.07 mol L−1 TBAHP, which increased the current of pure PVDF by approximately six times and a 217 % improvement to voltage output. Likewise, the peak power density of 0.07 mol L−1 PVDF-TLNM was 13 times above that of pure PVDF-NM. The significant reduction of internal resistance occurred after the addition of TBAHP. Such significant enhancements for electrical output depended on the high β-phase content, originated through TBAHP induced self-alignment of electric dipoles in PVDF polymer and high extent of mechanical drawing. The new kind of PVDF-TLNMs-base PENGs can provide a large scope for the ideas of smart wearable devices.

The Performance of Multi-Parental Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) Hybrid Genotypes

We aimed to evaluate the possibilities to increase the ginning out-turn in multi-parent hybrid populations of cotton. Two genotypes with high ginning out-turn were crossed with seven F3 populations obtained from double crosses and then created fourteen F1 populations in 2020. The F1 populations, their grandparents and two parents, 23 genotypes, were compared by Randomized Complete Block Design with 3 replications in 2021. Significant differences were detected among genotypes, including crosses and parents for seed cotton yield per plant, ginning out-turn, fiber fineness and fiber strength. The orthogonal contrasts indicated that the average crosses performances were significantly higher than that of parents for ginning out-turn, seed cotton yield per plant and fiber fineness. Standard heterosis was between -11.19% and 20.54% for seed cotton yield per plant; 4.71% and 16.03% for ginning out-turn. [(ST-468 × Claudia) × (Gloria × Carisma)] × Esperya should be transferred to further generations. Multi-parent hybrids could be used to create the required variance and maintain dominance for the improvement of yield and ginning out-turn.

Single-Cell Transcriptome Sequence Profiling on the Morphogenesis of Secondary Hair Follicles in Ordos Fine-Wool Sheep.

The Ordos fine-wool sheep is a high-quality breed in China that produces superior natural textiles and raw materials such as wool and lamb meat. However, compared to the Australian Merino sheep, there is still a gap in terms of the wool fiber fineness and wool yield. The hair follicle is the main organ that controls the type of wool fiber, and the morphological changes in the secondary hair follicle are crucial in determining wool quality. However, the process and molecular mechanisms of hair follicle morphogenesis in Ordos fine-wool sheep are not yet clear. Therefore, analyzing the molecular mechanisms underlying the process of follicle formation is of great significance for improving the fiber diameter and wool production of Ordos fine-wool sheep. The differential expressed genes, APOD, POSTN, KRT5, and KRT15, which related to primary hair follicles and secondary hair follicles, were extracted from the dermal papillae. Based on pseudo-time analysis, the differentiation trajectories of dermal lineage cells and epidermal lineage cells in the Ordos fine-wool sheep were successfully constructed, providing a theoretical basis for breeding research in Ordos fine-wool sheep.

In vitro chemical treatment of silk increases the expression of pro-inflammatory factors and facilitates degradation in rats.

Silk fiber is difficult to degrade in vivo, which limits its application in tissue engineering materials such as artificial nerves. Therefore, in this study aim to promote its degradation in vivo by chemical treating silk fibers in vitro. Sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) observations, mechanical test, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) measurements were used to investigate the degradation effect of chemicals (hydrochloric acid, phosphoric acid, acetic acid, sodium hydroxide, calcium hydroxide, sodium bicarbonate, and calcium chloride) on silk fiber in vitro. Immunofluorescence staining and transcriptome analysis were used to investigate the effect of inflammatory factors on the degradation of chemically treated silk fiber in rats. (1) Silks were separated into finer fibers in each group. (2) FT-IR absorption peaks of amides I, II, and III overlap in each group. (3) Silk degradation degree in each group was higher than that in an untreated group. The calcium chloride-treated group was completely degraded. (4) Fibronectin, collagen I, collagen III, integrin α and CD68 were immunofluorescence positive in all vegetation section. (5) There were no significant differences in the expressions of collagen I, collagen III, and fibronectin in the vegetations formed on the 14th day of subcutaneous implantation, while integrin α, CD68, TNF-α, IL-1b, and IL-23 express at higher levels with IL-10 at lower levels. All chemicals could completely degrade silk; however, their degradation products were not the same. The chemicals change the mechanical properties of silk by separating it into finer fibers, which increase the contact surface area between the silk and tissue fluid, accelerating the degradation of monofilaments in vivo by promoting inflammation and macrophage activity through the increased and decreased expressions of pro- and anti-inflammatory factors, respectively.

Statistical analysis of Cotton-Jute blended ratio for producing good quality blended yarn

The present world is focusing on sustainable products. Most of the natural products collected from are environmentally friendly. In the textile sector the main raw material is fiber. Most textile products are made from the natural cotton fibers. But because of the shortage of this fiber, most of the researchers are looking forwards to other sources of natural fibers. Here in Bangladesh the natural jute fiber is available and the textile industries are making jute products but the jute products are comparatively lower price than cotton products. That's why some factories are making cotton-jute blended yarn to minimise the cost and increase the product's quality and appearance. Here in this research work, it was tried to identify the best cotton-jute blended ratio for producing good quality yarn. 80C-20 J, 60C-40 J and 40C-60 J blended ratios are compared with 100 C and 100 J yarn to analyse the results. The CV m%, Thick/Km +50 %, Neps/Km +200 %, IPI, RKM and Elongation% of blended yarns are evaluated and compared the results between the ratios. After that the yarn quality index (YQI) was calculated to identify the ratio which indicates a relation between yarns strength, elongation% and CVm. The other quality index was fiber quality index (FQI) which indicates a relation between fibers strength, fiber mean length, elongation% and fiber fineness. One way ANOVA was applied to see the significance level between the independent variables. Box plot was applied to see the visual effect of statistical analysis at the same time the regression results show the impact of cotton-jute ratio with an equation, through which it was easy to identify the perfect ratio. It was found that higher percentage of cotton and lower percentage of jute fiber blended yarn shows good results than others. The products which were made from the ratios were shown good results for their different use of purposes.

The Effect of Planting Dates and Planting Methods on Cotton Quantitative and Qualitative Traits in Moderate and Humid Climatic Conditions

otton is one of the most important crops in Golestan Province, Iran. The planting and harvesting date interferes with autumn crops such as wheat. A delay in planting cotton causes a decrease in yield. Transplanting cultivation can help to solve this problem. For this purpose, an experiment was carried out during two crop years in 2017 and 2018 in Iran, Golestan Province, Gorgan city, research station of Iraqi Mahlah in the form of a split plot based on randomized complete blocks design in four replications. Experimental treatments including planting dates at three levels including; Planting dates were May 27, June 16 and July 7 and planting methods were in seven levels (6 treatments using Transplanting and direct seeding methods). Quantitative traits including plant height, number of bolls per plant, lint weight per boll, lint yield and biological yield were measured along with cotton qualitative traits such as fiber length, stretch percentage, fiber fineness, fiber strength and uniformity index. Based on the results, the simple effect of planting dates, planting methods, as well as the interaction effect of planting dates × planting methods on all quantitative and qualitative traits were significant. Also, the interaction effect of year × planting date × planting method on the number of bolls per plant and biological yield was significant. The average lint yield in transplanting methods was 2256 kg per hectare and showed an increase of about 37% compared to direct seeding cultivation method. The best cultivation method it was that one with one seedling transplanted, the distance between the rows=75 cm and the distance on the rows=40 cm, the yields being higher as compared to other treatments. In general, the lint yield in direct seeding was much lower than the lint yield in transplanting cultivation. Also, the quality traits were affected by planting dates and planting methods, and in most cases, cotton quality traits were improved in the transplanting cultivation method. Therefore, if the cost of producing and transporting seedlings is economical, cotton transplanting is preferable to direct seeding cultivation.

ЕФЕКТ АНОМАЛЬНО СИЛЬНОГО ПОГЛИНАННЯ ЕЛЕКТРОМАГНІТНОГО ВИПРОМІНЮВАННЯ ТОНКИМИ ПРОВІДНИКОВИМИ ВОЛОКНАМИ

Subject and Purpose. The effect of abnormally strong interaction of electromagnetic radiation with fine conductive fibers is сonsidered. Metal, semiconductor, or graphite fibers can heavily absorb electromagnetic radiation provided the fiber diameter is several hundred times smaller than the radiation wavelength. For the most effective transfer of radiation energy, a proper ratio of the radiation wavelength, fiber refractive index, and fiber diameter is sought. Methods and Methodology. The diffraction problem of a cylinder whose diameter is much smaller than the incident wavelength is treated. The formulas to compute the radiation absorption efficiency have a series appearance. The series coefficients depend on the diameter of the cylinder, its refractive index, and the wavelength. With the cylinder diameter much smaller than the wavelength, these coefficients can be series expanded in the small parameter, and it should suffice to take into account only the first term. The findings are experimentally verified by measurements of the microwave radiation energy transmitted to a fine graphite fiber. Results. Relationships have been determined of the fiber diameter, fiber conductivity, and wavelength when the effect of the electromagnetic radiation absorption was at its strongest. The experiment showed that even unfocused, an 8 mm wave beam transmitted more than 10% of the energy to a graphite fiber of a 12 μm diameter. The size of the fiber area struck by the beam was 300 times smaller than the beam cross-section. Conclusions. Conductive fibers of a cross-sectional diameter much smaller than the incident radiation wavelength strongly absorb this radiation. The absorption is at its strongest when the radiation wavelength in the fiber substance is approximately 10 times larger than the cross-sectional diameter of the fiber. The effect of the anomalously strong absorption of electromagnetic radiation can be used to transfer the electromagnetic radiation energy to fine-fiber targets no matter whether the radiation beam is focused or not. Also, this effect can be of use for making protective screens in the microwave region.

Suspension of a point-mass-loaded filament in non-uniform flows: Passive dynamics of a ballooning spider

Spiders utilize their fine silk fibers for their aerial dispersal, known as ballooning. With this method, spiders can disperse hundreds of kilometers, reaching as high as 4.5 km. However, the passive dynamics of a ballooning model (a highly flexible filament and a spider body at the end of it) are not well understood. Here, we introduce a bead–spring model that takes into account the anisotropic drag of a fiber to investigate the passive dynamics by the various non-uniform flows: (i) a shear flow, (ii) a periodic vortex flow field, and (iii) a homogeneous turbulent flow. For the analysis of the wide range of parameters, we defined a dimensionless parameter, which is called “a ballooning number.” The ballooning number is defined as the ratio of Stokes’ fluid-dynamic force on a fiber by the non-uniform flow field to the gravitational force of a body. Our simulations show that the present model in a homogeneous turbulent flow exhibits the biased characteristic of slow settling with increasing turbulence. Upon investigating this phenomenon for a shear flows, it was found that the drag anisotropy of the filament structure is the main cause of the slow settling. Particularly, the cause of slow settling speed lies not only in the deformed geometrical shape but also in its generation of fluid-dynamic force in a non-uniform flow. Additionally, we found that the ballooning structure could become trapped in a vortex flow. These results help deepen our understanding of the passive dynamics of spiders ballooning in the atmospheric boundary layer.

Cholesteric Cellulose Liquid Crystal Fibers by Direct Drawing.

Polymer fibers are attracting increasing attention as a type of fundamental material for a wide range of products. However, to incorporate novel functionality, a crucial challenge is to simultaneously manipulate their structuring across multiple length scales. In this research, a facile and universal approach is proposed by directly drawing a pre-gel feedstock embedding a cellulose cholesteric liquid crystal (CLC). An insitu photo-polymerization process is applied, which not only allows for the continuous drawing of the filaments without breakup but also makes the final CLC fibers a colored appearance. More importantly, the multiscale properties of the fibers, such as their diameter, morphology, and the internal liquid crystalline ordering of the molecules (and thus structural color), can be manipulated by several controlling parameters. Combining this cross-scale tunability with a smart functional hydrogel system results in the formation of fibers with structural coloration, self-healing, electrical conduction, and thermal-sensing abilities. We believe that this platform can be extended to other hydrogel systems and will help unlock a wide variety of real-life applications.

Engineering strong man-made cellulosic fibers: a review of the wet spinning process based on cellulose nanofibrils.

With the goal of sustainable development, manufacturing continuous high-performance fibers based on sustainable resources is an emerging research direction. However, compared to traditional synthetic fibers, plant fibers have limited length/diameter and uncontrollable natural defects, while regenerated cellulose fibers such as viscose and Lyocell suffer from inferior mechanical properties. Wet-spun fibers based on nanocelluloses especially cellulose nanofibrils (CNFs) offer superior mechanical performance since CNFs are the fundamental high-performance building blocks of plant cell walls. This review aims to summarize the progress of making CNF wet-spun fibers, emphasizing on the whole wet spinning process including spinning suspension preparation, spinning, coagulation, washing, drying and post-stretching steps. By establishing the relationships between the nano-scale assembling structure and the macroscopic changes in the CNF dope from gels to dried fibers, effective methods and strategies to improve the mechanical properties of the final fibers are analyzed and proposed. Based on this, the opportunities and challenges for potential industrial-scale production are discussed.

Qualitative characteristics of cashmere fiber of Chyangra goat of Nepal

This study assesses the different physical characteristics of cashmere fiber quality in Chyangra goats as wax percentage, length of pashmina fiber, fineness (diameter) of fiber obtained from different body parts (neck, belly, and back) in different locations of Mustang district of Nepal. In mid-March to mid-April 2022, cashmere samples were collected from thirty-four unrelated animals. Twenty-two animals were sampled from Upper Mustang and twelve were sampled from Lower Mustang; of which, 22 were male and 12 were female of 1, 2, 3, 4, and greater than 4 years of age. Cashmere fiber length was measured using measuring pad and ruler and fiber diameter was analyzed using the optical projection microscope method. The fixed effect model was used to analyze the least square mean for fiber length, diameter and wax percentage of Chyangra cashmere fiber considering various factors such as location, sex and age. The overall least square mean and standard error for fiber quality parameters namely wax percentage, fiber length and fiber diameter were 9.49±2.2%, 45.97±0.14 mm and 15.36±0.19 µm respectively. Even though there is a significant difference in the considered parameters by location, the fineness and length of the fiber of both locations was within the finest fiber ranging from 13-16 µm diameter and more than 40 mm length. The present study has evidenced that Chyangra goat of Nepal can be characterized as one of the finest Cashmere goats however some management steps must be taken to improve the quality (cleanliness) of fiber and the volume of fiber production. Significant differences were found in location, sex, and trend of difference in age of the animals indicating the potential to improve cashmere quality by adopting proper management and selection methods through selection of goats with larger body size and confirmation to obtain more quantity of fiber per animal.

Bacteria Pseudomonas taiwanensis as a decomposing agent of peat fiber

Efforts are needed to accelerate the decomposition of peat fiber to reduce the fiber content through bioaugmentation using Pseudomonas taiwanensis bacteria so that it can reduce the high-water content of peat fiber. The research aimed to determine the effect of adding Pseudomonas taiwanensis bacteria on the decomposition of peat fiber. This research is a laboratory experimental research. The research sampling location was in Bereng Bengkel Village, Palangkaraya. The parameters observed included fiber content, fiber size distribution, and peat fiber decomposition speed following the Peat Testing Manual. The research instrument was an observation sheet for fiber content, size distribution, and peat fiber decomposition speed. Research data was analyzed using descriptive statistical analysis. The results showed that adding 15% Pseudomonas taiwanensis bacteria with a curing period of 28 days in fibrous peat resulted in the highest reduction in fiber content, from the initial condition of 61.14% to 12.33%. This variation also shows a decrease in coarse and medium fiber content and a significant increase in fine fiber content. The decomposition rate for this variation shows good consistency. The conclusion was that adding 15% Pseudomonas taiwanensis bacteria with a curing period of 28 days showed optimal results in accelerating the decomposition of peat fiber through the bioaugmentation method.

Helianthus Annuus L. Comparison Of The Properties Of Fibers Obtained From The Plant By Methods of Decortication And Retting

A large amount of sunflower production is carried out in our country. The 2,500,000 tons of sunflower stalks that appeared after production pose a problem for our farmer. In order to clean up this environmental problem from the field, sunflower stalks are destroyed by burning to warm up in winter, broken down and mixed into the soil, or burned after harvesting. It is thought that by obtaining qualified, ecological and naturally decomposing sunflower fiber from the stem of the sunflower plant, which is an agricultural waste, it can increase the added value of agricultural products and contribute to the protection of the environment. In this study, the anatomical characteristics of the stem of the sunflower plant were determined, and natural lignocellulosic fibers were obtained from the sunflower stem by retting and decortication methods (fresh stem, dried stem). Various physical, chemical and mechanical properties of these fibers have been measured. For this purpose, FTIR (Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy) analysis, XRD (X-Ray Diffractometer) analysis and SEM (Scanning Electron Microscope) analysis were applied to the fibers obtained by different methods. Thermal analyses were performed by TG-DTA (Thermogravimetric) analysis. In addition, fiber strength, fiber fineness, fiber length and color measurements were made. The chemical content of the obtained fibers (pectin, lignin, cellulose, hemicellulose) was determined. The properties of the fibers were compared using the obtained data. As a result of the study, it has been seen that the characteristic properties of the sunflower fibers obtained by the retting method are better. It has been determined that the elemental, thermal and crystal structures of the fibers obtained by different methods are similar. It was concluded that sunflower fiber will not be spun as a yarn, but can be used as a natural polymeric composite reinforcement material.

Extraction and characterization of cattail fibre and lignin recovery from retting bath

Cattail is an aquatic perennial with upright, flat, rhizomatous leaves that can grow to heights of 2.5 to 5 m and looks capable of filling this need. The main objective of this research was to separate and individualize the fibres by partial delignification of cattail fibre and recovery of lignin from the used retting bath of cattail fibre. The alkaline formulations were opted to the separation and removing gummy lignin materials for effective retting of cattail fibre. The retting parameters were studied to obtain the least strength loss and optimum lignin removal in the cattail fibres. The lignin recovery yielded 6.75 gram per litre (gpl) by keeping acidic medium for 1 h at room temperature. Recovered lignin was characterized through Fourier infrared spectroscopy and particle size analysis. The retted Cattail single fibre average diameter and fineness was 109 μm and tex, respectively. Tensile strength retained up to 60 % after retting.

The spectral properties and dispersion parameters of electrospun nanofibers Poly(vinyl alcohol/ Poly(acrylamide)

Electrospun nanofibers based on polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), polyacrylamide (PAAm), and a PVA-PAAm blend (50/50 wt.%) were effectively made a room temperature(RT) and a voltage of (12kV). The products were studied using Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope (FESEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy(FT-IR) and Ultraviolet-visible (UV–Vis) spectroscopy. The result of FESEM analysis showed that the polymer PVA, PAAm, and blend samples produced a random distribution of fine fibres at an average diameter of (214.12, 317.1, 157.65) nm with a smooth surface. In addition, the FESEM images demonstrate the fibres' suitability for use in gas sensing applications due to their branching fibres and porosity surface. XRD showed that the film polymeric of PVA, PAAm polymeric blend PVA-PAAm was seen to have a semicrystalline nature. According to the FTIR analysis, the PVA and PAAm networks in the PVA-PAAm polymer nanofibers were entangled due to the powerful hydrogen bond contact between the PAAm and PVA chains. Observed around (3473.79 and 3414) cm-1 were attributed to the N–H vibration and overlapped to O–H stretching. The spectra of the prepared films exhibit prominent absorption peaks, which are at the wavelength range (200-320) nm. PVA-PAAm polymer nanofibers decrease the energy gap from 3.70eV to 3.40eV. The Wemple-DiDomenico model was used to derive dispersion parameters such as dispersion energy, single oscillator energy, Urbach energy, the static refractive index and the moments of optical spectra the result of calculating by this model was compatible with that value calculated by the Tauc relation. While increased which qualifies them to be used in the electronic devices.