Fine Day Research Articles

Austerity, Consumption, and Postwar Gender Disruption in Mollie Panter-Downes'sOne Fine Day

In her 1947 novel, Panter-Downes explores changes in gender roles and domesticity brought on by World War II, particularly through her narrative emphasis on postwar scarcity and ongoing food rationing. The text displays the impact of this everyday quality on the life of one English family and details, through explorations of changing patterns of consumption, ways in which middle-class expectations for domesticity were radically altered by wartime policies. While much scholarship that focuses on World War II-era women's writing looks at how authors responded to the war itself, this article illustrates how for many, quotidian elements such as food rationing were stand-ins for the war; therefore, examinations of domestic disruption extend our understanding of how World War II left its imprint on cultural production. Examinations of texts such as One Fine Day allow for a more complete understanding of the war and of its impact on women's lives.

Evaluation of urban thermal environments in commercial and residential spaces in Okayama City, Japan, using the wet-bulb globe temperature index

We estimated wet-bulb globe temperature (WBGT) using measured meteorological data to understand the bioclimates of human living spaces during the summer season. Our research focused on commercial and residential areas of Okayama City, Japan (population ∼700,000). The commercial spaces (CO) mainly consisted of multi-story office buildings, whereas the residential spaces (RE) consisted of one- or two-story residential buildings. On a fine day with southeast winds, the spatially averaged WBGT measured in the CO was higher than that in the RE. The difference was statistically significant and would have caused noticeable discomfort and a high risk of heat disorder for occupants of the CO over the long term. For instance, at 1900 Japan Standard Time (JST), the maximum difference in the WBGT between the CO and RE sites was 2.0°C (23.5°C for the CO and 21.5°C for the RE). From 1800 to 1900 JST, the wet-bulb temperature in the CO was still 1.5–2.0°C higher than that in the RE, even though both areas had the same dry-bulb temperature. This indicates that the CO retained greater amounts of water vapor for longer periods compared to the RE. The wet-bulb temperature in the CO increased rapidly at most observation points when the southeast sea breeze arrived. In contrast, in the RE, the wet-bulb temperature decreased until evening. This difference was caused by moist air transported from a river about 1 km upwind from the CO. The moist air forced an increase in the WBGT and elevated the risk of heat disorder in the CO. The spatially averaged globe temperature of the CO at 1500 JST was 6.2°C lower than that at the RE, causing the WBGT of the CO to decrease. The results suggest that the higher WBGT in the CO was caused by higher wet-bulb temperatures. On a day with southwest winds, the CO and RE showed no difference in WBGT because the river was not included in the upwind source area.

Factors affecting transpiration of Pinus tabulaeformis in a semi-arid region of the Loess Plateau

The effects of soil water and meteorological factors affecting transpiration of Pinus tabulaeformis were studied under different levels of soil water content to offer a scientific basis for increasing efforts in afforestation survival and management of soil water in forested land. Under artificial control methods for soil water and potting experiments, the transpiration rate (Tr) of P. tabulaeformis and environmental factors were measured using a portable steady porometer (Li-1600) and a speedy weight method (BP-3400) during a representative fine day in the growing season of 2004. The results indicated that the diurnal course of Tr and Rst of P. tabulaeformis displayed a double-peaked curve and a “W” curve under different levels of soil water content. Given a representative fine day, the Tr could be represented as a cubic relation with soil water content (SWC). The SWC which caused maximum Tr values of P. tabulaeformis was 17.7%, 19.8%, and 17.5% in July, August and October respectively. Tr was affected not only by physiological characteristics, but also by SWC and meteorological factors. Tr was significantly correlated with meteorological factors when the soil water was sufficient, but this correlation would decrease under conditions of serious water stress. Under such stress conditions, air temperature was the primary factor to affect Tr in July and August and photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) was the primary factor in October. When soil water is sufficient, the main factors affecting Tr were relative humidity (RH), air temperature (Ta) and leaf temperature (Tl) in July, August and October respectively.

Evaluation of gas emission effect on the carbon budget in a mangrove estuary

Nutrient cycling and CH4 and CO2 gas fluxes have been measured over tidal cycles in Fukido mangrove creek. Concentrations of total organic carbon (TOC) in the water increased in fine days and decreased in rainy days. Continuous measurements of gas fluxes showed that the CH4 and CO2 emissions from the water were accelerated due to the drop in hydrostatic pressure during the falling tide. The magnitude of total carbon gas fluxes was about-50% of the carbon accumulation in the creek. Estimation of net carbon cycling in Fukido mangrove estuary including carbon gas emission indicated that the estuary functioned as sinks for carbon.

Catastrophic Wave Erosion, Bristol Channel, United Kingdom: Impact of Tsunami?

Abstract On January 30, 1607, a massive wave from the ocean surged up Bristol Channel in the United Kingdom, flooding more than 500 km2 of lowland along 570 km of coast. It killed 2000 people and is considered Britain’s worst natural disaster on land. The wave occurred on a fine day and surprised inhabitants. Contemporary descriptions of the event have many of the characteristics of accounts of recent catastrophic tsunamis. Geomorphic evidence for tsunamis in the channel can be found in the form of transported and imbricated boulders, bedrock sculpturing on coastal platforms and ramps, and, at isolated locations, wholesale erosion of the coastal landscape. Hydrodynamic calculation of the height of the tsunami and flow velocities can be derived from boulder dimensions. Tsunami wave height increased from 4 m in the outer Bristol Channel to more than 6 m within the inner Severn Estuary. Theorized flow velocities range between 11.8 and 18.1 m s−1, increasing up the estuary. Under topographic enhancement, thes...

Temperature changes in the tidal excursion front and surface sediment of a subtropical mudflat in autumn

Temperature changes in sediment and the inundating water of a subtropical mudflat were determined using a series of data-loggers to monitor the temperature on fine days around the equinox at Lota, Queensland, Australia. On fine days the temperature of the forward shallow (ca. 5 cm) section of an incoming tide is up to 8 °C higher than that of the body of water from which it originates. Stationary data-loggers in the sediment indicate that during the day heat exchange occurred between the sediment and inundating waters, the sediment temperatures dropping from up to 10 °C higher than channel waters to temperatures approaching that of channel water in as little as 30 min following inundation. The implications for intertidal nekton and benthos are discussed.

Regrets Only

Regrets Only Susan Messer Spring There she was, my daughter's piano teacher, beside the big blue mailbox, in this freethinking town on the edge of Chicago. Let's call her Anna. "Hey, Anna," I called, waving as I came up the street to the post office. "Hey," she said, waving back. She was in her early 30s, and tall, lanky. I was in my mid-40s, and small. She was dressed in a plain, straightforward way—a white blouse, Gap chinos. Sensible shoes. I concluded early on in our friendship that, unlike me, she did not have two feather boas stored in her closet. After her life turned the fateful corner, and she hated herself, she described herself as schoolmarmish. Before that, though, when she'd felt strong, grounded by the sense that she had chosen her look and her style, she said, "I don't like to think of myself as a female; I like to think of myself as a person." * * * "How are you doing?" I said once I reached her. Cars swarmed around the curb, jockeying for position, while we stood slightly outside the fray. "I just dropped my bank deposit into the mail box," she said. People moved around us, up and down the stairs, into and out of the heavy old post office doors with their brass moldings and depictions of mail delivery methods over the ages. "Oooph," I said. "What are you going to do?" It was a fine spring day, which perhaps lightened the mood around this little mishap. "I don't know," she said. "I'll go in and tell someone in a while." She brushed her fingers through her short, feathery hair, a warm, light brown. Not fussy, but well groomed. "I guess I'm distracted." [End Page 57] "I guess so," I said. I thought of the bank deposit, all her piano-teacher income, lying amidst the confusion of letters. I thought of the unfriendly post office clerks—surly even when faced with the simplest request—despite the glorious marble and brass building they worked in. "Do you have a few minutes?" she asked. "Sure," I said. She wanted to tell why she was distracted: Let's call him Louie. Louie lived in California, but he had come to town for a few days to hear Beethoven's Ninth Symphony. His brother was conducting, chorus and all. * * * If the regular rehearsal accompanist had been available and asked someone other than Anna to substitute. If Anna hadn't so loved the Beethoven. If Anna hadn't decided, in the last days of rehearsal, to sing in the chorus. If the conductor had not seen her in the crowd after the performance and called out, "We're going to celebrate. Why don't you join us?" If she'd followed her instinct (tired, sore throat) and gone home. If her throat had been even sorer (from singing all the high notes), perhaps she would have gone home. * * * Imagine an illustration in a magazine, she said as we stood by the busy post office curb. A dinner party, in gray, but two people in full color. Anna and Louie, sitting beside each other. She'd seen him in the crowd after the performance and thought, "There's trouble." But at the dinner, he seemed wonderful. "Do you ever want to get married?" he asked as they sat beside each other, in full color. "Sure," she said. Laughing. "And kids? You want to have kids?" "Sure," she said. Laughing some more. Perhaps her throat hurt less by now. And he said laughing, "How many?" "I don't know," she said. "Four, five, six, seven." "That many?" "Yes," she said. "I want a cacophonous house." * * * Anna lived in an efficiency apartment in an old brick courtyard building. Her piano, along a wall of the apartment's one room, was an upright, with a spectacularly high-gloss black finish. This was possibly her most flamboyant accessory. Her bed was a futon with a navy...

Monitoring Temperatures on a Real Box-Girder Bridge and Energy Budget Analysis for Basic Information on Bridge Cooling and Surface Freezing

A prestressed concrete (PC) box-girder bridge was instrumented to enable monitoring of its surface and body temperature. The daily variations of temperature in the pavement and upper beam of the bridge were greater the deeper from the surface. During daytime on a fine day, bridge surface temperatures were higher than air temperatures, and at nighttime on a fine night, temperatures at the surface were lower than air temperatures. It is well known that sensible heat transfers depend on wind speed and surface temperature. The wind speed measured at the bridge and on the road revealed that the wind speed at the bridge was higher than at the road due to their topography. This wind effect during the daytime causes the surface temperature at the bridge to be lower than that at the road. Thus, the reason why only bridge surfaces may freeze while roads do not can be explained by the fact that the surface temperatures of bridges are usually lower than those of roads, which can be attributed to their energy budget patterns caused by the wind speed differences between bridges and roads.

実測調査に基づく東北地方太平洋沿岸部の中小都市における気候形成の実態把握 : "やませ"等の風況および緑被率が気温変化に及ぼす影響の検討

Field measurements of outdoor wind and thermal environments were carried out in the summer in Haramachi City of Fukusima Prefecture for two years. The aim of this study is to investigate the present outdoor thermal environment condition of urban area in such provincial cities and the factors, that is land and sea breeze and land cover, contributing to air temperature increasing and decreasing. In the first year, the measurements obtained for cold northeast wind, "Yamase", and air temperature showed that the records were not so high. Water temperatures from river and sea were also measured, and the readings both showed higher than air temperature in surroundings. Air temperatures measured from the river area showed cooler than around residential and urban areas. This is because river played an important role as a passage of cold air from the sea. Long-term measurement was carried out and the data in typical fine day in summer were obtained in the next year. It was confirmed that air temperature in and around the city was decreased when sea breeze blew. On the other hand, the tendency that air temperature was high in the period where land breeze blew was seen.

大規模商業施設屋上庭園における夏季の温熱環境と訪問者の滞留特性に関する研究

The thermal environment in summer at a large rooftop garden on a commercial building was investigated. Results are summarized as follows. 1. Resting places in a tree shade had non-"Hot" condition when solar radiation was large, while wind speed was around 1m/s in there and consequently SET* was higher than that in shaded open spaces. 2. The rooftop garden had well-shaded foot paths that supplied non-"Hot" condition during most of the afternoon. 3. A tree shade was desirable on a fine day, while open spaces were desirable on a cloudy day. 4. SET* was most appropriate index to evaluate the relationship between human behaviors and thermal environment.

Coordination of crown structure, leaf plasticity and carbon gain within the crowns of three winter-deciduous mature trees

We examined the vertical profiles of leaf characteristics within the crowns of two late-successional (Fagus crenata Blume and Fagus japonica Maxim.) and one early-successional tree species (Betula grossa Sieb. et Zucc.) in a Japanese forest. We also assessed the contributions of the leaves in each crown layer to whole-crown instantaneous carbon gain at midday. Carbon gain was estimated from the relationship between electron transport and photosynthetic rates. We hypothesized that more irradiance can penetrate into the middle of the crown if the upper crown layers have steep leaf inclination angles. We found that such a crown has a high whole-crown carbon gain, even if leaf traits do not change greatly with decreasing crown height. Leaf area indices (LAIs) of the two Fagus trees (5.26-5.52) were higher than the LAI of the B. grossa tree (4.50) and the leaves of the F. crenata tree were more concentrated in the top crown layers than were leaves of the other trees. Whole-crown carbon gain per unit ground area (micromol m(-2) ground s(-1)) at midday on fine days in summer was 16.3 for F. crenata, 11.0 for F. japonica, and 20.4 for B. grossa. In all study trees, leaf dry mass (LMA) and leaf nitrogen content (N) per unit area decreased with decreasing height in the crown, but leaf N per unit mass increased. Variations (plasticity) between the uppermost and lowermost crown layers in LMA, leaf N, the ratio of chlorophyll to N and the ratio of chlorophyll a to b were smaller for F. japonica and B. grossa than for F. crenata. The light extinction coefficients in the crowns were lower for the F. japonica and B. grossa trees than for the F. crenata tree. The leaf carbon isotope ratio (delta(13)C) was higher for F. japonica and B. grossa than for F. crenata, especially in the mid-crown. These results suggest that, in crowns with low leaf plasticity but steep leaf inclination angles, such as those of F. japonica and B. grossa trees, irradiance can penetrate into the middle of the crowns, thereby enhancing whole-crown carbon gain.

Child neurology: A trilogy

You of bone and sinew To whom I gave my evening One fine day Tell me secrets men of human dialect alone Will not cannot fathom. You of flower butterfly of Dragon sugar fairytale of …

The Relationship between Urban-Rural Water Vapor Pressure Differences and the Population Sizes of Settlements in Saku, Nagano, Japan

This paper presents the relationship between urban-rural vapor pressure differences and population size for six settlements in Saku, Nagano Prefecture, Japan, from April 1998 to March 1999. Data were collected using a circuit-type, automobile-based travel method. The water vapor pressure in urban areas was less than that in rural areas almost year-round. The mean value of urban-rural vapor pressure differences was -1.4 hPa on fine days, which was twice larger than values for cloudy and fine nights. The regression line of mean urban-rural vapor pressure differences to settlement population size for cloudy nights was similar to that for fine nights. The mean value of the urban-rural water vapor pressure difference in summer was -1.7 hPa, a value nearly twice that in winter. Mean urban-rural water vapor pressure differences for fine days, fine nights, and cloudy nights related to the logarithm of the settlement population size. Regression line slopes for cloudy and fine nights showed no differences. However, the slope for fine days was twice that of fine and cloudy nights. Finally, the relationship between the annual maximum urban-rural water vapor pressure difference and the logarithm of population size was remarkably steady with R2 > 0.77.

Coriolis effects on wind jets and cloudiness along coasts

Coastal meteorology is complex and ofgreat practical importance. The UK has theworld’s 14th longest coastline of over12000km, with much of its population andmany of its large cities situated along it.Many wind turbine ‘farms’ are beinginstalled in coastal waters (e.g. at Blyth,Northumberland). Together with theexpanded use of photo-voltaic systems andwave/tidal energy, it is intended to generateup to 20% of the UK’s electricity by renew-able sources by 2020 (Department of Tradeand Industry 2003). However, the variationsof winds and sunshine along the coasts arenot always well predicted and some aspectsof the governing dynamics still need to bestudied in more detail, as recent studies onthe coast of California have demonstrated(Rogers et al. 1998). Better prediction offlooding in high winds depends critically onmore accurate calculation of coastal winds(Hunt 2005). The increased surface rough-ness over the land compared to that overthe sea alters the direction, reduces thestrength, and increases the turbulence ofthe wind (e.g. Caton 1977). In the UK, the‘sea-breeze’ flows up to 30–150km inlandfrom the coastline on fine days (e.g. Simpson1994). However, (as Manley (1955) implies inhis classic book on British weather) thesewell-known effects do not explain some ofthe important features of coastal meteorolo-gy along the UK’s coasts, namely the forma-tion of low-level wind jets and theassociated variation of cloudiness.When considering local ‘mesocale’weath-er, it is essential to consider the Earth’s back-ground rotation, i.e. the inertial Coriolisforce, and also stable stratification, i.e. therestoring force due to buoyancy on a parcelof air displaced vertically (e.g. Rotunno et al.1992). The Coriolis force is proportional tothe wind speed

Effects of reduced, ambient, and enhanced UV-B radiation on pollen germination and pollen tube growth of six alpine meadow annual species

Six alpine meadow annual species Vicia angustifolia L. ex Reichard. (Leguminosae), Poa annua L. (Gramineae), Polygonum aviculare L. (Polygonaceae), Plantago depressa Willd. (Plantaginaceae), Elsholtzia densa Benth. (Labiatae), and Malva sinensis Cav. (Malvaceae) were grown in the field under reduced and ambient ultraviolet-B (UV-B) levels, and an ambient plus supplemental UV-B radiation, simulating a 9% ozone depletion over Gannan, China (102°53′E, 34°55′N, 2900 m above sea level). Pollen grains were collected at full florescence at 10:30–11:00 a.m. in fine day and then the pollen germination and pollen tube growth were measured. Species-specific effects were observed and distributed both positive and negative responses to the treatments. Enhanced UV-B radiation significantly ( p < 0.05) reduced pollen germination and pollen tube growth in V. angustifolia compared with ambient and reduced UV-B radiations. Pollen germination of P. annua and P. aviculare as well as pollen tube growth of P. annua and M. sinensis were significantly increased by enhanced UV-B radiation compared with the control. Meanwhile, no significant effect was found in pollen germination and pollen tube growth in P. depressa and E. densa by enhanced UV-B radiation compared with ambient control. Pollen germination in P. annua, P. aviculare, and E. densa and pollen tube growth in P. annua and E. densa were higher in pollen collected from the plant treated with reduced UV-B radiation than in pollen from plants grown in ambient conditions, and no significant negative effect was found in pollen germination and pollen tube growth by reduced UV-B radiation compared with the control in the tested species. Growth rate of pollen tube was much higher in V. angustifolia, P. annua, and P. aviculare in comparison to that in P. depressa, E. densa, and M. sinensis. Our results suggested that pollen of some species in Qinghai-Tibet Plateau were relatively tolerant to UV-B radiation in comparison to pollen of the species in lower altitude. In the future, the different responses among species to changed UV-B radiation may lead to a change in the competitive balance and species composition in natural communities on Qinghai-Tibet Plateau if UV-B radiation is increased.

Optical properties and size distribution of dust aerosols over the Tengger Desert in Northern China

Abstract A field experiment was performed during 1 April–30 September 2001 in the southeast Tengger Desert in Northern China to measure the solar radiant flux by a solar direct radiometer and a multi-wavelength sun-photometer. The observation and research results are as follows. On fine days, dust aerosols attenuate the direct solar radiant flux by 2.6–47.0%, with an average of 16.9%. On dusty days, dust aerosols attenuate the direct solar radiant flux by 10–90%, with an average of 38%. The mean atmospheric turbidity for broadband (300–4000 nm) flux is 0.26 for fine days and 0.74 for dusty days. Under the typical background, floating dust, and dust storm weather conditions, the aerosol optical depths (AODs; at 550 nm) are about 0.1, 0.9, and 2.0, and the Angstrom exponents are about 2.0, 0.38, and −0.24, respectively. The mean AOD of the examples is 0.66, and 0.87 for the Angstrom exponents. On dusty days, the aerosol number concentration is 2–10 times higher than that on fine days. The aerosol size distribution is a multi-normal distribution during dusty conditions, while the aerosol size distribution is a logarithmic normal distribution during fine weather.

Neoliberalism and the rise of (peasant) nations within the nation: Chiapas in comparative and theoretical perspective

This analysis places the causes and objectives of the Zapatista uprising in relation both to those of other agrarian movements, and to debates about them. Longstanding disagreements on the political left about indigenous autonomy and micro-level nationalist aspirations are examined with particular reference to ‘from above’ and ‘from below’ variants of indigenista discourse in Mexico. Of particular interest is the way in which the discourse about indigenous peasant ‘otherness’ necessarily generates a disempowering intra-class conflict, an issue linked in turn to the broader political economy of indigenismo. It is argued that, in many respects, the true precursors of the 1990s Zapatistas are the 1920s Cristeros and 1930s Sinarquistas, each of which constitutes a traditionalist form of anti-capitalist peasant movement belonging to the same agrarian populist lineage. The political efficacy of a Zapatista programme (cultural autonomy, human rights, systemically non-specific democracy) that leaves the wider class structure and its state intact is questioned. ‘This journey has only served to confirm this belief, that the division of America into unstable and illusory nations is a complete fiction. We are one single mestizo race with remarkable ethnographic similarities, from Mexico down to the Magellan Straits.’ – Ernesto Che Guevara [2004] after having travelled round Latin America on a motorcycle during the early 1950s. ‘During the late disastrous season, in the autumn of 1839, in a distant western county, when there was no hope of seed-sowing, the little farmers without capital, whose existence seemed to depend upon it, were cheerful and contented; and this was uniformly more the case in proportion to their poverty. If there came a deluge of rain, they said, “God's will be done.” If there came a fine day, they said, “God sent it.” And all their conduct and conversation was so resigned and buoyant, as to shame both landlords and merchants, and other rich men, who at the same period were suffering a comparatively small diminution in their prosperity, from the difficulties of the times and the dearness of provisions.’ – The idealization by Bosanquet [1841: 164] of resignation among impoverished Irish farmers occasioned by religious belief as one of the ‘Virtues of the Poor’. ‘During the third and last general election under the Spanish Republic, a lean, underfed Andalusian land-worker was standing in the queue before a polling booth in Granada. A conservative agent who hung about on the lookout for votes to be bought showed him a silver duro (or crown) in the hollow of his hand. The worker met the manoeuvre with a blank stare. The agent produced a twenty-five peseta note. Another blank stare. Piqued, he produced a one hundred peseta note, almost a fortune for the poor wretch. Unmoved, the worker out of work let fall a lapidary phrase: “En mi hambre mando yo.” I am master of my hunger.’ – The recognition by a liberal bourgeois theorist [de Madariaga, 1958: 1–2] of both the existence and the power of class consciousness among the rural workers in 1930s Spain.1 ‘Depend upon it there is nothing so unnatural as the commonplace.’ – Sherlock Holmes to Doctor Watson in ‘A Case of Identity’ [Conan Doyle, 1928: 56].

Effect of tidal flat on the thermal effluent dispersion from a power plant

The effect of a tidal flat on the dispersion of thermal effluent from the nuclear power plant at YongGwang (5.8 × 106 kW) along the west coast of Korea was investigated using intensive field observations and three‐dimensional numerical simulations. The calculated sea surface temperature distribution reproduces well the observed one with a root mean square error of 0.53°C. A water column on the tidal flat area received a heat influx of 168 W m−2 on 17 April 2003 and transported the received heat to the adjacent coastal water at low water. The total heat supply from the tidal flat area to the coastal water was 6.6 × 1010 W, and was larger by about 1 order of magnitude than that from the power plant of 7.0 × 109 W on 17 April 2003, which was a fine day at spring tide. This fact shows that the effect of the tidal flat on the thermal effluent from the power plant is very large.

Aeolian Dust Transportation on Fine Days over the Slopes in Mountainous Areas around the Taklimakan Desert, China

To observe aeolian dust in high mountainous areas, two sets of automatic weather station including visibility meters have been installed on the slopes of the Tianshan Mountains and the Kunlun Mountains. The two observation sites are at a height of about 2500 m above sea level, and those slopes face to the Taklimakan Desert. The aeolian dust climbs the slopes with anabatic wind in daytime. Horizontal mass transportation of dust over the slopes on a fine day was estimated using the data set of visibility and wind speed, and its daily and seasonal variations were analyzed. Before this analysis, visibility was converted to dust concentration via a relationship determined by visibility meter and an optical panicle counter in a laboratory. It has been recognized that the mass transportation over the slopes reflects activity of the dust outbreak at the foot areas.

TEMPORAL VARIATIONS OF POLLUTANT LOADS DURING STORM EVENTS IN A SMALL RIVER BASIN

Not only to estimate the impact of storm water on receiving waters but also to deduce the origin of the pollutants, it is important to analyze the runoff characteristics of pollutants during storm events. We conducted seven surveys during storm events to clarify the runoff characteristics of various pollutants and relationships between pollutant loads and runoff patterns. In addition, origins of various ions were deduced by examining the temporal variations of ion composition. Typical first flush effects in VSS and T-BOD concentrations were observed, and it was estimated that river sediments deposited in fine days strongly affect the runoff of VSS during a storm event. NO3--N concentration decreased by the early runoff, but kept up higher level at the recession stage, while ion concentrations decreased during the rising stage and increased again at the recession stage, indicating that ions were diluted by the major runoff. Relationships between pollutant loads and runoff were examined by the empirical equation “L/A = a (Q/A)n”. Judging from the n values, ash, SS, VSS, NH4+-N and TP were easily flushed out during storm events, while TN, DN, NO3--N, K+ and DOC kept almost constant concentration during a storm event. Most ions seemed to be diluted by storm water. It was indicated that NO3-, SO42- and K+ were mainly originated from diffuse sources during storm events in the surveyed watershed, while Mg2+ and Na+ was from the same source as Cl-. Most of the nitrate and sulfate loads seemed to be drained out from the surface soil layer of river basins and carried by subsurface runoff.