Psychological Research Findings Research Articles

해외 의료관광객이 느끼는 통제력이 서비스 만족 및 구전의도에 미치는 영향

Receiving medical services abroad is an event that involves a high level of risk and stress for most people. This study proposes and empirically examines perceived control as a factor that has a potential to reduce the stress associated with overseas medical experience and enhance satisfaction with it. Based on the research findings in environmental psychology, one’s perceived control was divided into cognitive control, behavior control, and decision control. A research model and a set of hypotheses were constructed to investigate the effect of each control on satisfaction and word-of-mouth communications among consumers who had overseas medical service experiences. The data collection was conducted through an online survey of 220 Chinese consumers who had visited Korea as plastic medicine tourists. Satisfaction with their service experience was significantly affected by both behavioral control and decisional control, but not by cognitive control. Thus, Chinese medical tourists prefer to maintain the belief that they are in charge of major decisions associated with the medical procedure, and that the results of the medical procedure will have personally desirable consequences. In addition, satisfaction experienced by Chinese consumers with overseas medical services had a significant impact on their word-of-mouth activities. Based on the research results, a set of academic and practical implications were derived.

In models we trust: preregistration, large samples, and replication may not suffice.

Despite discussions about the replicability of findings in psychological research, two issues have been largely ignored: selection mechanisms and model assumptions. Both topics address the same fundamental question: Does the chosen statistical analysis tool adequately model the data generation process? In this article, we address both issues and show, in a first step, that in the face of selective samples and contrary to common practice, the validity of inferences, even when based on experimental designs, can be claimed without further justification and adaptation of standard methods only in very specific situations. We then broaden our perspective to discuss consequences of violated assumptions in linear models in the context of psychological research in general and in generalized linear mixed models as used in item response theory. These types of misspecification are oftentimes ignored in the psychological research literature. It is emphasized that the above problems cannot be overcome by strategies such as preregistration, large samples, replications, or a ban on testing null hypotheses. To avoid biased conclusions, we briefly discuss tools such as model diagnostics, statistical methods to compensate for selectivity and semi- or non-parametric estimation. At a more fundamental level, however, a twofold strategy seems indispensable: (1) iterative, cumulative theory development based on statistical methods with theoretically justified assumptions, and (2) empirical research on variables that affect (self-) selection into the observed part of the sample and the use of this information to compensate for selectivity.

Beyond statistical significance: Five principles for the new era of data analysis and reporting

AbstractA crisis of confidence in research findings in consumer psychology and other academic disciplines has led to various proposals to abandon, replace, strengthen, or supplement the null hypothesis significance testing paradigm. The proliferation of such proposals, and their often‐conflicting recommendations, can increase confusion among researchers. We aim to bring some clarity by proposing five simple principles for the new era of data analysis and reporting of research in consumer psychology. We avoid adding to researchers' confusion and proposing more onerous or rigid standards. Our goal is to offer straightforward practical principles that are easy for researchers to keep in mind while analyzing their data and reporting their findings. These principles involve (1) interpreting p‐values as continuous measures of the strength of evidence, (2) being aware of assumptions that determine whether one can rely on p‐values, (3) using theory to establish the applicability of findings to new settings, (4) employing multiple measures of evidence and various processes to obtain them, but assigning special privilege to none, and (5) reporting procedures and findings transparently and completely. We hope that these principles provide researchers with some guidance and help to strengthen the reliability of the conclusions derived from their data, analyses, and findings.

Modeling heterogeneous behaviors with different strategies in a terrorist attack

Existing simulations of terrorist attacks do not consider individual variations. To overcome this limitation, we propose a framework to model heterogeneous behavior of individuals during terrorist attacks. We constructed an emotional model that integrated personality and visual perception for pedestrians. The emotional model was then integrated with pedestrian relationship networks to establish a decision-making model that supported pedestrians’ altruistic behaviors. A mapping model has been developed to correlate antisocial personality traits with attack strategies employed by terrorists. Experiments demonstrate that the proposed algorithm can generate practical heterogeneous behaviors that align with existing psychological research findings.

Recognizing limits on the generalizability of findings of psychological science research.

The five commentaries on the target article "Generalizations: The Grail and the Gremlins" (Bauer, 2023) provide food for thought on the issue of generalizations in psychological science. Generally speaking, there seems to be agreement in the field that unrecognized limits on the generalizability of the findings of psychological science research are a matter of serious concern. This reply to the commentaries features elaboration of this basic point of agreement as well as discussion of other points of convergence with the arguments in the target article. The reply also addresses areas of divergence between the target article and the commentaries, and among the commentaries themselves. The reply develops suggestions for ways forward inspired by the commentaries. Echoing the target article, the reply calls for greater authenticity in psychological science research, movement toward which would strengthen efforts along the full range of inquiry, from basic to applied.

LadRa-Net: Locally Aware Dynamic Reread Attention Net for Sentence Semantic Matching.

Sentence semantic matching requires an agent to determine the semantic relation between two sentences, which is widely used in various natural language tasks, such as natural language inference (NLI) and paraphrase identification (PI). Much recent progress has been made in this area, especially attention-based methods and pretrained language model-based methods. However, most of these methods focus on all the important parts in sentences in a static way and only emphasize how important the words are to the query, inhibiting the ability of the attention mechanism. In order to overcome this problem and boost the performance of the attention mechanism, we propose a novel dynamic reread (DRr) attention, which can pay close attention to one small region of sentences at each step and reread the important parts for better sentence representations. Based on this attention variation, we develop a novel DRr network (DRr-Net) for sentence semantic matching. Moreover, selecting one small region in DRr attention seems insufficient for sentence semantics, and employing pretrained language models as input encoders will introduce incomplete and fragile representation problems. To this end, we extend DRr-Net to locally aware dynamic reread attention net (LadRa-Net), in which local structure of sentences is employed to alleviate the shortcoming of byte-pair encoding (BPE) in pretrained language models and boost the performance of DRr attention. Extensive experiments on two popular sentence semantic matching tasks demonstrate that DRr-Net can significantly improve the performance of sentence semantic matching. Meanwhile, LadRa-Net is able to achieve better performance by considering the local structures of sentences. In addition, it is exceedingly interesting that some discoveries in our experiments are consistent with some findings of psychological research.

The Contemporary Application of Confucius’ Being Carefree

As can be observed from contemporary life, emotions like feeling distressed, anxious or stressful lasts through every stage in life. If these states of mind are not properly managed and regulated, they can lead to anxiety and other emotions, which greatly affect the well-being at all ages, thus spilling over from the individual to family well-being and then even to social harmony. According to research findings in psychology, negotiable views on fate are positively correlated with the perception of social adversity, the escape from psychological distress, and the attainment of happiness2. This paper argues that Confucius’ thoughts, words and deeds all embody the concept of negotiable fate. In addition, the excellent Chinese traditional culture also contains the wisdom of being carefree, helping people lead a life free from shame or fear due to their sticking to the moral standard and teachings. Confucius’ state of “no worries” is undoubtedly a contemporary remedy for confusion and anxiety.

Who believes they are good navigators? A machine learning pipeline highlights the impact of gender, commuting time, and education

Large scale digital data, which are becoming more prevalent, offer the potential to alleviate reproducibility concerns in psychology research findings. However, large scale digital data are not sufficient in and of themselves, thus necessitating the need for the development of machine learning (ML) pipelines that are capable of handling high dimensional datasets at scale. Such ML-based methodologies enable the analysis of complex relationships, which allows for the consideration of complicated demographics, a factor that is likely to play a role in the generalizability of research. We introduce a novel ML pipeline and demonstrate its potential on a large-scale digital dataset, Sea Hero Quest, a mobile game with data from nearly 770,000 players (ages 19 to 70, men N = 404,455, women N = 367,173). We analyzed how demographics are related to self-reported navigation ability using exploratory analysis, supervised and unsupervised learning. The results suggest that gender is the most important demographic factor in predicting self-reported navigation ability, followed by daily commuting time, age, and education, such that men (compared to women), long commuters (compared to those whose commuting time is shorter than 1 h), and older people with tertiary education (compared to younger people with secondary education) tended to evaluate themselves as better navigators. The large-scale dataset and ML pipeline capture influential factors, such as daily commuting time and education level, which have often been overlooked and are difficult to investigate with in-laboratory studies that use limited samples and traditional analytical techniques.

Consciousness Homeostasis for Psychotherapeutic Healing : With special reference to Jain Philosophy

The healing from any ailment entails the comprehensive management of the individual’s bio-psycho-socio-spiritual context. The effect of psychological domains on one’s physical health indicate the scope of study of consciousness. Scientific psychological research findings along with the prevailing ancient traditions (religion, philosophy, culture) of India, have given a green signal to the major role of consciousness in one’s well being. The present study aims to analyze the scope of psychosomatic healing with the perspective of Jain philosophy, which covers a vast multifold understanding of consciousness with the word ‘chetana’. Early canonical literature like Tattvarthsutra, Sarvarthasiddhi , Pravachansaar, Raajvaartik of Jain Philosophy have described 6 stages of Consciousness and 2 dimensions for its manifestation where cognition is a primary manifestation of the consciousness. It was seen that an absolute neutrality of all components of cognition and consciousness such as emotion, thought, comprehension, apprehension, feeling, perception, experience, etc. when measured and quantified as an absolute zero, reached the state of consciousness homeostasis; wherein a balanced level of consciousness leads to a balanced psychological state. The study presented a model of information processing of consciousness, as described in Jain philosophy for achieving consciousness homeostasis for psychotherapy, providing us ancient and novel principles for psychotherapeutics, and paving a way for an application-based consciousness theory that is transferable to a clinical setup in the dynamics of therapy.

Human- or object-like? Cognitive anthropomorphism of humanoid robots.

Across three experiments (N = 302), we explored whether people cognitively elaborate humanoid robots as human- or object-like. In doing so, we relied on the inversion paradigm, which is an experimental procedure extensively used by cognitive research to investigate the elaboration of social (vs. non-social) stimuli. Overall, mixed-model analyses revealed that full-bodies of humanoid robots were subjected to the inversion effect (body-inversion effect) and, thus, followed a configural processing similar to that activated for human beings. Such a pattern of finding emerged regardless of the similarity of the considered humanoid robots to human beings. That is, it occurred when considering bodies of humanoid robots with medium (Experiment 1), high and low (Experiment 2) levels of human likeness. Instead, Experiment 3 revealed that only faces of humanoid robots with high (vs. low) levels of human likeness were subjected to the inversion effects and, thus, cognitively anthropomorphized. Theoretical and practical implications of these findings for robotic and psychological research are discussed.

'You truly are the worst kind of racist!': Argumentation and polarization in online discussions around gender and radical-right populism.

The role of women in populist and radical right-wing parties is a topic that has gained increased scholarly attention. The aim of this article is to add to this literature by analysing how a female right-wing populist leader becomes positioned in online interactions in the hybrid media system. In doing so, the study seeks to make a twofold contribution to research on populist and radical right discourse online: to explore the ways in which notions related to gender and radical-right populism are constructed in such discourse and to shed light on their argumentative character. The study applies a critical discursive psychological approach to study these discursive patterns in two interrelated social media datasets, comprising discussion threads from Facebook and Twitter. The study shows how, through argumentation and dialogue, the commenters' position both each other and the female populist leader as fit or unfit, racist or non-racist, patriotic or non-patriotic and as a victim or culprit of hate-speech and misogyny. The implications of these findings for social psychological research on radical-right populism, political polarization and online hate-speech are discussed.

Spaced Education: Randomized Trial Comparing Learning Efficiency of the Adaptive Versus Nonadaptive Spaced Education Systems Among Radiology Residents.

Maintaining residents’ interest and knowledge base is a perpetual challenge throughout training. Classical training methods include view-box teaching and didactic or case-based noon conferences. There is a growing body of evidence that traditional lecturing in medical education is less effective for knowledge retention than active learning [1]. Spaced education, an active learning method, is based on two crucial research findings in psychology, the spacing effect (education repeated at spaced intervals) and the testing effect (retrieval-practice) [2], which have both been shown to strengthen memory consolidation [3].

A template for preregistration of quantitative research in psychology: Report of the joint psychological societies preregistration task force.

Recent years have seen dramatic changes in research practices in psychological science. In particular, preregistration of study plans before conducting a study has been identified as an important tool to help increase the transparency of science and to improve the robustness of psychological research findings. This article presents the Psychological Research Preregistration-Quantitative (PRP-QUANT) Template produced by a Joint Psychological Societies Preregistration Task Force consisting of the American Psychological Association (APA), the British Psychological Society (BPS), and the German Psychological Society (DGPs), supported by the Center for Open Science (COS) and the Leibniz Institute for Psychology (ZPID). The goal of the Task Force was to provide the psychological community with a consensus template for the preregistration of quantitative research in psychology, one with wide coverage and the ability, if necessary, to adapt to specific journals, disciplines, and researcher needs. This article covers the structure and use of the PRP-QUANT template, while outlining and discussing the benefits of its use for researchers, authors, funders, and other relevant stakeholders. We hope that by introducing this template and by demonstrating the support of preregistration by major academic psychological societies, we will facilitate an increase in preregistration practices and also the further advancement of transparency and knowledge-sharing in the psychological sciences. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).

СПІЛКУВАННЯ ДИТИНИ З ДОРОСЛИМИ В ПЕРІОД ДОШКІЛЬНОГО ДИТИНСТВА ЯК НАУКОВА ТА ПСИХОЛОГО-ПЕДАГОГІЧНА ПРОБЛЕМА

The article focuses on the analysis of various psychological and pedagogical aspects of communication between parents and children during preschool childhood. In connection to this, the essence of the concept «communication» is clarified in the article. The theoretical basis of the work rests on the academic research on age and pedagogical psychology, psychology and pedagogy of communication, family education. In the article the problem of communication is investigated in the context of psychological and pedagogical research findings, the connection between forms and means of childrens communication with adults is described. It is explained that the main activity type of a preschool child is influenced crucially by communication forms. Besides communication makes contribution to childrens mental development. The main characteristics of preschoolers personalized communication are highlighted in the article. Thus they include: communication form; communication need; main reasons for communication; form of adult-children communication; the impact ofpersonalized communication form on the development of a child personality. It is found that peculiarities of a child personality that involve communication skills and the development of communicative and speech sphere, demonstrate the essential childs character traits. These traits belong to a childs social competency and intellectual activity, determine the communicative orientation and desire to interact on the basis of value system and the experience of interpersonal interaction. It is revealed in the article that a personality oriented approach is very important in adult-children communication. Due to this approach adults help children to perceive themselves as a person, as well as to find and develop their potential, contribute to their self-determination and self-realization. The necessity to investigate pedagogical problems connected with the improvement of communication between adults and preschool children is underlined in the paper. Moreover, it is needed to implement the effective means of psychological and pedagogical influence, personality oriented approach and to make the family relationships better in terms of adult-children communication.

Why most psychological research findings are not even wrong

AbstractPsychology's replication crisis is typically conceptualized as the insight that the published literature contains a worrying amount of unreplicable, false‐positive findings. At the same time, meta‐scientific attempts to assess the crisis in more detail have reported substantial difficulties in identifying unambiguous definitions of the scientific claims in published articles and determining how they are connected to the presented evidence. I argue that most claims in the literature are so critically underspecified that attempts to empirically evaluate them are doomed to failure—they are not even wrong. Meta‐scientists should beware of the flawed assumption that the psychological literature is a collection of well‐defined claims. To move beyond the crisis, psychologists must reconsider and rebuild the conceptual basis of their hypotheses before trying to test them.

Specific Domains of Creativity and Their Relationship with Intelligence: A Study in Selected Universities of Shaanxi Province of China

The purpose of this study is to investigate how specific domains of creativity are related with emotional intelligence. It is the goal of an industrial or organizational psychologist to apply psychological theories, research findings, and principles to the workplace. For this research study, the primary goal is generating new knowledge and enhancing existing knowledge in the field of emotional intelligence and creativity in Shaanxi province in China. There is currently no research that measures the relationship between specific domains of creativity and emotional intelligence in Shaanxi province of China (Kono, 2018).

Caution, Preprint! Brief Explanations Allow Nonscientists to Differentiate Between Preprints and Peer-Reviewed Journal Articles

A growing number of psychological research findings are initially published as preprints. Preprints are not peer reviewed and thus did not undergo the established scientific quality-control process. Many researchers hence worry that these preprints reach nonscientists, such as practitioners, journalists, and policymakers, who might be unable to differentiate them from the peer-reviewed literature. Across five studies in Germany and the United States, we investigated whether this concern is warranted and whether this problem can be solved by providing nonscientists with a brief explanation of preprints and the peer-review process. Studies 1 and 2 showed that without an explanation, nonscientists perceive research findings published as preprints as equally credible as findings published as peer-reviewed articles. However, an explanation of the peer-review process reduces the credibility of preprints (Studies 3 and 4). In Study 5, we developed and tested a shortened version of this explanation, which we recommend adding to preprints. This explanation again allowed nonscientists to differentiate between preprints and the peer-reviewed literature. In sum, our research demonstrates that even a short explanation of the concept of preprints and their lack of peer review allows nonscientists who evaluate scientific findings to adjust their credibility perception accordingly. This would allow harvesting the benefits of preprints, such as faster and more accessible science communication, while reducing concerns about public overconfidence in the presented findings.

How to Put It Plainly? Findings From Two Randomized Controlled Studies on Writing Plain Language Summaries for Psychological Meta-Analyses.

Plain language summaries (PLS) aim to communicate research findings to laypersons in an easily understandable manner. Despite the societal relevance of making psychological research findings available to the public, our empirical knowledge on how to write PLS of psychology studies is still scarce. In this article, we present two experimental studies investigating six characteristics of PLS for psychological meta-analyses. We specifically focused on approaches for (1) handling technical terms, (2) communicating the quality of evidence by explaining the methodological approach of meta-analyses, (3) explaining how synthesized studies operationalized their research questions, (4) handling statistical terms, (5) structuring PLS, and (6) explaining complex meta-analytic designs. To develop empirically validated guidelines on writing PLS, two randomized controlled studies including large samples stratified for education status, age, and gender (NStudy1=2,288 and NStudy2=2,211) were conducted. Eight PLS of meta-analyses from different areas of psychology were investigated as study materials. Main outcome variables were user experience (i.e., perceived accessibility, perceived understanding, and perceived empowerment) and knowledge acquisition, as well as understanding and knowledge of the quality of evidence. Overall, our hypotheses were partially confirmed, with our results underlining, among other things, the importance of explaining or replacing content-related technical terms (i.e., theoretical concepts) and indicating the detrimental effects of providing too many details on statistical concepts on user experience. Drawing on these and further findings, we derive five empirically well-founded rules on the lay-friendly communication of meta-analytic research findings in psychology. Implications for PLS authors and future research on PLS are discussed.

Plant-Based Meat Alternatives: Motivational Adoption Barriers and Solutions

Meat consumption is increasingly being seen as unsustainable. However, plant-based meat alternatives (PBMA) are not widely accepted yet. PBMA aim to imitate the experience of eating meat by mimicking animal meat in its sensory characteristics such as taste, texture, or aesthetic appearance. This narrative review explores the motivational barriers to adopting PBMA while focusing on food neophobia, social norms and rituals, as well as conflicting eating goals that prevent consumers from switching to a plant-based diet. Based on the key characteristics of these motivational barriers, which are informed by research findings in consumer psychology and marketing, solutions are discussed that can help counter the barriers.

Therapeutic Facility for Individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder

The number of individuals diagnosed with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is currently growing, and despite this, their needs are rarely accounted for in construction codes and design guidelines. People with ASD are particularly sensitive to the environment, mainly due to the specificity of sensory functioning: either a hyper- or hypo-reactivity to stimuli and non-standard interests in the sensory aspects of their surroundings. The objective of this paper is to present the design of a therapeutic facility for individuals with ASD which incorporates psychological research findings, proposed general guidelines concerning design for this user group, existing buildings and original design solutions.