Fine Ash Particles Research Articles

Ash Formation and Associated Interactions during Co-Combustion of Wheat Straw and Sewage Sludge

The aim of the present work was to investigate ash formation and associated interactions during the pulverized fuel co-combustion of biomass fuels. Combustion experiments were carried out with narrowly sized wheat straw (WS), sewage sludge (SS), and their blends in a drop tube furnace at 1100 °C and 1300 °C. The resulting residual ash and fine particulate matter (PM10) were characterized with various analyses. It was observed that co-combustion influences size distributions of the residual ash particles and generally generates larger residual ash particles close to those of SS combustion. The interaction of K capture by minerals enhances the melting and consequently increases the production of large and melting ash particles during co-combustion. It was found that blending SS with WS has not only the positive interaction of K capture by minerals from SS ash to significantly reduce submicron ash formation, but also the positive interaction of transforming alkali chlorides into alkali sulfates to reduce the corrosiveness of submicron ash particles. Co-combustion of SS with WS can also reduce the presence of alkali chloride at PM1–10, lowering the propensities of deposition and corrosion of the fine residual ash particles.

Eulerian investigation of the mechanism of Ultra-low NOx emissions from CFB boilers with finer bed material

Industrial practice has confirmed that decreasing the bed material size substantially diminishes nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions in coal-fired circulating fluidized bed (CFB) boilers. This reduction allows for compliance with the stringent ultra-low emissions standard (NOx < 50 mg/Nm3@6%O₂, dry) proposed by the Chinese government, all without the need for supplementary denitrification devices. Consequently, it becomes essential to delve into the mechanisms through which particle size, as a gas–solid flow characteristic, directly affects the chemical reaction dynamics within the coal combustion process. Due to the difficulty of field tests, this paper employs the Eulerian-Eulerian numerical method suitable for wide particle size distributions to investigate the impact of bed material particle size on gas–solid flow and NOx concentration. Furthermore, the generalized QC-EMMS drag model is utilized to predict the heterogeneous flow across varying particle size conditions. Industrial test data validated the simulation accuracy, with prediction errors of bed pressure drop, temperature, and NOx emission concentration ranging from 5 % to 8.1 %. The analysis revealed that the particle concentration distribution heterogeneity decreases as the particle size diminishes. The variation trends of NOx with particle size exhibit distinct differences between the lower dense phase region and the upper dilute phase region within the bed. For finer bed material particles, the high NOx concentration generated in the dense phase region experiences a more thorough reduction in the dilute phase region. Through the analysis of material concentration and reaction rate, it is believed that this phenomenon is related to the increased catalytic effect of fine ash particles in the dilute phase region, that is, the reduction in particle size leads to an increase in catalytic specific surface area, enhancing NOx reduction, thus achieving ultra-low emissions at the outlet. These research results provide theoretical support for further development of ultra-low emission coal-fired CFB boilers.

Influence of ash species on particle size dependence of water- and citric-acid-soluble potassium concentrations of woody biomass combustion ashes with low potassium content

The dependence of the concentrations of water- and citric-acid-soluble potassium on particle size was investigated for two types of low-potassium-content woody biomass combustion ash discharged from different biomass power plants. For both types of ash, the potassium concentration increased as the median diameter decreased; crystalline potassium, such as KCl and K2SO4, was identified more in fine combustion ash, whereas crystalline SiO2 and CaCO3 were abundant in coarse ash. The potassium components could be present as finer ash particles or as cover over coarser ash particles composed of crystalline SiO2 surfaces. Differences in the existence forms of the potassium components caused differences in the dependence of potassium concentration on the median diameter of the ash. Moreover, the methods used to calculate the particle size distributions of three ash particle components (water-soluble, citric-acid-soluble, and insoluble) in the ash residues can be used to evaluate the particle size dependence of both potassium concentrations to some extent. The potassium enrichment process demonstrated in this study could be successfully performed on a factory scale via the surface grinding of bottom ash. The collected fine grinding debris containing rich potassium, separated from the surface of the silica, was found to be possibly reusable as fertilizer.

Triboelectrostatic separation of coal gasification fine ash based on different mineralogical characteristics

Unburned carbon particles in coal gasification fine ash can be recycled as fuel for further combustion and ash particles are highly valuable for utilization, which can only be of secondary utilization if the two are separated. Due to the small size of gasification fine ash particles, triboelectrostatic separation has more technological advantages than traditional flotation. In this study, a first attempt has been made to separate carbon and ash particles from coal gasification fine ash by triboelectrostatic separation. It aims to investigate the feasibility of the method and to study how different mineralogical characteristics affect triboelectrostatic separation. Herein, proximate analysis, X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy analysis and X-ray diffraction analysis were adopted to investigate the fundamental nature of raw ash. The triboelectrostatic separation experiments under single conditions were conducted. Carbon enriched products with loss on ignition of 37.45% and ash enriched products with that of 10.32% were obtained whose yield was 29.81% and 32.98%, respectively. Results demonstrated the feasibility of the dry technology to separate residual carbon and ash particles in coal gasification fine ash. Furthermore, triboelectrostatic separation of coal gasification fine ash was significantly affected by differences in particle size and microtopography. Particles of small size were firstly adsorbed by plates in the high voltage electric field. The charge capacity of flake and blocky carbon particles was stronger than that of bonded and flocculated carbon particles allowing them easier to be separated.

Nickel loaded on carbon materials prepared from co-pyrolysis of biochar and caking coal for catalytic conversion of volatiles

The carbon material prepared by co-pyrolysis of biochar and caking coal has been proved that it acts in catalytic conversion of volatiles and could be used in a granular bed duster as filter medium due to its high abrasive resistance in the coal pyrolysis technology. In this work, inactive carbon material loaded by nickel (Ni/ICM) was prepared by pyrolysis of the blend of biochar ion exchanged with nickel and caking coal, and then was steam activated obtaining activated carbon material loaded by nickel (Ni/ACM). The study investigated the in-situ catalytic conversion process of coal pyrolysis volatiles over Ni/ICM and Ni/ACM in a continuous pyrolysis downer-bed reactor. The physical and chemical properties of Ni/ICM and Ni/ACM, pyrolysis product distribution and the component of tar were analyzed, especially, the coke suspended in tar (Coke-S) was separated from tar and characterized in detail. Results show that the crystallite size of Ni and NiO in Ni/ICM is about 5–7 nm, and that is slightly larger in Ni/ACM. Compared to Ni/ICM, more nickel species, pores, acid sites, oxygen-containing functional groups and carbon defects are contained in Ni/ACM. The yields of tar and light tar (boiling point below 360 °C) are higher over Ni/ICM than over Ni/ACM. Ni/ICM further improves the tar quality compared to ICM, and the content of light oil in tar increases from 22.0 wt% over ICM to 30.6 wt% over Ni3.2/ICM. The highest light oil yield is obtained over Ni1.9/ICM as 3.6 wt% and the lowest pitch yield is obtained over Ni3.2/ICM as 3.5 wt%. The characterization of Coke-S shows that it is composed of large aromatic clusters crosslinked by oxygen and fine ash particles. The large aromatic clusters, as heavy component in tar, are found that its H/C molar ratio increases and condensation degree decreases over Ni/ICM and Ni/ACM in comparison with ICM and ACM, respectively, which also means that the quality of tar is improved. Besides, the oxygen in the tar may have been transferred to the coke.

The role of biomass bottom ash in Carbonated Reactive Magnesia Cement (CRMC) for CO2 mineralisation

This work evaluates the incorporation of biomass bottom ashes on Carbonated Reactive Magnesia Cement-based (CRMC) mortars. For this purpose, four mixtures were designed to verify the influence of biomass bottom ash as partial or total sand replacement. The specimens were moulded through static compaction pressure and submitted to an accelerated carbonation curing period of 24 h under controlled conditions. The devised mortars were evaluated through mass, dimension, pH measurements, and compressive strength tests. Furthermore, TG-DTG, SEM, FT-IR, XRD, and MIP analyses were performed to investigate the microstructure of the materials developed in this study. Therefore, the devised mortars reached compressive strength results from 9.9 to 24.5 MPa. The TG-DTG, FT-IR, SEM, and XRD analyses support the formation of HMCs in all mixture designs being their volume carbonated in different degrees. Finally, the use of fine particles of biomass bottom ash collaborated for compressive strength enhancement and higher CO2 uptake degree while larger particles do not.

The morphological and mineralogical characteristics and thermal conductivity of ash deposits in a 220 MW CFBB firing Zhundong lignite

Formation of ash deposit on heat transfer surfaces during Zhundong lignite (ZD) combustion in circulating fluidized bed (CFB) boiler has affected boiler operation and its thermal efficiency. This work therefore characterised the morphology, mineralogy and thermal conductivity of the ash deposits in a 220 MW CFB boiler firing ZD for an improved understanding of deposit characteristics. By using XRF, SEM-EDS, XRD, and laser conductometer, results revealed that deposits on superheaters and reheaters were as thick as 3.0–4.5 cm. Moreover, the inner layer of the deposits consisted of fine ash particles enriching in Na, Ca and S in the forms of Na2SO4, CaSO4, and Na2Ca(SO4)2, whereas the outer layer comprising CaSO4, Na6Ca2Al6Si6O24(SO4)2, Fe2O3, SiO2 and Mg2SiO4 with more SiO2 and Al2O3 presented. Besides, thermal conductivity of the inner layer was ca. 1.83 W/(m · K), and that of the middle layer with an increased pore size was ca. 1.50 W/(m · K), both of them were independent of temperature at 550–900 °C and overweighed the out layer being 0.65–0.82 W/(m · K). This would lead to an increase in coal consumption of ca. 12.9%, highlighting the severity of deposit build-up in adversely impacting the heat transfers and deteriorating the fuel economics during ZD CFB combustion.

In-conduit capture of sub-micron volcanic ash particles via turbophoresis and sintering

Ash emission in explosive silicic eruptions can have widespread impacts for human health, agriculture, infrastructure, and aviation. Estimates of the total grainsize distribution (TGSD) generated during explosive magma fragmentation underpins eruption models and ash dispersal forecasts. Conventionally, the TGSD constrained via erupted deposits is assumed to match the TGSD produced at explosive fragmentation. Here we present observations from within the vent of a recent rhyolitic eruption (Cordón Caulle, Chile, 2011–2012), demonstrating that fine (<63 μm diameter) and ultra-fine (<2.5 μm diameter) ash particles are captured and sintered to fracture surfaces, and thus sequestered in the shallow subsurface, rather than emitted. We establish a conceptual model—uniquely contextualised through a combination of syn-eruptive observations and detailed post-eruption field investigation—in which turbophoresis (particle migration towards zones of lower turbulence) and rapid sintering create an inverse relationship between particle size and the probability of its subsurface capture. Such size-dependent capture efficiency preferentially removes submicron-diameter ash from the erupted componentry, decoupling the erupted size distribution from magmatic source conditions and potentially playing an important role in modulating eruption dynamics.

Investigation on the ash characteristics and AAEM migration during co-combustion of Zhundong coal and shale char in a fixed bed

Co-firing with high Si/Al additives has been considered as an effective method to mitigate ash-related issues of Zhundong coal during combustion. Thus, in this paper, shale char rich in Si/Al obtained from pyrolysis of oil shale was selected as an additive of Zhundong coal to investigate the AAEM migration and ash characteristics. The results revealed that after blending shale char during combustion, the sodium/calcium retention ratios reached 72%-88% and 90%-98%, respectively. When the proportion of shale char was 5%, the sodium/calcium retention ratios were the highest, and the fouling and slagging tendency was the lowest. The sodium/calcium elements in Zhundong coal were fixed in the ash by shale char, and their volatilization was inhibited. With an increase in the blending ratio of shale char, the AFTs of mixed fuels exhibited an upward trend. When the proportion of shale char increased from 0% to 25%, the ST and DT of mixed ash increased by 79℃ and 150℃. Shale char had a excellent effect on enhancing the AFTs of Zhundong coal. Further, the primary minerals in Zhundong coal were mainly calcite, anhydrite and quartz, as well as a small amount of thenardite, periclase and rankinite. After blending shale char into Zhundong coal, some silicoaluminates in different forms, such as nepheline, anorthite and akermanite etc. formed during combustion. More AAEM-containing minerals in Zhundong coal transformed to aluminosilicate phase, which effectively reduced their corrosivity. During individual combustion of Zhundong coal, the ash particle presented spherical in the molten state, and formed large cluster and sintered ash (>100 μm). When the shale char was added during combustion, a large amount of refractory minerals with larger particle size generated, such as silicoaluminates or mullite. These minerals could maintain their inherent shape in large particle size rather than sintering. Likewise, the fine ash particles (<10 μm) of Zhundong coal were dominant during combustion at 575℃. And, the cluster ash particles (>100 μm) accounted for 80.69% at final temperature of 1150℃. When the shale char was added during combustion, the content of cluster ash decreased to less than 5%, suggesting that the slagging issues had been effectively alleviated.

Influence of Nanofillers on the Mechanical Characteristics of Natural Fiber Reinforced Polymer Composites

For the first time, natural fibers are being considered as a viable alternative to traditional synthetic fibers. These bio-composites were created using epoxy resin, nano-sized fine nano-tamarind shell ash particles, and water hyacinth fibers in this experimental work. Nano tamarind shell ash particles (0, 1, 3, 5, 7, and 9 wt. percent) were mixed with epoxy resin and water hyacinth fibers to create six different composite mates by the compression moulding machine. The composite specimens are prepared from the mats using the water jet machining method, according to ASTM specifications. Mechanical properties of composite specimens have been determined using tensile, flexural, and impact tests under standard testing circumstances. According to the test results, the composites with nano tamarind shell ash particles in the weight percentage of five percent greatly improve their tensile and flexural capabilities. Increased incorporation of fine nano tamarind shell ash particles in composite specimens has reduced their impact energy and impact strength.

Online treatment of eruption dynamics improves the volcanic ash and SO&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;2&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt; dispersion forecast: case of the 2019 Raikoke eruption

Abstract. In June 2019, the Raikoke volcano, Kuril Islands, emitted 0.4–1.8×109 kg of very fine ash and 1–2×109 kg of SO2 up to 14 km into the atmosphere. The eruption was characterized by several eruption phases of different duration and height summing up to a total eruption length of about 5.5 h. Resolving such complex eruption dynamics is required for precise volcanic plume dispersion forecasts. To address this issue, we coupled the atmospheric model system ICON-ART (ICOsahedral Nonhydrostatic with the Aerosols and Reactive Trace gases module) with the 1D plume model FPlume to calculate the eruption source parameters (ESPs) online. The main inputs are the plume heights for the different eruption phases that are geometrically derived from satellite data. An empirical relationship is used to derive the amount of very fine ash (particles &lt;32 µm), which is relevant for long-range transport in the atmosphere. On the first day after the onset of the eruption, the modeled ash loading agrees very well with the ash loading estimated from AHI (Advanced Himawari Imager) observations due to the resolution of the eruption phases and the online treatment of the ESPs. In later hours, aerosol dynamical processes (nucleation, condensation, and coagulation) explain the loss of ash in the atmosphere in agreement with the observations. However, a direct comparison is partly hampered by water and ice clouds overlapping the ash cloud in the observations. We compared 6-hourly means of model and AHI data with respect to the structure, amplitude, and location (SAL method) to further validate the simulated dispersion of SO2 and ash. In the beginning, the structure and amplitude values for SO2 differed largely because the dense ash cloud leads to an underestimation of the SO2 amount in the satellite data. On the second and third day, the SAL values are close to zero for all parameters (except for the structure value of ash), indicating a very good agreement of the model and observations. Furthermore, we found a separation of the ash and SO2 plume after 1 d due to particle sedimentation, chemistry, and aerosol–radiation interaction. The results confirm that coupling the atmospheric model system and plume model enables detailed treatment of the plume dynamics (phases and ESPs) and leads to significant improvement of the ash and SO2 dispersion forecast. This approach can benefit the operational forecast of ash and SO2 especially in the case of complex and noncontinuous volcanic eruptions like that of Raikoke in 2019.

Removal characteristics of particulate matters and hazardous trace elements in a 660 MW ultra-low emission coal-fired power plant

Coal is the dominant energy source in China, and coal-fired power plant (CFPP) accounts for about half of coal consumption. However, air pollutant emissions from coal-fired power plants cause severe environmental and ecological problems. The most stringent regulations to limit air pollutant emissions from CFPP have been implemented in China since 2015. The ultra-low emission standards require that particulate matters (PMs) concentration from stack must not exceed 5 mg/Nm3. For exploring the emission characteristics of particulate matters and some trace elements, the field sampling test was carried out in a 660 MW ultra-low emission coal-fired power plant. It is equipped with low temperature economizer (LTE), electrostatic precipitators (ESP), wet flue gas desulfurization (WFGD), and wet electrostatic precipitator (WESP). The results showed that the mass removal efficiency of PM10 is about 80% in ESP and about 70% in WESP, in which most of them are PM2.5. The mass concentration removal efficiency of PM10 was 98.77% in ESP while that of PM2.5 is 98.58%. The mass concentration removal efficiency of PM10 was 63.43% in WESP while that of PM2.5 is 71.92%. At the same time, the trace elements on different particle sizes were analyzed. Manganese contents were found to be independent of the particle size. Cr, As and Pb are mainly enriched in the fine ash particles. In terms of the emission factors, Cr, As, Pb, and Mn are mainly in the fine particles.

Thermophoretic enhancement for fine ash particle capture in a corrugated falling-film channel

An innovative corrugated falling-film channel was proposed for industrial fly ash capture. To take advantage of the thermophoretic effect, the low-grade waste heat can be utilized to preheat the dusty gas before entering the next capture unit. The thermophoretic capture was investigated by calculating the ash particle trajectories and the temperature gradient field in the corrugated channel. It shows that the particles are highly dispersed in the corrugated channel, which provides them a higher probability to get close to the falling-film capture surface; the corrugated channel has more high gradient zones than the parallel plate, which makes particles more easily captured by the falling-film with greater thermophoretic force. The temperature difference has a greater promoting effect on the particles less than 1 μm, while the promoting effect on the large particle over 10 μm is almost negligible. And the capture efficiency enhancement rate is reduced with the rise of Re. The thermophoretic capture model for the corrugated channel was also established and validated by experimental results, and it can be also adopted to calculate the thermophoretic capture efficiency of different corrugated structures.

Development of magnesium oxychloride cement with enhanced water resistance by adding silica fume and hybrid fly ash-silica fume

In this paper, a water-resistant magnesium oxychloride cement (MOC), an environment friendly cementitious material, was developed by incorporating silica fume and the hybrid of silica fume and fly ash. The effects of these admixtures on the water repellence of MOC were investigated via comprehensive macroscopic physical and mechanical tests and micro-scale studies. A formula design of MOC blended with 15% silica fume and 15% fly ash retained the compressive strength as high as 100% and 95% after 28 days' and 56 days’ immersion in water, respectively. Micro-scale studies, including XRD, FTIR, SEM, MIP, TG/DSC and XRM, were conducted to discover the mechanism of the enhanced water resistance of the new MOC. Besides, a clear and precise distribution of the hydration products in well-cured MOC specimens was demonstrated with the X-ray mapping (XRM) technique. It was found that adding silica fume or the hybrid of silica fume and fly ash optimised the porous structure of MOC and thereby increased the density and compressive strength leading to the enhanced water resistance. The filling effect of fine silica fume and fly ash particles, as well as the formation of Mg–Cl–Si–H gel, was found to be the main reason for the densified microstructure of MOC. The fractional contribution of phase 5, i.e. the main phase of MOC, decreased with the combined silica fume and fly ash, and this helped to relieve the internal stress and improve the stability of MOC, leading to enhanced water repellence.

Enrichment mechanism of arsenic in fine ash deposits during co-combustion of rice husk and coal

Arsenic is a harmful trace element and its behavior under several combustion conditions is of interest. Though the mechanisms regarding arsenic capture and transformation in combustion systems are well known, it is still worth investigating the dominant factors for particular fuels and combustion conditions. Considering the widely application of biomass resources for power generation and the advantages of oxy fuel combustion, this work explored the partitioning behavior of arsenic in ash deposits during co-combustion of high-Si rice husk (RH) and coal at air and oxyfuel condition. Results showed that arsenic was enriched in the inside ash deposits with smaller particle sizes. A larger proportion of arsenic partitioned into the particle phase in oxygen-rich condition than in air. Fe was found to be the key mineral for arsenic enrichment in RH fine ash particles. Combined with thermodynamic calculation, it was concluded that RH doping would change the transformation mechanism of arsenic in size-segregated ash particles during coal combustion. Particularly, the role of Fe on arsenic capture was more remarkable than Ca with RH addition. The enrichment of arsenic in fine ash particles weakened due to the interactions of Si with Ca/Fe. As a result, more arsenic was assumed to be left in the flue gas, which might cause potential emission risk to the environment.

Effect of oil shale semi-coke on deposit mineralogy and morphology in the flue path of a CFB burning Zhundong lignite

The effect of oil shale semi-coke (SC) on the mineralogy and morphology of the ash deposited on probes situated in the flue path of a circulating fluidized bed (CFB) which burns Zhundong lignite (ZD) was investigated. 10 wt% or 20 wt% SC was added to ZD, which were then combusted in the CFB furnace at 950°C. Two probes with vertical and horizontal orientations were installed in the flue duct to simulate ash deposition. Both windward and leeward ash deposits on probes (P1W, P1L, P2W and P2L) were analyzed by using a scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray (SEM-EDX), X-ray diffraction (XRD), an inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry ICP-OES, and a particle size analyzer. When ZD was burned alone, the P1W deposit was comprised of agglomerates (< 30 µm) enriched in CaSO4 and Na2SiO3, incurring significant sintering. The P1L and P2W deposits, however, were of both discrete and agglomerated particles in similar mineral phases but with coarser sizes. The P2L deposit was mainly fine ash particles where Na2SiO3 and Na2SO4 were absent. As SC was added, the agglomerates in both P1W and P1L decreased. Moreover, SiO2 and Ca/Na aluminosilicates dominated the mineral phases whereas Na2SiO3 and Na2SO4 disappeared, showing a decrease in deposit stickiness. Likewise, the P2W deposit was found less spread on the probe, decreasing its deposition propensity. Na-bearing minerals turned into (Na, K)(Si3Al)O8 and (Ca, Na)(Si, Al)4O8 in the P2W deposit. Moreover, Na in the deposits decreased from 32 mg/g to less than 15 mg/g as SC presented. The addition of SC would therefore help alleviate the propensity of ash deposition in the flue path in the CFB combustion of ZD.

Direct Measurement of Single-Particle Adhesion Behaviors on Metal Surfaces at High Temperatures Using Model and Modified Pulverized Coal Combustion Ash

Using a developed system that can measure the adhesion force between a spherical fine ash particle and a polished metal surface for superheaters under high-temperature conditions, the adhesion forc...

FLOW CHARACTERIZATION OF MULTI-PHASE PARTICULATE SLURRY IN THERMAL POWER PLANTS USING COMPUTATIONAL FLUID DYNAMICS

The key issue associated with the thermal power plant is the disposal of ash-water slurry and the process of its transportation is accomplished using long length pipelines. The designing of such pipelines is a vital endeavor of researchers and designers globally. In this perspective, numerical simulation of 42 mm diameter three-dimensional slurry flow pipeline carrying high concentration of mono-dispersed fine ash particles has been carried out. The study is enunciated by employing Eulerian- Eulerian two-phase model with RNG k-ɛ turbulence model with the aim of visualizing and understanding the characteristics of the slurry flow behavior. The coal ash slurry concentration varies between 50% to 70% (by weight) for velocity ranges, 1-3 ms-1. The modeling is done using Fluent commercial software with the intention of predicting the characteristics of flow for 300 µm particle size. It is observed that pressure drop upsurges non-linearly with solid concentrations and slurry velocity across pipeline. The obtained results of predetermined pressure drop are analytically compared with the experimental results. Moreover, the results are also compared with that of Eulerian-Langrange model using SST K-ω turbulence model and it is found that RNG k-ɛ turbulence model yields more accurate and desirable results.

Thermo-chemical equilibrium modeling and simulation of biomass gasification

Here, we present the results of numerical studies of biomass gasification using poultry litter, sewage sludge and wood waste (pine shavings) as examples of starting materials. The aim of the study was to find ways to increase the degree of biomass conversion to combustible gaseous products (CO, H2, CnHm) and to achieve high calorific value of the generated synthesis gas. Modeling biomass gasification was performed for a multicomponent reacting system in a state of thermodynamic and chemical equilibrium. The mathematical model and the calculation program created by the authors were used. The presence of a condensed phase in the form of fine particles of solid carbon and ash in biomass gasification products was taken into account. The optimal levels of gasification temperatures and conditions that help minimizing the concentration of solid carbon particles in gasification products were determined. For optimal biomass gasification, we recommend using the thermal energy obtained from burning part of the generated syngas.

Influence of Biomass Combustion Method on Properties of Solid Fuel Residues

The correct course of the combustion process has a great influence on several output parameters. In addition to the impact on the performance and efficiency of the device, the impact on the formation and properties of gaseous emissions and solid residue is particularly noticeable. The solid combustion residue, in particular in the form of ash, remains trapped as the final product after combustion in the incinerator or may be released to the outside environment. Improperly, combustion can form two negative extremes. The first extreme is the formation of too fine dust particles of ash and solid pollutants escaping into the air as dangerous emission substances for human and other organism’s health. The second is the failure to burn larger pieces of fuel or sinter them into clumps, which can subsequently damage the combustion device or reduce the efficiency of combustion. This article aims to examine the various factors influencing the impact of combustion in different types of combustion plants on the properties of the resulting solid fuel residues and further possibilities of their use and effects on the environment.