Fact Finding Research Articles

Management Analysis of Tied Infaq and Sadaqah on the Tahfidz Quran Scholarship Program (Study of Yakesma Branch in Riau Islands)

The challenges faced in the management of Islamic philanthropic institutions include the potential for large infaq and sadaqah and the importance of infaq and sadaqah for the purpose of community empowerment, the dominance of the distribution of funds that are still consumptive so that they still do not empower the community, and the lack of accountability reporting to donors which can reduce their level of trust in Islamic philanthropic institutions. This research is important to gain an in-depth understanding of the effective management of tied infaq and alms through the Tahfidz Quran scholarship program, improve the effectiveness and efficiency of the management of tied infaq and alms funds, and provide recommendations for improving accountability and developing tied infaq and alms-based programs. This qualitative research with a case study approach analyzes the management of tied infaq and sadaqah in the Tahfidz Quran scholarship program run at the national amil zakat institution, YAKESMA Riau Islands Branch. Research data were obtained through interviews, field observations, and documentation studies related to the management carried out. The data was then analyzed descriptively by triangulating to ensure data validity and credibility. The theoretical framework of management, the concept of infaq and sadaqah, and SWOT analysis were used to interpret the factual findings comprehensively. The results show that efforts to overcome existing problems are expected to increase the effectiveness and accountability of the management of tied infaq and sadaqah funds and the management of Islamic philanthropic institutions in supporting programs with various other empowerment goals in the future

How readers attentive and inattentive to task-related information scan: An eye-tracking study

PurposeAttentive to task-related information should be the highest priority for all readers engaged in task-reading. Investigating the scanning behaviors of attentive versus inattentive readers shed new insights into the sequential cognitive processes, but it has seldom been studied. This study investigates their global patterns on a global scale, pertaining to the whole length of scanpaths, and further compares local tactics, local strategies, and local strategy transitions on a local scale, related to the isolated regions of scanpath. Design/methodology/approachA regular style reading system with the question, navigating, and text areas on its interface, and two types of task, namely fact-finding (FF) and content understanding (CU), were designed in an eye-tracking experiment. 24 participants were placed into attentive (AR) or inattentive (IAR) readers groups according to their fixation duration on task-related paragraphs. A global sequence analysis algorithm, Needleman-Wunsch, was applied to uncover global patterns across the whole length of scanpaths (whole-scanpaths). A local sequence analysis method related to frequent sub-scanpaths was adopted to extract local tactics specific to the reader and task. Coding was performed to identify local strategies by classifying local tactics. A local strategy transition was further identified as a sequence of frequent local strategies at the beginning, middle, and ending phases. FindingsWhole-scanpaths of AR significantly differed from those of IAR, despite the absence of global patterns for each group. Five types of local strategy were identified, namely locating information(LI), evaluating and verifying text relevance (EVR), navigation heuristics (NH), synthesizing information(SI), and contextual clues (CC). AR applied all types in both tasks, whereas IAR applied only two types and stuck with EVR. Furthermore, two types of local strategy transition were identified: comprehensive exploration and iterative content evaluation. AR employed the former with the linear feature in FF and the spiral feature in CU, while IAR employed the latter in both tasks. OriginalityThis study advances the knowledge of dynamic cognitive processing from an attentive and inattentive to task-related information perspective. An objective analysis perspective for obtaining global patterns, local tactics, local strategies, and local strategy transitions is provided, then it can provide new insights into automatically classifying readers. The results also generate detailed and valuable guidance for improving reading system design and training readers.

Effectual Insights Of Microcredit Services To Rural Livelihood: A Southern Punjab Perspective

Uncertain economic situation of developing countries like Pakistan is posing threat to marginalized societies and lives in rural areas. Microcredit is considered as most efficient tool in mitigating the vulnerable condition i.e. either due natural calamities or economic policies. This study was fact finder is checking the impact and highlighting the problems associated with microfinancing. For the purpose cross-sectional study was carried out in three randomly selected districts of Punjab province. From each district 200 beneficiaries of microfinancing were selected using lists provided by the regional offices of MFIs. Data obtained through interview schedule from sample of 600 was analyzed using SPSS. Results revealed that respondents received microcredit both for social as well as agricultural purposes. Results showed that percentage share of farm income have been increased after receiving of microcredit. There is a relatively lower impact of microcredit on some indicators such as access to education and health facilities, contribution to family income, and household income level. For tackling the problems like in-time disbursement and repayment, monitoring, business advisory to front man and regular meetings with borrowers can make difference. However, introducing reward system for repayment can be effective.

Asymmetric role of green energy, innovation, and technology in mitigating greenhouse gas emissions: evidence from India.

The primary cause of environmental degradation, which poses a danger to the long-term viability of the ecosystem, is the emission of greenhouse gases (GHG). For this reason, the Glasgow Climate Pact (COP26) established a decarbonization goal in response to this ecological concern, for which all economic players have a responsibility. India is among the participants who have a target set for them to decarbonize their economies by the year 2060 via the use of green energy and the advancement of science and innovation. Nevertheless, the asymmetrical effect of green energy, technology, and innovation on India's decarbonization program was not sufficiently explored in the prior study; hence, this research aims to fill this literature vacuum by considering India's GHG emissions from 1990 to 2020 by leveraging the non-linear autoregressive distributed lag (NARDL) model. The findings reveal the asymmetric influences of variables of interest on GHG emissions during the short and long term and under positive and negative shocks. Regarding the positive shock, long-term findings demonstrate that innovation and technical know-how grow GHG emissions and accelerate environmental degradation. However, a negative shock in innovations and technological know-how is opposed to a positive shock and improving environmental conditions. Further, positive shocks in green energy boost environmental effectiveness by reducing GHG secretions in India. In contrast, the negative shock in green energy deteriorates the environment by triggering GHG releases. These factual findings compel the Indian government to prioritize green technologies in addition to green energy generation to decouple economic growth from greenhouse gas emissions and meet rising energy demands.

Catastrophic impact of 1947 partition of India on people's health.

The partition of India on the dissolution of British Raj into two dominions is known to have been violent, polarizing and caused large-scale loss of life (about two million) and an unprecedented migration of 14 million people between the two dominions, India and Pakistan. It is not known how well the then scientific community covered this man-made disaster, and the response of the international community with aid. A systematic review was conducted using different electronic databases of PubMed, Econlit, United Nations resolutions, Government of India websites, and Google Scholar for the period January 1947 to December 1951 on the impact of the partition of the Indian sub-continent, and to identify the international response toward this humanitarian crisis. We could locate only twenty-four publications. Partition not only caused monumental humanitarian suffering, but also contributed to food deficits, adverse impact on trade and industries, national income and harmed public health. In contrast, no significant attention was expressed by the international scientific community or the United Nations, or aid provided during this catastrophic event. The review demonstrates the apathy by the contemporary international scientific research community on the social as well as economic damage caused by the partition of India. We suggest that the international scientific and research community should play the role of vigilante and fact finder to unearth the facets of mass human tragedy and its long-term consequences so that global consciousness is awakened, and help and aid flows when it is most needed.

The Ultimate Metaverse Match: An Analysis of First Amendment Protections and Unauthorized Trademark Use in Non-Fungible Tokens

The First Amendment has long provided protections for artists’ creative expression and is a fundamental right for all United States citizens. However, with the rise of a predominantly digital world, those protections begin to blur with the introduction of non-fungible tokens (NFTs). Artistic creation often stems from an inspired source, and sometimes, that inspiration may come from registered intellectual property, specifically trademarks. Trademarks are everywhere we look, so it is not unusual for artists to be inspired by the logos, images, colors, figures, or symbols that are featured on billboards, magazine covers, or everyday items. When these trademarks are used in third-party artistic works, the situation often results in trademark owners gearing up to protect their marks and artists invoking their First Amendment rights to protect their creations. NFTs have become an extremely lucrative market, presenting a new route for artists to explore their creative ideas and an appealing business opportunity for luxury brands to enter into a unique space. Courts and practitioners must focus their attention on the rise of NFTs and trademark-related issues as litigation gradually increases. There has been a longstanding precedent formed by Rogers v. Grimaldi that gives courts some guidance on how to balance First Amendment protections and trademark rights, but with the introduction of NFTs, circuit courts are interpreting and applying the Rogers test in various ways resulting in inconsistent outcomes. This calls for another look at the Rogers test and a reconsideration of its design to balance First Amendment and trademark interests. This Article examines the nuances of First Amendment and trademark law to determine the effectiveness of the traditional Rogers test. This Article concludes that while courts have applied Rogers in unique ways, the emergence of NFTs requires a uniform approach that can only be accomplished by reconsidering Rogers’s application to the digital world. This Article encourages courts to include a more fact-intensive analysis in Rogers cases so fact finders can distinguish between expressive artistic works and ordinary consumer products while discerning the works’ true motives.

Hard to explain? – rozumowania abdukcyjne w prawniczych wnioskowaniach o faktach

The purpose of the article is to apply the concept of abductive reasoning in the description and evaluation of legal inferences about facts. The reflection is conducted in the field of philosophy of law and methodology of science. Based on a critical analysis of the literature I present both Charles Sanders Peirce’s inferential theory of abduction and Peter Lipton’s ‘inference to the best explanation’ (IBE) theory. In colloquial philosophical discourse those terms are sometimes used interchangeably. I argue that, although it is a significant simplification, IBE in principle fits into the broad meaning of abduction which I adopt in the present article. Using the work of Mariusz Urbański and Atocha Aliseda I apply IBE to the explanatory-deductive model of abduction. I utilize abduction understood in this way in the field of law. Based on the review of Polish philosophical and legal literature and the results obtained from the LEX database I show that the concept of abduction is unpopular in the legal doctrine. The main thesis is that abduction in the broad sense offers a significant value added in the description of non-deductive inferences and provides more precise criteria for assessing the quality of reasoning than concepts existing in Polish legal doctrine regarding non-deductive inferences. In the same time it exhibits essential features of those concepts. The analysis allows to examine and determine the relationship between the theories of abduction, IBE and the concepts found in Polish philosophical literature and legal doctrine. Its conclusions allow to introduce these new concepts into the philosophical and legal debate and – also – to describe and evaluate legal non-deductive inferences about facts in a more plausible way. The result gives hope for the methodological strengthening of both the process of making factual findings and the assessment of evidence.

Fact Finding Instructor-based Clustering Technique for BP Estimation using Human Speech Signals

Blood Pressure (BP) is considered an essential factor that provides information regarding cardiovascular function. Regular monitoring of the BP is required for proper healthcare maintenance that avoids the high risk of life due to high and low BP. Several methods were devised for the estimation of BP, but the estimation accuracy is still a challenging task. Hence this research introduces an efficient BP estimation technique using the Fact Finding Instructor (FFI) based clustering method by considering the speech signal of the patients. An efficient BP extraction technique is introduced using the FFI Optimization algorithm an integration of the mannerism of the fact finder that identifies the suspect who commits the criminal offense and, with the instructor with good knowledge, these make the trainee more efficient. The detection and suspect’s arrest contain two phases, the fact-finding phase and the chasing phase. Initially, the speech signal is collected from the database and pre-processed for removing noise and artifacts. Then feature extraction is used for the minimization of the computation overhead that generates a feature vector. The clustering of BP is employed with the k-means clustering algorithm and the proposed FFI optimization algorithm. The FFI Optimization algorithm provides a fast convergence rate due to the fact-finding phase and provides accurate detection of the suspect’s location along with that the clustering of classes of patients’ BP by considering the feature of the speech signal. The clusters formed using the FFI optimization algorithm are combined with the K-means clustering, by multiplying the clusters the BP estimation is implemented on three criteria Low BP, Normal, and, High BP. Finally, the output generated by both the clustering operations is multiplied together for the estimation of the BP. The performance of the proposed method is evaluated using the metrics like Davies Bouldin score, Homogeneity score, Completeness score, Jacquard Similarity score, Silhouette score, and Dunn’s Index which acquired the improvement rate of 0.98, 0.96, 0.96, 0.98, 0.95, and 0.98 for training percentage 90, respectively to the existing Teaching Learning Based Optimization(TLBO) clustering technique.

A model of evaluative opinion to encourage greater transparency and justification of interpretation in post-mortem forensic toxicology.

Over the past decades, the calls to improve the robustness of interpretation in forensic science have increased in magnitude. Forensic toxicology has seen limited progress in this regard. In this work, we propose a transparent interpretive pathway for use in post-mortem forensic toxicology cases. This process allows the selection of the interpretive methodology based on the amount of previous information that is available for the substance(s) in question. One approach is an assessment of various pharmacological and circumstantial considerations resulting in a toxicological significance score (TSS), which is particularly useful in situations where limited information about a substance is available. When there is a robust amount of case data available, then a probabilistic approach, through the evaluation of likelihood ratios (LRs) by the toxicologist and of prior probabilities by the fact-finder, is utilized. This methodology provides a transparent means of making an interpretive decision on the role of a drug in the cause of death. This will allow the field of forensic toxicology to take a step forward in using best practice in evaluative reporting, a tool already used by many other forensic science disciplines.

Deliberative panels as a source of public knowledge: A large-sample test of the Citizens' Initiative Review.

Evolving US media and political systems, coupled with escalating misinformation campaigns, have left the public divided over objective facts featured in policy debates. The public also has lost much of its confidence in the institutions designed to adjudicate those epistemic debates. To counter this threat, civic entrepreneurs have devised institutional reforms to revitalize democratic policymaking. One promising intervention is the Citizens' Initiative Review (CIR), which has been adopted into law in Oregon and tested in several other states, as well as Switzerland and Finland. Each CIR gathers a demographically stratified random sample of registered voters to form a deliberative panel, which hears from pro and con advocates and neutral experts while assessing the merits of a ballot measure. After four-to-five days of deliberation, each CIR writes an issue guide for voters that identifies key factual findings, along with the most important pro and con arguments. This study pools the results of survey experiments conducted on thirteen CIRs held from 2010 to 2018, resulting in a dataset that includes 67,120 knowledge scores collected from 10,872 registered voters exposed to 82 empirical claims. Analysis shows that reading the CIR guide had a positive effect on voters' policy knowledge, with stronger effects for those holding greater faith in deliberation. We found little evidence of directional motivated reasoning but some evidence that reading the CIR statement can spark an accuracy motivation. Overall, the main results show how trust in peer deliberation provides one path out of the maze of misinformation shaping voter decisions during elections.

The Policy Performance Evaluation of Tanjung Selor’s New Independent City Development, North Kalimantan

This paper aims to describe and explain the policy performance evaluation of Tanjung Selor’s new independent city development. New city development is a systematic process and must pay attention to supporting aspects at all stages of development. A new city development policy is important in solving urban problems and encouraging the level of urban development. The research method used is qualitative, with a descriptive approach. Data collection techniques in this research include literature studies, interviews, and field observations. The factual findings of this research are explained through input, process, output, and outcome indicators. Based on input indicators, budget, and human resource limitations constrain Tanjung Selor’s new independent city development. Then the process indicators regarding the development of Tanjung Selor's new independent city have also not been carried out effectively. While the output indicator is that the ministry's performance is not following prevailing regulations. And finally, on the outcomes indicator, Tanjung Selor’s new independent city development is aimed at fulfilling facilities and infrastructure by rejuvenating the old city. In conclusion, the performance of Tanjung Selor’s new independent city development policy has not been running as a whole and is still partial, besides that there are still several obstacles that must be improved, especially in terms of budget and human resources.

A coherence framework for fact-finding before the International Court of Justice

AbstractIt is the task of the International Court of Justice to establish the operative facts from which to draw normative conclusions in all contentious cases that come before it. This task, however, is complicated where those facts necessitate engagement with specialized epistemic fields other than law such as science. Drawing on legal theory and epistemology I propose a coherence framework for the establishment of the facts in such cases. In essence, this means that the Court need not show that its factual determinations have been established beyond all doubt, nor even that they satisfy a certain standard of probability. Rather, what the Court must show is that a factual determination it has made has been arrived at through a rational process and that it is coherent. The coherence framework also has both descriptive and normative value as it both maps neatly on to the current (best) practice of the Court and provides a justification for why it should operate this way in the future.

Schematic expectations influence mock jurors' sexual violence case fact recognition

AbstractVictims of sexual violence are often punished by the legal system when their version of the incident—or fact finders' perception of their version—violates expected sexual violence schemas. We investigated the influence of sexual violence schemas on mock jurors' ability to accurately recognize facts presented in a hypothetical case. Participants (N = 155) read a vignette depicting one of four scenarios: expectancy consistent, expectancy inconsistent, no detail control, or no crime control condition. Participants then indicated whether certain evidence (e.g., victim‐perpetrator relationship) was presented, and if so, what the correct information was. Although participants generally demonstrated accurate recognition of the case evidence, errors were more likely to be made when the vignette was inconsistent with expected sexual violence schemas. We end with a discussion of how the present research can advance our understanding of the underlying cognitive mechanisms of victim blaming and the practical implications for the legal system.

Suicide by Cop and Civil Liability for Police.

Suicide by cop (SbC) is a variant of victim-precipitated homicide. In SbC, a citizen intent on dying provokes police, often with credible threats of violence. A fatality results in ambiguity about manner of death (homicide versus suicide). Decedents' families may raise claims of civil-rights violations, asserting insufficient restraint by officers. Police officers, when questioned, may justify their actions as reasonable and necessary force. Defendant officers and municipalities are concerned about police safety and adverse economic and public-perception consequences of litigation. This article explores the history and evolution of the SbC phenomenon, examines related civil case law, and reviews the contours of police-citizen interactions in SbC cases. There is potential liability for officers whose actions must be objectively reasonable to prevail in court. Since SbC can be admitted as evidence, there may be an expanded role for forensic psychiatry in distinguishing manner of death. Expert testimony can also aid fact finders in appreciating the decisions of officers faced with ambiguous and threatening situations. The author recommends collaboration between law enforcement and mental health professionals to improve recognition and handling of difficult situations involving persons with mental illness.

Defer or Revise? Horizontal Dialogue Between UN Treaty Bodies and Regional Human Rights Courts in Duplicative Legal Proceedings

Abstract There is no formal hierarchy between, or international rule of precedent applicable to, the three regional human rights systems and the eight UN Human Rights Treaty Bodies with active competence to entertain individual complaints. By scrutinising the practice of duplicative proceedings of UN Treaty Bodies (UNTBs), this article makes the argument that the res judicata and lis pendens principles have not prevented the UNTBs from reviewing cases previously examined by a regional human rights court. In doing so, the case is made that while the UNTBs usually defer to regional courts’ factual and legal findings when analyzing cases with the same parties, substantive rights, facts and events, judgments that apply the margin of appreciation doctrine are much more at risk of being revised and contradicted by UN Human Rights Treaty Bodies. Distinct opportunities for horizontal dialogue between UNTBs and regional human rights courts are thus opened.

The influence of exogenic lactoferrin on DNA methylation in postimplantation mouse embryos developed from zygotes exposed to bisphenol A

BACKGROUND: Bisphenol A is a chemical agent ubiquitous in plastic consumer products and a toxin capable of disrupting key epigenetic mechanisms in early embryogenesis. It becomes more and more clear that early development changes in epigenetic pathways caused by exposure to toxic substances are associated with various adult diseases. Therefore the need to identify new agents capable of eliminating epigenetic mechanisms failures caused by the bisphenol A toxin becomes evident. Here we suggest lactoferrin as a normalizer of toxicant-induced epigenomic changes. Currently there is no data on the role of lactoferrin as a normalizer of epigenomic disorders under the influence of toxicants. We assume that in mammalian embryogenesis lactoferrin might function as an epigenetic modulating factor.
 AIM: The aim of the research is to study effects of lactoferrin on the epigenetic status of postimplantation mouse embryos, exposed to bisphenol A in utero.
 MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this study, 3 experimental groups of mice and two control group were used. 1. Mice on the first day of pregnancy, injected with 40 mg/kg of body weight of bisphenol A; 2. Mice on the first day of pregnancy, injected with 50 mg/kg of body weight of lactoferrin; 3. Mice on the first day of pregnancy, successively injected with 50 mg/kg body weight of lactoferrin and 40 mg/kg of body weight of bisphenol A. On the 15th day of embryonic development, the level of genome-wide DNA methylation was evaluated in different body parts of the embryos by methyl-sensitive restriction and ImageJ visualization analysis.
 RESULTS: We demonstrated that in post-implantation mouse embryos, exposure to bisphenol A in the prenatal period caused an increased level of genome-wide DNA methylation. The most prominent effects were observed in brain and abdominal section of the embryos. Together, the present findings confirmed that lactoferrin administration at a dose of 50 mg/kg of body weight resulted in normalization of genome-wide DNA methylation levels after bisphenol A-induced epigenetic alterations.
 CONCLUSIONS: We assume that lactoferrin may partially neutralize the harmful effects of bisphenol A caused aberrant methylation, and thus can potentially be used as a pharmaceutical product. Factual findings of the present study may help by development of new therapeutic approaches. Nevertheless, further research of the bisphenol A, lactoferrin and lactoferrin + bisphenol A effects on reactive oxygen species and/or antioxidant enzymes is needed.

Leveraging Machine Learning for Customer Intelligence: An Experimental Analysis Learning Classifiers

The main objective of any business entity is to optimize its revenue and sustain a robust competitive stance inside the market. A detailed understanding of the company's customers is essential for achieving high revenue and market supremacy. Therefore, a key component of achieving business prosperity is effective customer analysis. To conduct efficient consumer analysis, we investigate several machine learning algorithms in this research. In order to take well-informed business decisions that will increase revenue and improve customer happiness, machine learning classifiers are essential for acquiring deep insights into consumer data. We aim to investigate at how consumer forecasts change based on the machine learning classifiers utilized by applying various classifiers. This method enables us to choose the best machine learning classifier for the consumer dataset under analysis. For consumer analysis, our experimental technique applies a variety of machine learning classifiers, such as K-NN, C4.5, Random Forest, Random Tree, Logistic Regression (LR), Multi-Layer Perceptron (MLP), and Naive Bayes (NB). The factual findings show that, when compared to other ML classifiers, the C4.5 model obtains a higher prediction accuracy. Additionally, owing to its lower operating time, the NB model stands out as an effective option when considering time efficiency. In summary, this study investigates the use of several ML Model for consumer analysis, with an emphasis on increasing both business revenue and consumer satisfaction. The NB model outperforms the C4.5 model in terms of time efficiency, and the C4.5 model is a great performer in terms of prediction accuracy.

Internalisasi Nilai-nilai Agama dalam Membentuk Karakter Religius Siswa

This research was conducted at the preschool level. The purpose of this study is to explain how the process of internalizing religious values occurs in the formation of religious character in children. This research was conducted at the Teratai 23 PAUD Post, Wonorejo Village, Kec. Kencong Kab. Jember This research uses purposive sampling in determining the research theme. The object of this research is the formation of religious character in childhood through the internalization of religious values. To obtain the data needed for this study, researchers used various data collection methods, including observation, interviews, and documentation, The data analysis used is ethnographic analysis. Due to the descriptive nature of the research, in this method, data consistent with factual findings at the site of the investigation are presented, analyzed, and conclusions are drawn. The values contained in the religious character are explained. Religious activities include daily prayers, reading and memorizing Asmaul Husna, reading short letters, taking a dhuha bath, and praying. In addition to implementing activities, Islamic-based character-framing methods are in the form of Parenting (Hadanah), Exemplary, Exercises and Dangers, Exemplary Stories, Dialogue, Practical Activities, and a supportive environment.

Development of Coffee Production in Kepahiang

The purpose of this study is to increase the income of coffee farmers in Kepahiang Regency, increase promotion and branding of coffee in Kepahiang Regency at the national and international levels, increase the knowledge of farmers and field workers about coffee cultivation technology farmers. This research includes descriptive research, which explains factual phenomena conceptually. The factual findings from the research are verified by existing theoretical concepts. The approach taken was a survey of a number of respondents who were selected based on certain criteria. The unit of analysis used in this study was coffee farmers, stakeholders, and related stake holders as well as the local government of coffee-producing districts, coffee business actors/traders in Kepahiang district. Optimizing the cooperation network, both the government and related stockholders; Optimizing priority programs for superior coffee production using special economic zones; Following up on the MOU with KPTIK and Bengkulu Provincial Government to make Bengkulu a national coffee area; Fighting for Bengkulu to get HAKi to increase regional competitiveness; Increased production of superior coffee already has sufficient value in the eyes of consumers;

Cognitive differences between readers attentive and inattentive to task-related information: an eye-tracking study

PurposeAttentive to task-related information is the prerequisite for task completion. Comparing the cognition between attentive readers (AR) and inattentive readers (IAR) is of great value for improving reading services which has seldom been studied. To explore their cognitive differences, this study investigates the effectiveness, efficiency and cognitive resource allocation strategy by eye-tracking technology.Design/methodology/approachA controlled user study of two types of task, fact-finding (FF) and content understanding (CU) tasks was conducted to collect data including answer for task, fixation duration (FD), fixation count (FC), fixation duration proportion (FDP), and fixation count proportion (FCP). 24 participants were placed into AR or IAR group according to their fixation duration on paragraphs related to task.FindingsTwo types of cognitive resource allocation strategies, question-oriented (QO) and navigation-assistant (NA) were identified according to the differences in FDP and FCP. In FF task, although QO strategy was applied by the two groups, AR group was significantly more effective and efficient. In CU task, although the two groups were similar in effectiveness and efficiency, AR group promoted their strategies to NA while IAR group sticked to applying QO strategy. Furthermore, an interesting phenomenon “win by uncertainty”, which implies IAR group may get correct answer through uncertain means, such as clue, domain knowledge or guess, rather than task-related information, was observed.Originality/valueThis study takes a deep insight into cognition from the prospect of attentive and inattentive to task-related information. Identifying indicators about cognition helps to distinguish attentive and inattentive readers in various tasks automatically. The cognitive resource allocation strategy applied by readers sheds new light on reading skill training. A typical reading phenomenon “win by uncertainty” was found and defined. Understanding the phenomenon is of great value for satisfying reader information need and enhancing their deep learning.