The relevance of the study is due to the unprecedented number of economic sanctions imposed on the Russian economy since 2014. In this paper we will assess the impact of economic sanctions on the development of key sectors of the Russian industry: machine-building complex, food industry and extraction of fuel and energy minerals. The dynamics of the development of the analyzed branches of the Russian industry in the 13-year time interval was multidirectional. High utilization of production capacities and support of national production by the weak national currency were counteracted by negative factors associated with the coronavirus pandemic and sectoral sanctions against the Russian economy. The study verifies the hypothesis of the negative impact of economic sanctions on the development of Russian industry using economic and mathematical modeling methods. The results of the study showed the existence of a relationship between the number of anti-Russian sanctions and the dynamics of development of two branches of the Russian industry: food and machine-building. For the mining industry the correlation coefficient was insignificant.