Findings In Children Research Articles

Incidental Brain MRI Findings in Children: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

The detection of incidental findings on children's brain MR imaging poses various practical issues because the life-long implications of such findings may be profound. Our aim was to assess the prevalence and characteristics of incidental brain MR imaging findings in children. Electronic databases (PubMed, EMBASE, and Cochrane) were searched for articles published between 1985 to July 2018, with the following search terms: "incidental," "findings," "brain," "MR imaging." Inclusion criteria were the following: 1) patients younger than 21 years of age, 2) healthy children without any clinical condition, 3) MR images obtained with at least a 1.5T magnet, 4) original articles, and 5) a methodologic quality score of ≥10. Two observers independently extracted data and assessed data quality and validity. The number and type of incidental findings were pooled. Heterogeneity was assessed using the Cochran Q statistic and the I2 statistic. Seven studies were included, reporting 5938 children (mean age, 11.3 ± 2.8 years). Incidental findings were present in 16.4% (99% CI, 9.8-26.2; Q = 117.5, I2= 94.9%) of healthy children, intracranial cysts being the most frequent (10.2%, 99% CI, 3.1-28.5; Q = 306.4, I2 = 98.0%). Nonspecific white matter hyperintensities were reported in 1.9% (99% CI, 0.2-16.8; Q = 73.6, I2 = 94.6%), Chiari 1 malformation was found in 0.8% (99% CI, 0.5-1.3; Q = 7.6, I2 = 60.5%), and intracranial neoplasms were reported in 0.2% (99% CI, 0.1-0.6; Q = 3.4, I2 = 12.3%). In total, the prevalence of incidental findings needing follow-up was 2.6% (99% CI, 0.5-11.7; Q = 131.2, I2 = 95.4%). Incidental findings needing specific treatment were brain tumors (0.2%) and cavernomas (0.2%). Limitations were no age stratification or ethnicity data and variation in the design of included studies. The prevalence of incidental findings is much more frequent in children than previously reported in adults, but clinically meaningfull incidental findings were present in <1 in 38 children.

Prevalence and Characteristics of Sensory Processing Abnormalities and its Correlation with FDG-PET Findings in Children with Autism.

To study the prevalence and characteristics of Sensory processing abnormalities (SPAs) in children with autism and to study if there is any correlation between sensory processing abnormalities with FDG-PET findings in children with severe autism. One hundred children, aged 3-12 y, diagnosed as Autistic spectrum disorder; ASD (DSM-V) and 100 age and sex matched controls were studied. SPAs were detected using Short sensory profile (SSP) questionnaire. Children with progressive neurological diseases, active epilepsy and structural brain abnormalities were excluded. On Childhood Autism rating scale, 30 children had severe and 70 had mild-moderate autism. The pattern of sensory processing abnormalities in children with severe ASD was compared with mild-moderate ASD. FDG-PET scan was done in children with severe autism and correlated with SPAs. All children with severe autism had sensory processing abnormalities as compared to only 40% children with mild-moderate autism. Underresponsiveness/seeking-sensation was affected in all children with severe ASD and 82% had movement sensitivity. In children with mild-moderate ASD, 45% had auditory filtering, 30% hadmovement sensitivity and 27% hadunderresponsiveness/seeking-sensation. FDG-PET was abnormal in 17% of children with severe autism. Diffuse cerebral/ temporal lobe hypometabolism, increased bilateral frontal lobe uptake and moderate reduction in parietal lobe (Lt > Rt) was observed. All patients with severe autism had SPAs. However, they did not correlate with FDG-PET findings.

特殊教育における教職の専門職性にみる特異児童・生徒への深い関与 米国の1980年代前半の特異児童協会の活動を中心に

特殊教育における教職の専門職性にみる特異児童・生徒への深い関与 米国の1980年代前半の特異児童協会の活動を中心に

MRI Findings in Children with Headache Seen in a Third-Level Centre.

MRI Findings in Children with Headache Seen in a Third-Level Centre.

Predisposing Factors, Ophthalmic Manifestations, and Radiological Findings in Children With Cerebral Visual Impairment.

To describe predisposing factors, ophthalmic manifestations, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings in children with cerebral visual impairment. A retrospective cross-sectional analysis of patients younger than 16 years with neuroradiological and clinical evidence of retrogeniculate visual pathway pathology was performed. Detailed histories, ophthalmic examinations, and MRI findings were compiled and analyzed. Of the 88 cases included in the study, the median age was 32 months (range: 1 to 180 months). Ante-natal history and preterm delivery was positive in 25.0% and 37.5% of patients, respectively. A simple myopic astigmatism was the most common refractive error. Accommodative anomalies were noted in 6 children. The demographic trends found in the study were similar to those of developed nations, but the frequency of the predisposing factors varied. A comprehensive knowledge of cerebral visual impairment in the developing world can aid an earlier diagnosis, appropriate management, and the development of better rehabilitation teams. [J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus. 2019;56(5):313-318.].

Electrocardiography Findings in Children with Epilepsy Compared with Healthy Children

Background Epilepsy is one of the most common neurological diseases. Over the last decades the hypothesis of cardiovascular effects from sudden seizure has been raised, and cardiac rhythm and ECG changes in these patients have been highlighted. The study aimed to evaluate the electrocardiography findings in children with epilepsy compared with healthy children. Materials and Methods In this case-control study, 90 patients aged between 6 months and 18 years who were matched with equal number of healthy children who referred to pediatric ward the of 'Ali Ebne Abi Talib' hospital in Zahedan, Iran. The study was performed in multicenter of Neurology and Cardiology centers. In the patients, the epilepsy was confirmed by a unique pediatric neurologist based on the definition of having at least two unprovoked seizures in 24 hours. ECG was captured from all participants by a pediatric cardiologist. Results In patients, 45.6% (n= 41) were females and in healthy 51.1% (n= 46) were females. Mean age of participants was similar in patients and healthy children (p=0.060). ECG findings such as QT min (p=0.001), R-R interval (p<0.001), Heart rate (p<0.001), S in V1 (p=0.002), R in aVL (p<0.001), S in V3 (p=0.003), QTd (p<0.001), QTcd (p<0.001), QTc max (p<0.001), and LV mass (p=0.007) were different in patients compared to controls. In patients, from ECG parameters, R in V5 was higher in male patients (p=0.043). Conclusion Based on the results, QTc, QTd, QTcd were prolonged in patients with epilepsy and, R in V5 was higher in male patients. To prevent abnormality rhythm in epilepsy, it is needed to evaluate QT to recognize the autonomic changes.

Clinical and Genetic Findings in Children with Neurofibromatosis Type 1, Legius Syndrome, and Other Related Neurocutaneous Disorders.

Pigmentary manifestations can represent an early clinical sign in children affected by Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1), Legius syndrome, and other neurocutaneous disorders. The differential molecular diagnosis of these pathologies is a challenge that can now be met by combining next generation sequencing of target genes with concurrent second-level tests, such as multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification and RNA analysis. We clinically and genetically investigated 281 patients, almost all pediatric cases, presenting with either NF1 (n = 150), only pigmentary features (café au lait macules with or without freckling; (n = 95), or clinical suspicion of other RASopathies or neurocutaneous disorders (n = 36). The causative variant was identified in 239 out of the 281 patients analyzed (85.1%), while 42 patients remained undiagnosed (14.9%). The NF1 and SPRED1 genes were mutated in 73.3% and 2.8% of cases, respectively. The remaining 8.9% carried mutations in different genes associated with other disorders. We achieved a molecular diagnosis in 69.5% of cases with only pigmentary manifestations, allowing a more appropriate clinical management of these patients. Our findings, together with the increasing availability and sharing of clinical and genetic data, will help to identify further novel genotype–phenotype associations that may have a positive impact on patient follow-up.

Evaluation of Symptoms and Findings in Children with Tonsillopharyngitis Reflecting The Presence of Beta Hemolytic Streptococcal Infection

Amac : Streptokoksik tonsillofarenjitte erken ve uygun antibiyotik tedavisi semptomlari azaltip bulasicilik suresinin kisaltilmasinda, akut glomerulonefrit ve akut romatizmal ates gibi poststreptokokkal komplikasyonlarin onlenmesinde onemlidir. Oyku ve fizik muayene bulgularindan etiyolojiye isik tutanlarin belirlenmesi tedavinin erken ve uygun antibiyotikle baslanmasini saglayabilir. Materyal ve Metot: Bu calismada ust solunum yolu enfeksiyonu belirtileri ile basvuran ve klinik olarak akut tonsillofarenjit tanisi alan 300 vaka prospektif olarak degerlendirildi. Hastalarin yas ortalamasi 67,70 ± 40 ay (14-168 ay) olup 136’si (% 45,33) kiz; 164’u (% 54,66) erkekti. Hastalar yas, akut bogaz agrisi, ates, basagrisi, yutma guclugu, myalji, dokuntu, karin agrisi, bulanti, kusma, aile oykusu, evdeki fert sayisi, basvuru oncesi hastalik suresi acisindan sorgulandi, fizik muayenedeki tonsil hipertrofisi, kript, servikal lenf bezi hassasiyeti kaydedildi. Tum hastalardan bogaz kulturu alindi. Bulgular : Bogaz kulturu sonuclarina gore 60(%20) hastada beta hemolitik streptokok(BHS) izole edilirken, bunlardan 50(%83,33)’si A grubu olarak gruplandi. BHS izole edilen ve BHS izole edilmeyen vakalar karsilastirildiginda yas ortalamalari BHS grubunda 85,81±39, BHS uremeyen grupta 63,13±39 ay(p<0,001) bulundu. Oykude basagrisi(p<0,001), myalji(p<0,001), yutma guclugu (p=0,040) ve dokuntu(p=0,011) varligi ile BHS izolasyonu arasinda istatistiksel olarak anlamli bir iliski bulundu. Diger veriler anlamli degildi. Sonuc : Hastalarin bakteriyolojik olarak degerlendirilmesinin mumkun olmadigi durumlarda oyku ve klinik bulgulardan spesifik olanlarin degerlendirilmesi cocuk hastalarda gelisene tonsillofarenjitin ampirik tedavisinde yol gosterici olacaktir.

Muscle architecture in children with cerebral palsy and ankle contractures: an investigation using diffusion tensor imaging

BackgroundChildren with cerebral palsy frequently have ankle contractures which may be caused by changes in architecture of calf muscles. Here, we compared the architecture of medial gastrocnemius muscles in children with unilateral cerebral palsy and typically developing children using novel imaging techniques. Methods and proceduresMuscle volumes, fascicle lengths, pennation angles and physiological cross-sectional areas were measured from diffusion tensor images and mDixon scans obtained from 20 ambulant children with unilateral spastic cerebral palsy who had ankle contractures (age 11 ± 3 years; mean ± standard deviation) and 20 typically developing children (11 ± 4 years). FindingsIn children with cerebral palsy, the more-affected side had, on average, 13° less dorsiflexion range and the medial gastrocnemius muscle had 4.9 mm shorter fascicles, 50 cm3 smaller volume and 9.5 cm2 smaller physiological cross-sectional area than the less-affected side. Compared to typically developing children, the more-affected side had 10° less dorsiflexion range and the medial gastrocnemius muscle had 4.2 mm shorter fascicles, 51 cm3 smaller volume and 10 cm2 smaller physiological cross-sectional area. We did not detect differences between the less-affected and typically developing legs. InterpretationThree-dimensional measurement of whole medial gastrocnemius muscles confirmed that the architecture of muscles on the more-affected side of children with cerebral palsy differs from the less-affected side and from muscles of typically developing children. Reductions in fascicle length, muscle volume and physiological cross-sectional area may contribute to muscle contracture.

A Study of EEG Findings in Children with Migraine

A Study of EEG Findings in Children with Migraine

Endoscopic Findings in Children with Isolated Lower Gastrointestinal Bleeding.

Background/AimsColorectal polyps are a common cause of lower gastrointestinal bleeding in children. Our aim was to study the causes of isolated lower gastrointestinal bleeding and to analyze the characteristics of the colorectal polyps found in our cohort. MethodsWe retrospectively reviewed colonoscopic procedures performed between 2007 and 2015. Children with isolated lower gastrointestinal bleeding were included in the study. ResultsA total of 185 colonoscopies were performed for isolated lower gastrointestinal bleeding. The median patient age was 8 years, and 77 patients (41.6%) were found to have colonic polyps. Normal colonoscopy findings were observed and acute colitis was detected in 77 (41.6%) and 14 (7.4%) patients, respectively. Single colonic polyps and 2–3 polyps were detected in 73 (94.8%) and 4 (5.2%) patients with polyps, respectively. Of the single polyps, 69 (94.5%) were juvenile polyps, among which 65 (94.2%) were located in the left colon. ConclusionsSingle left-sided juvenile polyps were the most common cause of isolated lower gastrointestinal bleeding in our study. It was rare to find multiple polyps and polyps proximal to the splenic flexure in our cohort. A full colonoscopy is still recommended in all patients in order to properly diagnose the small but significant group of patients with pathologies found proximal to the splenic flexure.

Brain Magnetic Resonance Imaging Findings in Children after Antenatal Maternal Depression Treatment, a Longitudinal Study Built on a Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial

Antenatal depression is associated with an increased risk of offspring neuro-developmental disorders, potentially as a consequence of an altered brain development in utero. We hypothesized that reducing maternal depression by Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) during pregnancy may ameliorate the offspring’s brain (micro)structural outcomes. 54 pregnant women with a diagnosed clinical depression were randomly allocated to CBT or Treatment as Usual (TAU), showing moderate to large depression symptom improvements after CBT. In 16 of their children (69% boys, N(TAU) = 8, N(CBT) = 8, mean age = 5.9 years, range = 3.9–7.1 years) brain Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) scans were conducted. Children from the CBT group had a thicker right lateral occipital cortex (difference: 0.13 mm, 95% CI = 0.005–0.26) and lingual gyrus (difference: 0.18 mm, 95% CI = 0.01–0.34). In the CBT group, Voxel-Based Morphometry analysis identified one cluster showing increased gray matter concentration in the right medial temporal lobe at p < 0.05 uncorrected, and fixel-based analysis revealed reduced fiber-bundle cross-section in the Fornix, the Optical Tract, and the Stria Terminalis at p < 0.01 uncorrected. However, none of the results survived correction for multiple testing. Our explorative analyses provided some indication that antenatal CBT for depression may ameliorate offspring’s brain (micro)structural outcomes, but the sample size was extremely small, and our results should be cautiously interpreted. Larger studies are warranted to confirm our preliminary conclusions that CBT for antenatal depression affects brain development in children.

CT Pulmonary Angiography Findings in Children with Congenital Heart Disease in a Tertiary Care Hospital

Background &amp; objective: Computed tomography (CT) is claimed to accurately diagnose many forms of congenital cardiovascular disease in children, particularly in the diagnosis of extracardiac vascular anomalies. The present study is intended to describe the role of CT in the evaluation of congenital cardiovascular disease in children.&#x0D; Methods: The study included children with congenital heart disease (CHD) who underwent CT pulmonary angiography in the Cardiac Imaging Department of Ibrahim Cardiac Hospital &amp; Research Institute, Dhaka between 2015-2017 for investigations of various congenital heart diseases. CT scan was done on Multidetector scanner from Siemens or Philips. Routine preprocedure was done as per protocol of the CT angiography study. Breath holding technique was explained to the older patients who were able to follow breath holding instructions. Plain CT scans of thorax followed by early arterial phases were obtained after negative test dose of the non-ionic contrast by injecting 12 to 40 ml of intravenous contrast media (Iopamidol 350 mg) through antecubital vein by pressure injector at a rate of 1.5 ml/second Scan was obtained 6 seconds after starting of the intravenous contrast.&#x0D; Results: The mean age of the patients was 5.3 ± 0.5 years. Over 60% of the children were male giving a male to female ratio of roughly 3:2. Majority (92%) of children had levocardia with aorta being predominantly originated from the left ventricle (95%). Nearly two-thirds (65%) of the aortas had 50% overriding, 33% had &gt; 50% overriding. Over three-quarters (76%) had left-sided arch and 21% had right-sided arch. Majority (87%) of pulmonary arteries originated from the right ventricle: 50% were of normal size and 44% were narrower than normal. In a few cases both right and left pulmonary artery were absent. In 90% cases right and left pulmonary arteries and veins were confluent. Nearly two-thirds (64%) of the pulmonary arteries were stenosed and 5% did not have any pulmonary valves. Presence of collaterals was commendably high (42%). Seventy percent of the patients had Tetralogy of Fallot (TOF) and over one-quarter (26%) had Patent Ductus Arteriosus (PDA). Interatrial septal defect was found in 21% and intervetricular septal defect in 79% cases. Increased and decreased vascularity of the lungs were found in 13 and 15% of the cases respectively. Other cardiac anomalies were negligible.&#x0D; Conclusion: The findings of the study suggest that the CT pulmonary angiography in the evaluation of CHD has a number of merits and could be done in the diagnosis of pulmonary vascular structures particularly the extra cardiac vascular anomalies.&#x0D; Ibrahim Card Med J 2017; 7 (1&amp;2): 31-36

Electroencephalography Findings in Children with Congential Heart Disease

AbstractBackground: Children with Congenital Heart Disease (CHD) as well as survivors of cardiac surgeries are at risk for brain injury and neurodevelopmental deficits.The Aim of this Work: Is to evaluate the Electroencepha-lography (EEG) findings as an indicator for cerebral function in children with congenital heart disease and to correlate these findings to the oxygen saturation.Patients and Methods: This is a cross-sectional study included 30 patients (17 males and 13 females) with CHD (20 with cyanotic and 10 with acyanotic CHD) with age range 4-9 years. Compared with 30 age and sex matched healthy children as controls. All children underwent; digital EEG recording for detection of background slowing and epileptic changes and measurement of oxygen saturation using pulse oximeter.Results: EEG findings were present in 17 (30%) patients (16 patients with cyanotic and 1 with acyanotic CHD). Detected EEG changes were: Epileptic activity in 6 (20%) patients (all had cyanotic CHD), background activity slowing in 16 (53.3%) patients (1 with acyanotic and 15 with cyanotic CHD), while both epileptic changes & back ground activity slowing were detected in 5 (16.7%) patients (all with cyanotic CHD). The cut off value of O2 saturation below which background activity slowing are liable to occur was 87%, with a sensitivity and specificity of 81.2% and 71.4% respectively.Conclusion: Children with cyanotic CHD had significantly higher EEG changes than those with acyanotic CHD.Recommendation: The digital EEG should be performed routinely in patients with CHD (particularly cyanotic) to detect abnormalities in the cerebral function.

Clinical, Neuroimaging, and Neurophysiological Findings in Children with Microcephaly Related to Congenital Zika Virus Infection.

Zika virus (ZIKV) infection appeared in Brazil in 2015, causing an epidemic outbreak with increased rates of microcephaly and other serious birth disorders. We reviewed 102 cases of children who were diagnosed with microcephaly at birth and who had gestational exposure to ZIKV during the outbreak. We describe the clinical, neuroimaging, and neurophysiological findings. Most mothers (81%) reported symptoms of ZIKV infection, especially cutaneous rash, during the first trimester of pregnancy. The microcephaly was severe in 54.9% of the cases. All infants presented with brain malformations. The most frequent neuroimaging findings were cerebral atrophy (92.1%), ventriculomegaly (92.1%), malformation of cortical development (85.1%), and cortical–subcortical calcifications (80.2%). Abnormalities in neurological exams were found in 97.0% of the cases, epileptogenic activity in 56.3%, and arthrogryposis in 10.8% of the infants. The sensorineural screening suggested hearing loss in 17.3% and visual impairment in 14.1% of the infants. This group of infants who presented with microcephaly and whose mothers were exposed to ZIKV early during pregnancy showed clinical and radiological criteria for congenital ZIKV infection. A high frequency of brain abnormalities and signs of early neurological disorders were found, and epileptogenic activity and signs of sensorineural alterations were common. This suggests that microcephaly can be associated with a worst spectrum of neurological manifestations.

Campylobacter Enteritis: Clinical Features and Laboratory Findings in Children Treated at a Single Hospital

목적: 캄필로박터 장염은 박테리아 장염의 흔한 원인 중 하나로 알려져 있다. 그러나 국내에서 소아에서의 캄필로박터 장염의 빈도와 임상 양상에 대한 연구는 드물다. 본 연구는 단일 병원 소아청소년과 환자에서 경험한 캄필로박터 장염의 빈도와 임상적 특징을 파악하고자 시행하였다. 방법: 2012년 1월부터 2017년 12월까지 을지대학교 을지병원 소아청소년과에 급성 위장관염으로 방문한 18세 이하 소아 환자로부터 대변 검체를 확보하였다. 그 중에서 배양 혹은 polymerase chain reaction을 통해 캄필로박터 장염으로 진단된 환자들의 의무기록을 후향적으로 검토하였다. 결과: 총 123명의 환자가 캄필로박터 장염을 진단받았으며 환자의 나이 중앙값은 12 세(사분위수, 8-16세)이었다. 캄필로박터 장염은 일년 내내 발생했지만 주로 6월과 9월 사이에 86명(69.9%)으로 집중적으로 발생하였다. 증상은 설사(97.6%), 발열(96.7%), 복통(94.3%), 구토(37.4%)와 두통(34.1%) 순으로 발생하였다. 복부 컴퓨터 단층 촬영은 25.2%의 사례에서 시행되었다. 다른 치료군과 비교했을 때, azithromycin 3일 요법으로 치료하는 것이 더 짧은 입원 기간과 관련이 있었다 (P<0.05). 결론: 캄필로박터 장염은 청소년기와 여름철에 흔하다. 설사 증상을 보이기 전에 심한 복통과 열이 발생하여 병원에 내원하게 된다. 캄필로박터 장염에 대한 올바른 이해를 수반한다면 적절한 진단과 항생제 사용을 통해 장염의 이환시간을 줄일 수 있을 것으로 보인다.

A Comparison of the Prevalence of Dental Enamel Defects and Other Oral Findings in Children with and Without Celiac Disease

Background: Dental enamel defects and other oral manifestations are reported to occur more commonly in children with celiac disease (CD). Our aim was to investigate the frequency and distribution of enamel defects and dental caries, and the presence of other oral findings in children with CD and to compare them to a group of children without CD. Methods: From 200 index cases with CD, 65 cases aged between three to 16 years accepted to participated in the study after an oral explanation for the parents. In addition, 60 healthy, age, and sex matched subjects without CD were chosen as control group. Enamel defects were classified according to the Aine criteria and dental caries was recorded by calculation of DMFT/dmft indices. The presence of other oral findings, such as aphthous ulcers and xerostomia, were recorded. Chi-Square test and Mann-Whitney test were used for comparison of data. P values < 0.05 were considered statistically significant. Results: A total of 65 children with CD and 60 non-CD subjects were studied. There were significantly more enamel defects in children with CD compared to the control group (P = 0.01). Grade I was the most common enamel defect in both groups. Symmetric and non-specific enamel defects were observed in 45% and 14% of CD subjects and in 12% and 12% of the control group (P = 0.001). The location of enamel defects in permanent and deciduous teeth was more prominent in anterior teeth with a coronal distribution involving the incisor and middle parts of the teeth. The dmft index was significantly higher in the control group compared to the CD group (P = 0.003). With the exception of xerostomia, there was no difference in other oral manifestations between groups. Conclusions: Enamel defects are more common in children with CD compared to those without this disease. This finding should alert health care providers to consider testing for CD.

Retrospective Review of Clinical and Chest X-Ray Findings in Children Admitted to a Community Hospital for Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection.

We performed a retrospective study to evaluate demographics, clinical course, outcome, and radiological findings of children with respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection. Four hundred patients admitted between October 2013 and May 2016 were enrolled. Clinical and radiographic trends were evaluated for association with severity of RSV presentation. Severity was defined as hospitalization >2 days, pediatric intensive care unit admission, or need for mechanical ventilation. Common clinical findings included fever (78.5%), coughing (97%), rhinorrhea/congestion (93%), and hypoxia (44.8%). Hypoxia was seen in 64.7% of the severe group compared with 32.0% in the nonsevere group ( P < .001). Airspace opacification was seen in 49.2% of chest X-rays of the severe group compared with 26.4% in the nonsevere group ( P < .001). Higher incidence of hypoxia or airspace opacification on chest X-ray may be predictors of poorer outcomes for patients with RSV infection.

Clinical Features and Laboratory Findings in Children Diagnosed with Benign Acute Childhood Myositis (BACM)

목적: 양측 하지의 통증과 보행장애로 소아청소년과에 내원하여 BACM으로 의심되거나 진단된 환자들의 임상양상과 혈액검사 간의 연관성을 살펴 보기 위해서 본 연구를 시행하였다. 방법: 2010년 1월 1일부터 2016년 12월 31일까지 동국대학교 일산병원에 내원한 환아 중 갑작스런 발열과 더불어 근육통의 임상적 증거가 있으면서 근효소 검사를 시행한...

The Correlation between ADHD and Brain MRI Findings in Children with Epilepsy

The Correlation between ADHD and Brain MRI Findings in Children with Epilepsy