Fine Dust Emissions Research Articles

Experimental study of the effects of a particle filter in front of automotive radiator on its cooling performances and cooling drag

According to the World Health Organization (WHO), air pollution is the single greatest worldwide health risk especially in urban environments. In these areas, the vehicle traffic significantly contributes to the fine dust concentration in the ambient air. While the current legislation focuses mainly on the exhaust emission of vehicles, 85% of the overall fine dust emissions originating from brakes, tires, and road abrasion are not yet regulated. In this context, an integrated particulate filter system fitted into previously unused installation spaces in frontend of a vehicle in front of the radiator allows to compensate a part of the particle emissions of a vehicle try to reach the neutral emission. Add filter is not without consequences for the cooling performances. This study aims to assess the impact of the particulate filter system on the radiator cooling performances and cooling drag coefficient. An experimental setup was developed to characterize an automotive radiator with and without particle filter in terms of power and velocity distribution. Cooling capacity of the radiator depends clearly of the airflow through the radiator. Filter increases the pressure drop and decreases airflow. Hence, the heat power exchange can be reduced up to 10% for a pressure drop level almost twice. The airflow inlet inside engine compartment is not beneficial for aerodynamic aspect. By increasing pressure drop, the cooling drag coefficient can be reduced up to 10% when a filter covers entirely the radiator surface. The results indicate that the filter affects the cooling capacity of the radiator, which can require modifications to the cooling system strategy.

Coating Process for the Drastic Reduction of Fine Dust Emissions from Brake Discs

Coating Process for the Drastic Reduction of Fine Dust Emissions from Brake Discs

Technical Solutions to Reduce the Amount of Dust Particle Breakthrough when Cleaning Emissions from the Production of Reinforced Concrete Products Using Dust Collectors with Counter Swirling Flows

Introduction. The production of reinforced concrete products, being the basis of modern industrial construction, is a very significant source of dust emissions. Traditional cleaning methods are often unable to ensure the compliance with air quality requirements, and replacing them with more modern ones requires significant capital and operational costs. One of the most promising ways to solve the problem is the use of a new class of inertial dust collectors with counter swirling flows, combining constructive simplicity and low operating costs with sufficiently high work efficiency. The aim of the work was to analyze the factors influencing the magnitude of the breakthrough coefficient of fine dust particles, as well as the development of constructive solutions aimed at reducing it. Materials and Methods. An analytical review of technical solutions aimed at reducing the breakthrough magnitude was carried out, on the basis of which the designs of the lower input of dust collectors with counter swirling flows were developed. Methods of computational experiment and field measurements were used to confirm the effectiveness of the developed structures. Results. By means of numerical experiments, the information about the aerodynamic flow pattern in the separation chamber of the CSF dust collector was obtained, and the breakthrough magnitude of dust particles was estimated. The solutions were developed for the design of the lower coaxial input of the swirling flow of dust collectors on the counter swirling flows, taking into account the features of dust pollution generated during the operation of technological equipment of reinforced concrete production. Discussion and Conclusion. The presence of a displacement of the axis of the secondary swirling flow from the axis of symmetry of the separation chamber was established. The consequence of this was the non-coaxiality of the primary and secondary flows, which led to a decrease in the intensity of the twist, the formation of parasitic vortices, and, as a consequence, an increase in the value of the breakthrough coefficient. This effect was especially pronounced with a large proportion of fine dust particles, characteristic of dust pollution formed during the production of reinforced concrete products. The proposed design of the coaxial input of the secondary swirling flow reduced the magnitude of this eccentricity, which made it possible to achieve a significant reduction in the breakthrough magnitude of fine particles characteristic of dust emissions of reinforced concrete industries. The results obtained can be effectively used both in the production of reinforced concrete products and in other branches of construction production, which is characterized by intensive formation of fine dust emissions.

Differences in fine dust emissions based on bedding type and quantity in horse stables

Differences in fine dust emissions based on bedding type and quantity in horse stables

Reduction of Fine Dust Emissions During Sintering of Nepheline-Lime-Stone Charge

It was found that dust of electrostatic precipitators supplied to the sintering furnace from the hot end precipitates little on the sintered material of the raw charge of alumina production of JSC "RUSAL Achinsk", increases the dust turnover and dust release of solid pollutants from the furnace into the atmosphere. In order to increase efficiency of purification of atmospheric air from fine dust of electric precipitators it is proposed to remove it from dust circulation of the sintering furnace and dispose of it separately in technology of road mixture when laying the base of road pavements. The introduction of this technology provides a reduction in atmospheric emissions from 18.965 to 5.859 g/s, a reduction in coal consumption by 1.39 kg of conventional fuel for the production of 1 ton of sinter and savings of coal fuel by 8350 tons per year.

친환경 바이오연료를 사용하는 난방시스템 디자인설계 및 환경시험평가

Research and development for alternatives to fossil fuels such as coal and petroleum have progressed considerably worldwide. Among clean fuels, bio-diesel has been a representative fuel and it was used for the following advantages; renewable, ready to use with low fine dust emission and non-toxicity. But it is expensive and cause strain on local resources. In our study, to resolve these issues, we developed two types of heating systems by direct input of waste cooking oil, and the heating system was optimized through mechanical design and design process. In addition, we conducted an environmental test to evaluate the reliability and environmental characteristics of the developed device. Firstly, through the design modification of heat recirculation system, more efficient combustion for the complete combustion of bio-fuel(waste cooking oil), was possible. As for the heating system, two products (tube heating system, agricultural hot air blower) were optimized for management convenience, space utilization, and efficiency improvement by 6-step design. From the environmental test result, the combustion efficiency of the heating system was up to 99%, the average oxygen concentration was 8.3%, and the CO concentration was 7.9 ppm for a stable combustion, NOx was up to 67 ppm, and SOx was not detected.

From Gustiness to Dustiness—The Impact of Wind Gusts on Particulate Matter Emissions in Field Experiments in La Pampa, Argentina

This study delivers the first empirical data-driven analysis of the impact of turbulence induced gustiness on the fine dust emissions from a measuring field. For quantification of the gust impact, a new measure, the Gust uptake Efficiency (GuE) is introduced. GuE provides a percentage of over- or under-proportional dust uptake due to gust activity during a wind event. For the three analyzed wind events, GuE values of up to 150% could be found, yet they significantly differed per particle size class with a tendency for lower values for smaller particles. In addition, a high-resolution correlation analysis among 31 particle size classes and wind speed was conducted; it revealed strong negative correlation coefficients for very small particles and positive correlations for bigger particles, where 5 μm appears to be an empirical threshold dividing both directions. We conclude with a number of suggestions for further investigations: an optimized field experiment setup, a new particle size ratio (PM1/PM0.5 in addition to PM10/PM2.5), as well as a comprehensive data-driven search for an optimal wind gust definition in terms of soil erosivity.

Electric Vehicle Charging Station Search in Stochastic Environments

Electric vehicles are a central component of future mobility systems as they promise to reduce local noxious and fine dust emissions, as well as CO2 emissions, if fed by clean energy sources. However, the adoption of electric vehicles so far fell short of expectations despite significant governmental incentives. One reason for this slow adoption is the drivers’ perceived range anxiety, especially for individually owned vehicles. Here, bad user experiences (e.g., conventional cars blocking charging stations or inconsistent real-time availability data) manifest the drivers’ range anxiety. Against this background, we study stochastic search algorithms that can be readily deployed in today’s navigation systems in order to minimize detours to reach an available charging station. We model such a search as a finite-horizon Markov decision process and present a comprehensive framework that considers different problem variants, speedup techniques, and three solution algorithms: an exact labeling algorithm, a heuristic labeling algorithm, and a rollout algorithm. Extensive numerical studies show that our algorithms significantly decrease the expected time to find a free charging station while increasing the solution-quality robustness and the likelihood that a search is successful compared with myopic approaches.

Experimental Investigation on Dry Routing of CFRP Composite: Temperature, Forces, Tool Wear, and Fine Dust Emission.

This article presents the influence of machining conditions on typical process performance indicators, namely cutting force, specific cutting energy, cutting temperature, tool wear, and fine dust emission during dry milling of CFRPs. The main goal is to determine the machining process window for obtaining quality parts with acceptable tool performance and limited dust emission. For achieving this, the cutting temperature was examined using analytical and empirical models, and systematic cutting experiments were conducted to assess the reliability of the theoretical predictions. A full factorial design was used for the experimental design. The experiments were conducted on a CNC milling machine with cutting speeds of 10,000, 15,000, and 20,000 rpm and feed rates of 2, 4, and 6 µm/tooth. Based on the results, it was ascertained that spindle speed significantly affects the cutting temperature and fine particle emission while cutting force, specific cutting energy, and tool wear are influenced by the feed rate. The optimal conditions for cutting force and tool wear were observed at a cutting speed of 10,000 rpm. The cutting temperature did not exceed the glass transition temperature for the cutting speeds tested and feed rates used. The fine particles emitted ranged from 0.5 to 10 µm aerodynamic diameters with a maximum concentration of 2776.6 particles for those of 0.5 µm diameters. Finally, results of the experimental optimization are presented, and the model is validated. The results obtained may be used to better understand specific phenomena associated with the milling of CFRPs and provide the means to select effective milling parameters to improve the technology and economics of the process.

시스템 다이내믹스 기법을 활용한 미세먼지(PM10) 인과지도

Fine dust was designated as a social disaster with top priority, a complex environmental problem, by the Ministry of Environment, Korea. in 2020. Policies to reduce fine dust from emission sources were differently implemented by city size. Previous research related to fine dust has dealt with both its impacts on health and its impacts on society as a whole. But, the studies did not consider changes in fine dust control factors, and did not employ dynamic analysis of policy factors according to city size. Therefore, this study intended to draw a causal loop of fine dust (PM10) emissions and effects using System Dynamics by city size considering policies. To reach this goal, this study has designed following research procedure: 1) to select factors that identify fine dust emission sources and the effects; 2) to investigate causal relationships between the causes and effects of fine dust; and 3) to draw a causal map of fine dust in consideration of policy variables by sectors by city hierarchy. As a result, the sources of fine dust included socioeconomic, demographic, and urban spatial variables, and the impacts of fine dust emissions due to differences in fine dust reduction policies by city size were identified in the causal map.

Quantification of particle separation using electrostatically charged spray mist in a dust chamber

In order to improve the efficiency of reducing fine dust emissions from diffuse sources, the commonly used water mist can be electrostatically charged. Thus, the attraction between particles and droplets increases due to electrostatic field forces. In the experimental investigations carried out, an electrostatic two-fluid nozzle was used to generate a charged spray mist according to the principle of charging by induction. In a chamber, dispersed dust was precipitated with the spray mist, while detecting the laser light attenuation. By means of comparative measurements it could be shown that faster sedimentation and separation takes place through electrostatic attraction. Parameter variations regarding the use of compressed air and water were investigated and the sedimentation time of the particle–droplet mixture in the chamber was shown. A size distribution was then calculated from the laser light attenuation, which shows that the proportion of small particles decreases with spray application. Furthermore, the influence of the polarity of droplets and solid particles on the reduction measure was determined.

PM2.5 and PM10 emissions by breakage during saltation of agricultural soils

Breakage of soil aggregates during saltation is one process that contributes to the generation of fine dust emissions by wind erosion. Fine dust is also known to affect human respiratory health. Of particular hazard are particles of aerodynamic diameter less than 2.5 μm (PM2.5) and those less than 10 μm (PM10), both of which are regulated by the US-Environmental Protection Agency. We used a laboratory wind tunnel with wind at 13 m s−1 to investigate the emission parameters for PM2.5 and PM10 caused by saltation-size aggregates (0.15 to 0.84 mm) from 15 soils with a wide range in properties from across the U.S. The coefficient of breakage (Cbk) was found to vary inversely with clay content, with the largest values found for soils with the greatest sand content. Only one soil with the highest sand content was found to be statistically different in total suspension flux from breakage (Gssbk). We did not find a relationship between soil texture or organic matter and the soil fraction of PM2.5 and PM10 from breakage (SF2.5bk and SF10bk). In addition, five of the soils tested had long-term histories of either conventional tillage (CT) or no-till (NT) management for paired comparisons of emission based on management. CT soils tended to have higher sand, lower silt and lower organic matter than NT management. Management significantly affected Cbk for four of the five soil pairs where the three with the highest clay content having lower Cbk under NT than CT management and the fourth pair had lower Cbk under CT management. Long-term NT management showed significantly less vertical suspension flux from breakage during saltation (Gssbk) than CT management for only two of the five paired soils. A linear relationship predicted PM2.5 emissions from breakage as a fraction of PM10 emissions for the mineral soils tested (R2 = 0.972). This research contributes to our understanding of PM2.5 and PM10 emission during saltation. It also provides parameters that will improve fine dust simulation in the Wind Erosion Prediction System (WEPS) model.

경기도 미세먼지 배출량과 토지피복 유형의 관계 분석

경기도 미세먼지 배출량과 토지피복 유형의 관계 분석

Less CO2 and Fine Dust Emissions in Automotive

AbstractThere is increasing pressure on the automotive industry for further reduction of CO2 and particulate (PM10, PM2.5) emissions. One of the main issues is the fine dust resulting from the wear of the brake disc/brake pads, which is considered to be a major source of non‐exhaust traffic‐related emissions, particularly in urban locations. Carbide coatings are the state‐of‐art solution for controlling rotor wear. The challenge of cost‐effective serial production for automotive applications can be mastered by high power laser cladding.

Исследование условий сохранения грунтового массива при проведении строительных работ

The paper shows that the fulfillment of construction works influences the level of fine dust content in urban environment. Investigations of fine dust emissions in the zones of earth excavations and soil spoil banks caused by construction works were carried out. The authors conducted an integrated investigation of the physicochemical processes in the surface layer of the atmosphere in the course of construction works, which was based on the field and computational experiments. With the help of a laboratory wind-tunnel plant, it was revealed that the character of dust emission during the development of dispersive massifs depends on the climatic conditions, in particular on the wind velocity and the physical-and-mechanical properties of the rocks (humidity, porosity, plasticity indices). A specific-purpose GIS application has been designed which allows modelling the dynamics of air flows in the territories with anthropogenic development. The application is based on the methods of mathematical and simulation modelling, the methods of visualization and surface plotting as well as the methods of software applications development.

Fine dust emissions from active sands at coastal Oceano Dunes, California

Abstract. Sand dunes and other active sands generally have a low content of fine grains and, therefore, are not considered to be major dust sources in current climate models. However, recent remote sensing studies have indicated that a surprisingly large fraction of dust storms are generated from regions covered by sand dunes, leading these studies to propose that sand dunes might be globally relevant sources of dust. To help understand dust emissions from sand dunes and other active sands, we present in situ field measurements of dust emission under natural saltation from a coastal sand sheet at Oceano Dunes in California. We find that saltation drives dust emissions from this setting that are on the low end of the range in emissions produced by non-sandy soils for similar wind speed. Laboratory analyses of sand samples suggest that these emissions are produced by aeolian abrasion of feldspars and removal of clay-mineral coatings on sand grain surfaces. We further find that this emitted dust is substantially finer than dust emitted from non-sandy soils, which could enhance its downwind impacts on human health, the hydrological cycle, and climate.

Characterization of the emission behavior of pulse-jet cleaned filters using a low-cost particulate matter sensor/Charakterisierung der Emission von druckstoßgereinigten Oberflächenfiltern mit einem Low-Cost-Feinstaubsensor

The reduction of fine dust emissions with pulse-jet cleaned filters plays an important role in industrial gas cleaning to meet emission standards and protect the environment. The dust emission of technical facilities is typically measured “end of pipe”, so that no information about the local emission contribution of individual filter elements exists. Cheap and compact low-cost sensors for the detection of particulate matter (PM) concentrations, which have been prominently applied for immission monitoring in recent years have the potential for emission measurement of filters to improve process monitoring. This publication discusses the suitability of a low-cost PM-sensor, the model SPS30 from the manufacturer Sensirion, in terms of the potential for particle emission measurement of surface filters in a filter test rig based on DIN ISO 11057. A Promo® 2000 in combination with a Welas® 2100 sensor serves as the optical reference device for the evaluation of the detected PM2.5 concentration and particle size distribution of the emission measured by the low-cost sensor. The Sensirion sensor shows qualitatively similar results of the detected PM2.5 emission as the low-cost sensor SDS011 from the manufacturer Nova Fitness, which was investigated by Schwarz et al. in a former study. The typical emission peak after jet-pulse cleaning of the filter, due to the penetration of particles through the filter medium, is detected during Δp-controlled operation. The particle size distribution calculated from the size resolved number concentrations of the low-cost sensor yields a distinct distribution for three different employed filter media and qualitatively fits the size distribution detected by the Palas® reference. The emission of these three different types of filter media can be distinguished clearly by the measured PM2.5 concentration and the emitted mass per cycle and filter area, demonstrating the potential for PM emission monitoring by the low-cost PM-sensor. During the period of Δt-controlled filter aging, a decreasing emission, caused by an increasing amount of stored particles in the filter medium, is detected. Due to the reduced particle emission after filter aging, the specified maximum concentration of the low-cost sensor is not exceeded so that coincidence is unlikely to affect the measurement results of the sensor for all but the very first stage of filter life.

Residential proximity to livestock farms is associated with a lower prevalence of atopy

ObjectivesExposure to farm environments during childhood and adult life seems to reduce the risk of atopic sensitisation. Most studies have been conducted among farmers, but people living in rural areas...

Research of Air Flows Dynamics at Construction Works in the Condition of Urban Built-Up Areas

The paper shows that the fulfillment of construction works influences the level of fine dust content in urban environment. Investigations of fine dust emissions in the zones of earth excavations and soil spoil banks caused by construction works were carried out. The authors conducted an integrated investigation of the physico-chemical processes in the surface layer of the atmosphere in the course of construction works, which was based on the field and computational experiments. With the help of a laboratory wind-tunnel plant, it was revealed that the character of dust emission during the development of dispersive massifs depends on the climatic conditions, in particular on the wind velocity and the physical-and-mechanical properties of the rocks (humidity, porosity, plasticity indices). A specific-purpose GIS application has been designed which allows modelling the dynamics of air flows in the territories with anthropogenic development. The application is based on the methods of mathematical and simulation modelling, the methods of visualization and surface plotting as well as the methods of software applications development.

Profiling of Saharan dust from the Caribbean to western Africa – Part 2: Shipborne lidar measurements versus forecasts

Abstract. A unique 4-week ship cruise from Guadeloupe to Cabo Verde in April–May 2013 see part 1, Rittmeister et al. (2017) is used for an in-depth comparison of dust profiles observed with a polarization/Raman lidar aboard the German research vessel Meteor over the remote tropical Atlantic and respective dust forecasts of a regional (SKIRON) and two global atmospheric (dust) transport models (NMMB/BSC-Dust, MACC/CAMS). New options of model–observation comparisons are presented. We analyze how well the modeled fine dust (submicrometer particles) and coarse dust contributions to light extinction and mass concentration match respective lidar observations, and to what extent models, adjusted to aerosol optical thickness observations, are able to reproduce the observed layering and mixing of dust and non-dust (mostly marine) aerosol components over the remote tropical Atlantic. Based on the coherent set of dust profiles at well-defined distances from Africa (without any disturbance by anthropogenic aerosol sources over the ocean), we investigate how accurately the models handle dust removal at distances of 1500 km to more than 5000 km west of the Saharan dust source regions. It was found that (a) dust predictions are of acceptable quality for the first several days after dust emission up to 2000 km west of the African continent, (b) the removal of dust from the atmosphere is too strong for large transport paths in the global models, and (c) the simulated fine-to-coarse dust ratio (in terms of mass concentration and light extinction) is too high in the models compared to the observations. This deviation occurs initially close to the dust sources and then increases with distance from Africa and thus points to an overestimation of fine dust emission in the models.