Modern Scientific Discoveries Research Articles

Midwifing Modernity: Popularizing Modern Health Care for Women in Late Imperial Russia

AbstractThis article examines the discourse on Russian women’s health care in the late Imperial period within the context of modernization. One of the hallmarks of modernity, health care is also one of the most intimate areas of contact between the agents of modernity and the public at large. The discussion was starkly divided between those concerned with peasant women and those concerned with educated women, but both were firmly situated in the overarching project of healthification (ozdorovlenie). While the authors concerned with peasant women’s health sought to overcome traditional beliefs and practices and replace them with the findings of modern science, the literature directed at the educated public illustrates the anxiety that accompanied the modernity project. The authors writing to and about educated society were far more conflicted about the array of problems they observed developing as traditional beliefs and practices were challenged by changes in society. The article explores the development and role of women’s health care, the tensions between professional and popular health care practitioners, and their relationships with the population from cultural, political and gendered perspectives, and analyzes modernization as a site of contention over women’s agency as well as a social and cultural process.

Smart Vision Transparency: Efficient Ocular Disease Prediction Model Using Explainable Artificial Intelligence

The early prediction of ocular disease is certainly an obligatory concern in the domain of ophthalmic medicine. Although modern scientific discoveries have shown the potential to treat eye diseases by using artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning, explainable AI remains a crucial challenge confronting this area of research. Although some traditional methods put in significant effort, they cannot accurately predict the proper ocular diseases. However, incorporating AI into diagnosing eye diseases in healthcare complicates the situation as the decision-making process of AI demonstrates complexity, which is a significant concern, especially in major sectors like ocular disease prediction. The lack of transparency in the AI models may hinder the confidence and trust of the doctors and the patients, as well as their perception of the AI and its abilities. Accordingly, explainable AI is significant in ensuring trust in the technology, enhancing clinical decision-making ability, and deploying ocular disease detection. This research proposed an efficient transfer learning model for eye disease prediction to transform smart vision potential in the healthcare sector and meet conventional approaches’ challenges while integrating explainable artificial intelligence (XAI). The integration of XAI in the proposed model ensures the transparency of the decision-making process through the comprehensive provision of rationale. This proposed model provides promising results with 95.74% accuracy and explains the transformative potential of XAI in advancing ocular healthcare. This significant milestone underscores the effectiveness of the proposed model in accurately determining various types of ocular disease. It is clearly shown that the proposed model is performing better than the previously published methods.

Large language models and their role in modern scientific discoveries

Large language models and their role in modern scientific discoveries

Beyond Text and Context: Modern Scientific Discoveries through Gadamerian Hermeneutics and the Hermeneutical Circle in Quranic Interpretation

Beyond Text and Context: Modern Scientific Discoveries through Gadamerian Hermeneutics and the Hermeneutical Circle in Quranic Interpretation

The Conflict Between Reason and Faith: The Formation of The Universe Based on The Theories of Creation and Evolution

The conflict between reason and faith in understanding the universe's origins has been the subject of long-standing debate in various religious and scientific communities. This article undergoes an in-depth analysis of the two main views that define different views of the creation of the universe: creation theory and evolutionary theory. The first approach, which is based on creation theory, asserts that the universe was created by God in accordance with sacred texts, such as the Book of Genesis in the Bible. This view emphasizes the role of faith and religious beliefs in describing the universe's origins. This view interacts with modern scientific discoveries and how potential conflicts between religious beliefs and scientific evidence can be resolved. On the other hand, the evolutionary view relies on the origins of the universe on an ongoing evolutionary process, based on ever-growing scientific evidence. The theory of evolution views the creation of the universe as a process that took place over millions of years through biological and physical evolution. This concept influences religious views and how efforts are made to ease tensions between scientific views and religious faith.

Analysis of Da'wah Science and Islam in Educating Ummah by Dr. Zakir Naik through Islamic Communication in Internet Videos

Internet video is a new form of media that allows us to study the movement of narratives. Lectures discussing Islam and science often appear in this video. One of the most popular speakers in this material is Dr. Zakir Naik, a Muslim preacher from India. Dr Zakir Naik's lectures often interpret certain modern scientific discoveries to prove the divine origin of the Qur'an, Dr. Zakir Naik also uses material from the lecture "Qurʾān and Modern Science" in other lectures. He has included material i ʿ jāz ʿilmī similarly structured under various titles. This focus on iʿjāz creates a space where Muslims and others use videos and clips of Naik, sometimes for their own purposes. More research needs to be done, but Dr. Zakir Naik's video curation has the opposite point of view in the viewing and dissemination of the criticism video. Copying a video to a new user's "channel" opens it up to a new deployment network, new opportunities for discussion via comments and "likes", and new framing with changes in title, description, tags, and subtitles. The same goes for video criticism, which also generates backlash. As is common in fan-based media, the line between professional performance and amateur commentary quickly breaks down.

Manhaj Waḥīd ad-Dīn Khān fī al-’Aqīdah wa Taṭbīquhu fī Qaḍiyyati Wujūdi Allāh

Waḥid ad-Dīn Khān has a profound interest in the questions of faith within the discourse of Kalam with the emergence of challenges in religion and the cognitive explosion in contemporary thought. In this case, Khān is encouraged to defend Islamic theology from challenges, such as the evidence-based questions about the existence of God. Those inquiries are arising among Western atheists, who are seeking scientific, empirical, and rational evidence. Responding to this challenge, Khān defends the theology by introducing a fresh paradigm of Kalam, a scientific theory based on Quranic foundations. This discourse encourages the ramification of Quranic values to remind God’s intention, configures the “scientific” verses with new scientific discoveries, inspires the complete verses of God in the human soul, and integrates Islamic-theological literature with scientific methods. Khān argues that modern scientific discoveries are parallel with the Qur'an, in which the human mind and divine revelation are colliding with each other.

Disclosure of Ijtihad: The Changes of the Early Time of Dawn as a Sharia and Science Integration Effort

This article elaborates how ijtihad to changes in the dawn as an effort to integrate sharia and science. With a bibliographic qualitative research method, the author wants to describe how the early dawn changes have been used as guidelines for Muslims. Fajr's schedule has been considered too fast so that it is not in line with the provisions of the texts and the findings of modern science. Muhammadiyah, in its ijtihad, responded openly by making changes to the previous decision compared to the Ministry of Religion and Nadhatul Ulama, which remained in the previous formulation. The study results concluded that reviewing the dawn error at Muhammadiyah had begun in 2016 until it reached maturity in 2020. The results were confirmed at the 31st Tarjih National Conference in 2021 and by the Muhammadiyah Central Executive on March 20, 2021. Effective starting from January 2021, together with the publication of the Muhammadiyah calendar. The Sun's height is the initial criterion for the dawn of time from the original -200. After review, it becomes -180. This change in criteria implies a delay of the early dawn of about eight minutes from the previous one. This change was made to combine aspects of sharia and science with an integrated approach of Bayani, Irfani, and Burhani, considering the benefit of the community.

SCIENTIFIC THOUGHTS IN MODERN NAAT

Naat is a genre of poetry, traditionally enriched with the feelings of love and affection for Holy Prophet Muhammad (P.B.U.H), which has long been a way from a modern sensibility that has been invested in it by Allama Muhammad Iqbal. Iqbal, having sound knowledge of modern theories and scientific discoveries, introduced a new flavour of Naat. His Naatia Verses are a beautiful combination of traditional and nontraditional contents. He was the first poet who described the scientific implications of Mairaaj in many of his poems, verses and couplets. 
 Under the influence of Muhammad Iqbal, a new type of Naat was started being written. Especially during the past four or five decades, poets started describing the greatness of prophethood, the grandeur of being a mankind and the marvellous mysteries of miracles in a way inspired by theories, concepts and ideas based on scientific knowledge. In this article, an effort has been made as to how the essence of this modern age penetrated the contents of modern Naat. Modern Urdu literature, concerning Naat-e-Rasool (P.B.U.H), is a beautiful combination of faithfulness and unprecedented literary values. In this era, the scientific approach and the nobility of the subject matter are the natural beauty of this genera. Now modern Naat is no less than Ghazal or any other genera regarding usage of literary devices and modern sensibility.

Bayesian optimization with adaptive surrogate models for automated experimental design

Bayesian optimization (BO) is an indispensable tool to optimize objective functions that either do not have known functional forms or are expensive to evaluate. Currently, optimal experimental design is always conducted within the workflow of BO leading to more efficient exploration of the design space compared to traditional strategies. This can have a significant impact on modern scientific discovery, in particular autonomous materials discovery, which can be viewed as an optimization problem aimed at looking for the maximum (or minimum) point for the desired materials properties. The performance of BO-based experimental design depends not only on the adopted acquisition function but also on the surrogate models that help to approximate underlying objective functions. In this paper, we propose a fully autonomous experimental design framework that uses more adaptive and flexible Bayesian surrogate models in a BO procedure, namely Bayesian multivariate adaptive regression splines and Bayesian additive regression trees. They can overcome the weaknesses of widely used Gaussian process-based methods when faced with relatively high-dimensional design space or non-smooth patterns of objective functions. Both simulation studies and real-world materials science case studies demonstrate their enhanced search efficiency and robustness.

DEVELOPMENT OF A MATHEMATICAL MODEL FOR CALCULATING HYDRATE FORMATION IN A PIPELINE TAKING INTO ACCOUNT TEMPERATURE CHANGE

The development of the main transport of natural gas is of great importance for the economy and industry of the Russian Federation in SHAPE \\* MERGEFORMAT the context of sanctions from the West. Reducing the cost of servicing and eliminating accidents and emergencies is an extremely urgent task that requires a solution with the involvement of modern scientific achievements and discoveries in this area. In this regard, it is necessary to solve a number of tasks that could reduce the risks of accidents and emergencies in the main pipelines caused by the formation of technogenic gas hydrates. The purpose of this study is to develop a mathematical model for calculating the formation of hydrates in the cavity of the main gas pipeline, which would take into account the change in the temperature of the pipeline in the section under consideration, the relief of the route, as well as the carryover of a part of the inhibitor (methanol) by the flow of natural gas. To implement the proposed mathematical model, it is necessary to solve the differential equations proposed in the methodology of Gazprom PJSC for determining the gas temperature. The developed mathematical model should make it possible to reduce the consumption of methanol due to the accuracy of determining the site of the beginning of moisture condensation and supplying the inhibitor to these areas, as well as more accurate determination of the temperature and pressure of natural gas. In this study, the authors obtained an original mathematical model, which is adapted to operating conditions and allows using real data from the operating facility of the Ukhta -Torzhok gas pipeline to calculate the methanol consumption. The authors also take into account the equilibrium content of methanol and water vapors in the «natural gas - watermethanol solution» system in the developed mathematical model, and also introduce certain equations to determine the concentration of methanol that saturates the gas, the concentration of methanol that saturates the liquid, which make it possible to specify the volume of the reagent required for supplying gas to the flow in order to prevent the formation of hydrates and maintain a hydrate-free regime. The authors used a special nomogram to determine the equilibrium content of methanol and water vapors in the «natural gas - water-methanol solution» system, which has become quite widespread at the facilities for transporting hydrocarbon raw materials of Gazprom PJSC. In this paper, the main parameters influencing the formation of hydrates in the pipeline cavity are determined, and the obtained mathematical model is checked for compliance with the real data of the operating object of the main gas pipeline.

The importance of empiricry as the basis for explaining, forecasting and practice in social sciences

The considerations presented in the article are to be an impulse to reflect on the foundations on which modern scientific discoveries are based. The aim of the analysis is to present a number of doubts as to the accuracy and perfection of contemporary research results in social sciences, in particular in the discipline of political science. In social reality there are still many limitations both on the part of the human being as the subject examining reality and the imperfections of the tools he uses. The article discusses attitudes towards scientific dispute consisting in the clash of the scientific paradigm based on empiricism and positivism with postmodern interpretivism within the hermeneutic paradigm will soon end.

АНТИЧНА ТА ХРИСТИЯНСЬКА АНТРОПОЛОГІЯ: ТРИ ГІПОТЕЗИ ПРО ПОХОДЖЕННЯ ДУШІ

In Eastern Christian philosophy, there are several views on the origin of the soul, which, in turn, were borrowed from ancient philosophy. This article deals with the study of three main hypotheses about the origin of the soul, which originate from ancient philosophy and pre-Christian religious beliefs. The reception of these hypotheses with some transformation and adaptation was adopted and further developed by prominent Christian thinkers of both the East and the West. Therefore, the main emphasis is on the development of these hypotheses from patrology and later – in Christian philosophy, to modern research. In the first three centuries, the Christian doctrine of the origin of the human soul was not yet clearly defined. One or another thinker only occasionally pondered on this issue. Of course, the main source from which the basis for philosophizing was taken was the Bible. However, Christian thinkers also resorted to ancient Greek philosophy, within which all three views on the origin of the soul were previously formed: the hypothesis of the re-existence of souls, creationism – that is, the creation of the soul and traditionism – the birth of the soul. The three hypotheses we considered about the origin of the human soul coexisted peacefully among the philosophers of antiquity. In the Christian tradition, the hypothesis of predestination was relatively quickly exposed and rejected as contrary to the authority of the Bible. From the standpoint of Christianity, the hypotheses of creationism and translationism have their advantages, but also their disadvantages, and, therefore, since the time of church councils, Christian thinkers have been trying to combine these two hypotheses. The hypothesis of translationism, which is the most consistent with modern scientific discoveries, is considered separately. This hypothesis is investigated in connection with the achievements of genetics and cytology, in particular, taking into account the knowledge accumulated by mankind about the development of the fetus from conception. Also, the hypothesis of traditionism is analyzed in accordance with the requirements of philosophical anthropology regarding the presence of freedom and responsibility in man.

The role of scientific research on nuclear radiation waste management and preserving environment

On the level of this article, we deal with nuclear radiation (and their residues), which is defined as a physical phenomenon and strong atomic activity that occurs in unstable atoms of elements. We are interested in studying radiation as the emission or diffusion of energy into space in the form of electromagnetic waves or particles. The scientist Fermi (1934 AD) is among the first to present scientific research in this field. Radioisotopes are considered one of the most prominent discoveries of modern science and based on the importance of the topic, scientists and researchers searched for methods and techniques to facilitate the implementation of practical applications for radiation measurement, and among those methods a specialized program was used to simulate radiation dose (digital simulation in a computer through the use of an imaginary model of the radiometric process with technology Monte Carlo using code (Geant 4). We have also highlighted the views of researchers and specialists in the area of disposal of radioactive waste, relying on a field study and a comparison of some of the currently adopted techniques to get rid of the negative consequences that each unreasonable (reckless) management and measure of this radioactive waste may have Among the most prominent results we have reached is highlighting the weakness of dealing with this topic and not giving it the right to research and scientific achievements carried out by researchers, which increases the complexity of the situation and from which it is difficult to control the problem in the future.

Makanan Haram dan Pengaruhnya dalam Kehidupan

This paper explains the interpretation of Surah al-Mā’idah verses 3-5 regarding unlawful food and its effect on life. Humans being are living creatures who need to food and drink, so Allah commands them to fulfill their daily lives in a good way. Teh Qur’an has explained several criteria for halal (lawfull) dan haram (ulawfull) foods. As a source of Islamic teachings, the Qur’an must be interpreted appropriately, so that it can be applied in the real life. Al-Qur’an continues to be studied with various methods and approaches untill gives the rises and develop the various the literatures of exegesis. One of the Styles of interpretation that has developed in the history of Islamic thought is the legal interpretation, or what is known with tafsīr aḥkām (legal exegesis/interpretation). Surah al-Mā’idah verses 3-5 is one form of the application of the tafsīr aḥkām (legal exegesis), because it describes some foods that are forbidden. Among the things that are forbidden was carcasses, blood, pork, animal that died from being beaten, died from being strangled, fall from high places, are gored by other animals, and animal that are slaughted in names othe than Allah. Understanding the verses 3-5 of surat Al-Mā’idah has a correlation with modern scientific discoveries so that the Al-Qur’an can be understandood contextually.

Kritik Argumentasi Ingkar Sunah Menurut Al-Būṭī

This paper discusses the refutation of al-Būṭī to four arguments of some Sunnah’s refuter groups by examining the perspective of al-Būṭī’s thoughts in text and context in criticizing the Sunnah’s refuter. The method of critical analysis is the main part of this research to uncover al-Būṭī’s point of view in criticizing the Sunnah’s refuter in his work titled Yughāliṭūnaka idh Yaqūlūna as a primary source. The findings of this study are that al-Būṭī uses a text approach to argue the argument of the Sunnah’s refutation on the issue of Sunah authority compared to the Qur’an and the humanitarian aspects of a Prophet. al-Būṭī also use the historical approaches and scientific context in criticizing the Sunnah’s refuter argumentation on the problem of hadith forgery phenomena and the contradiction of ḥadīth with the findings of modern science. This shows that al-Būṭī’s criticism of the Sunnah’s refutation argument is present in a form that is in line with the thoughts of the Sunnah’s refutation itself. Al-Būṭī has tried to follow the Sunnah’s refuter’s way of thinking in contesting the authority of the Sunnah to find weaknesses in the Sunnah’s refuter’s way of thinking itself.

Automatic role identification for research teams with ranking multi-view machines

Research teams have been well recognized as the norm in modern scientific discovery. Rather than a loose collection of researchers, a well-performing research team is composed of a number of researchers, each of them playing a particular role (i.e., principal investigator, sub-investigator or research staff) for a short- or long-term effort. Role analysis for research teams would help gain insights into the dynamics of teams and the behavior of their members. In this paper, we address the problem of research role identification for large research institutes in which similar yet separated teams coexist. In particular, we represent a research team as teamwork networks and generate the feature representation of each member using a number of network metrics. Afterward, we propose RankMVM, short for Ranking Multi-View Machines, to learn the role identification model. Compared with traditional predictive models, RankMVM is advantageous in exploring high-order feature interactions in an efficient way, as well as handling the specific challenges of the research role identification task, including partially ordered learning targets and sparse feature interactions. In the experiments, we assess the performance on a real-world research team dataset. Extensive experimental evaluations verify the advantages of our proposed research role identification approach.

The Meaning of the Concept of “Spiritual Energy” in the Philosophy of William James and Henry Bergson

The article examines the philosophy of Henri Bergson and William James as independent doctrines aimed at rational comprehension of spiritual reality. The doctrines imply the paramount importance of consciousness, the need for continuous spiritual development, the expansion of experience and perception. The study highlights the fundamental role of spiritual energy for individual and universal evolution, which likens these doctrines to the ancient Eastern teaching as well as to Platonism in Western philosophy. The term “spiritual energy” is used by Bergson and James all the way through their creative career, and therefore this concept should considered in the examination of their solution to the most important philosophical and scientific issues, such as the relationship of matter and spirit, consciousness and brain, cognition, free will, etc. The “radical empiricism” of William James and the “creative evolution” of Henry Bergson should be viewed as conceptions that based on peacemaking goals, because they are aimed at reconciling faith and facts, science and religion through the organic synthesis of sensory and spiritual levels of experience. Although there is a number of modern scientific discoveries that were foreseen by philosophical ideas of Bergson and James, both philosophers advocate for the artificial limitation of the sphere of experimental methods in science. They call not to limit ourselves to the usual intellectual schemes of reality comprehension, but attempt to touch the “living” reality, which presupposes an increase in the intensity of attention and will, but finally brings us closer to freedom.

Data sharing, management, use, and reuse: Practices and perceptions of scientists worldwide.

BackgroundWith data becoming a centerpiece of modern scientific discovery, data sharing by scientists is now a crucial element of scientific progress. This article aims to provide an in-depth examination of the practices and perceptions of data management, including data storage, data sharing, and data use and reuse by scientists around the world.MethodsThe Usability and Assessment Working Group of DataONE, an NSF-funded environmental cyberinfrastructure project, distributed a survey to a multinational and multidisciplinary sample of scientific researchers in a two-waves approach in 2017–2018. We focused our analysis on examining the differences across age groups, sub-disciplines of science, and sectors of employment.FindingsMost respondents displayed what we describe as high and mediocre risk data practices by storing their data on their personal computer, departmental servers or USB drives. Respondents appeared to be satisfied with short-term storage solutions; however, only half of them are satisfied with available mechanisms for storing data beyond the life of the process. Data sharing and data reuse were viewed positively: over 85% of respondents admitted they would be willing to share their data with others and said they would use data collected by others if it could be easily accessed. A vast majority of respondents felt that the lack of access to data generated by other researchers or institutions was a major impediment to progress in science at large, yet only about a half thought that it restricted their own ability to answer scientific questions. Although attitudes towards data sharing and data use and reuse are mostly positive, practice does not always support data storage, sharing, and future reuse. Assistance through data managers or data librarians, readily available data repositories for both long-term and short-term storage, and educational programs for both awareness and to help engender good data practices are clearly needed.

VALIDITAS TAFSÎR BI AL-‘ILMÎ DALAM PENAFSIRAN AYAT-AYAT PENCIPTAAN ALAM

Progress of knowledge provides a major influence on the development of other knowledge, including in the field of Quranic interpretation. The achievements of modern science provide a new color in the method of interpreting the Qur'an. The tendency of interpreters using the progress of science gave birth to the method of tafsir bi al-‘Ilm (scientific interpretation). As a new method, tafsir bi al-‘Ilmi becomes one of the methods which is validated. Although some people use this method as a proof of Qur'anic miracles, this study aims to find out the validity of the truth of tafsir bi al-'Ilmi by using the theory of truth in the philosophy of science. This study uses a text analysis method to provide an understanding of the views that use the method of tafsir bi al-'Ilmi as a way to understand the Quran. This study found that the use of scientific discoveries as an approach to prove that the Qur'an contains explanations for natural phenomena is carried out by some modern interpreters, such as Tantawi Jawhari, Sayyid Qutb and M. Quraish Shihab. They assume that al-Dhariyat (51): 47, al-Anbiya (21): 30, Fussilat (41): 11, Hud (11): 7 and al-Haj (22): 47 explain the creation of nature in accordance with the discoveries of modern science. However, in this study, the interpretation of these verses by using the theory of correspondence, the theory of coherence, and consensus theory were not found to be true. Therefore, this study supports the opinions of al-Shatibi, al-Dhahabi, and Muhammad Shaltut, who rejected the validity of tafsir bi al-'Ilmi.