Financial Performance Measures Research Articles

Term limits and accountability incentives to perform: performative signalling of local governmental action

ABSTRACT Research exploring term-limits’ influence on politicians’ behaviour has mainly focused on financial measures of government performance. However, other dimensions of performance which can be used by politicians to claim credit and boost their political careers have seldom been explored in this research agenda. Leveraging the lift of the reelection ban for Mexican mayors after 2014, we study the electoral incentives of term limits on local government performance. We use a difference-in-difference design and compare first-term mayors, thus discarding alternative mechanisms such as differences in competence due to longer tenure. Municipalities where reelection is allowed report more municipal council meetings. Yet, term limits fail to affect the initiatives presented per meeting, administrative procedures on behalf of citizens, nor water provision. Thus, while term limits affect performance incentives for local politicians via accountability and electoral incentives, these focus on more visible and performative actions that serve as inexpensive signals of governmental activity.

Performance Evaluation and Management of Indian Manufacturing Organizations Through Fuzzy Optimization Techniques

In a context of intense competition, evaluating financial performance is crucial for manufacturing sectors. As such, a precise and fitting performance review is essential. In the process of evaluation, financial performance indicators need to be carefully chosen because they show how competitive a business is. In this paper, the financial performances of the firms in the Indian manufacturing industry are evaluated using financial ratios, specifically accounting-based financial performance (AFP) measures and value-based financial performance (VFP) measures. These financial performances are assessed through multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) techniques, specifically fuzzy multi-objective and optimization on the basis of ratio analysis (F-MOORA) and fuzzy step-wise weight assessment ratio (F-SWARA). First, the financial performance indicators' weights are determined by the F-SWARA approach, and then the firms' rankings are determined by the F-MOORA approach. By applying SWARA methodology in a fuzzy environment, the implications of the findings demonstrate that the factor named Return on Assets (ROA) contains the maximum weight and the factor named regret contains the lowest weight. By applying F-MOORA technique, it also demonstrates that company C1 is the best and company C3 is the worst.

CSR disclosure, financial performance, and ownership: evidence from China

PurposeThis study investigates the relationship between corporate social responsibility (CSR) disclosure and financial performance (FP), and ascertains whether ownership structure (OS) moderates the CSR disclosure–FP nexus.Design/methodology/approachWe distinctly employed the well-established approach of panel data analysis to examine the comprehensive dataset of Shanghai A-share listed firms from 2008 to 2017 with 20,236-full sample and 4,190-disclosed sample firm-year observations. To test the hypotheses, the study used panel regression analysis. The study used CSR disclosure as an explanatory variable and accounting-based performance measures: return on equity (ROE) and earning per share (EPS) as dependent variables. In addition, we used CSR score to determine the extent of disclosure by each firm and employed matched pair sample analysis to check for the robustness of the earlier obtained results.FindingsThe findings indicate significant positive association among CSR disclosure and CSR score with ROE and EPS. Further, the CSR disclosure–FP nexus is more pronounced when the OS moderates it.Research limitations/implicationsThe results of this study lack generalizability due to its unique setting. A limitation of this paper is that our sample period only covers 2008–2017. Future studies can extend our research to a more recent period to test whether our findings remain valid in other periods.Practical implicationsOur findings suggest stronger CSR disclosure measures to enhance the image of businesses in the eyes of stakeholders. The study findings are consistent and confirm the theoretical basis (stakeholder theory) that Chinese listed firms can be more beneficial from disclosing CSR related information, and they should put more emphasis on the improvement of CSR disclosure.Originality/valueThis research offers empirical evidence that sheds light on the importance of OS as the moderating effect on the nexus of CSR disclosure–FP measures. In doing so, this study’s findings contribute to the literature significantly, along with the regulators and shareholders.

The effect of practicing transfer pricing and financial performance: Evidence from multinational corporations in the UAE

This research aimed to determine if the financial performance of multinational firms in the United Arab Emirates (UAE) and the appraisal of transfer pricing are significantly correlated. The firms’ financial statements from 2012 to 2022 were used as the primary source data. The research used the panel least squares regression approach to analyze the data acquired from multinational firms in the UAE to assess the research hypotheses. A correlational research methodology was employed to investigate the hypothesized association between transfer price assessment factors and financial performance. The results showed an insignificant effect for bonus mechanisms, tax expenses, and return on assets as measurements of financial performance, but tunneling incentives have an insignificant relationship with return on assets. As a result, the research suggests that multinational corporations in the UAE enhance tax expenses, tunneling, and bonus mechanisms to achieve a higher rate of return on assets. Additionally, UAE multinational firms should reassess their bonus mechanism for optimal financial performance. The study's limitations and findings offer several investigation opportunities related to transfer pricing practices in the UAE, and future researchers could make a comparative study on transfer pricing in different countries.

Determinant state earnings qualities better than Private Pharmaceutical Companies

Purpose: Comparative Earning Quality of State and privately pharmaceutical companies listed on Indonesian Stock Exchange (BEI) between 2019-2023 period with liquidity, profitability, solvency and efficiency ratio. Methodology/approach: After collecting the necessary data, appropriate financial ratios and descriptive statistical techniques are used to analyze, interpret and provide a brief overview of the data collected. the comparison involves two state-owned and two privately-owned pharmaceutical discretionary accruals and earnings persistence for earnings quality, and net profit margin, current ratio, debt-to-equity ratio, and total asset turnover for financial performance measurements. Findings: net profit margin, current ratio, debt to equity ratio, dan total asset turnover have significant differences in the variables private are superior to those of state pharmaceutical companies. This recommends the importance of improving earnings quality of State pharmaceutical companies Practical implications: these companies should refrain from earnings manipulation to foster strong and high-quality financial performance, particularly within Indonesia's pharmaceutical sector. Originality/value: This comparison aims to contribute to financial management research by providing insights into the performance of different types of pharmaceutical companies based on earnings quality and financial statement ratios, thus offering academic contributions to the field.

CSR associations and market value: the moderating role of market competition

Purpose This paper aims to study the impact of consumers’ corporate social responsibility (CSR) associations on corporate financial performance and the moderating role of market competition. Design/methodology/approach The panel data set is analyzed using a random effects regression model. The analyzed data is based on the unique RepZ Responsibility scores published by the global research agency Kantar Millward Brown and contains information about consumer CSR associations. Findings This study reveals CSR associations' positive, lagged, direct impact on firms’ market value. Market competition moderates this relationship in the way that a company’s market value benefits more from consumers' CSR associations when facing high rather than low market competition. Practical implications Consumers' CSR perceptions increase the market value of a company. This effect is intensified when brands are exposed to intense competition, which allows conclusions about CSR as a differentiation strategy to be drawn: To stand out in a competitive market, brands should prioritize improving their CSR associations among consumers to differentiate themselves and increase their market value. Originality/value To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this study is the first to test the effect of consumers’ CSR associations on forward-looking financial performance measures. Moreover, by analyzing the moderating effect of market competition on the relationship between CSR associations and firms' market value, this study provides information about the differentiating power of CSR from a brand perspective using a panel-data analysis.

Financial Performance Measurement with MAIRCA Method: Application on Turkish Banking Sector

Financial Performance Measurement with MAIRCA Method: Application on Turkish Banking Sector

Financial Performance Measurement Using the Value Added Method to Determine the Effect on Stock Prices

One of the Indonesian government's policies since 2015 has been to increase development through its developed infrastructure, by increasing its budget for this sector from year to year. However, companies listed in the engineering and construction subsector on the Indonesian Stock Exchange, both state-owned enterprises and private companies, experienced losses so it could be said that their financial performance was poor. This study intends to evaluate the financial performance engineering and construction sub-sector companies using the Economic Value Added (EVA), Market Value Added (MVA), Refined Economic Value Added (REVA), Financial Value Added (FVA), and Shareholder Value Added (SVA) in 2018 – 2023 and determine their influence on stock prices. This type of research is quantitative descriptive research using E-Views 12 with a population 26 companies and a sample size 16 companies. Based on the results the calculations and analysis, it stated that EVA, MVA, REVA, FVA, SVA and stock prices engineering and construction companies, both state-owned and private, during the 2018 - 2023 period obtained an average of negative amounts. The research results show that the financial performance variables using value added have an influence on stock prices with influence of 74.57% while the rest is influenced by other variables not examined in this research. Partially only MVA and SVA have an influence on stock prices because based on the probability test using E-Views 12 it appears that only MVA and SVA produce results below the alpha. The suggestion for this research is that company management should pay attention to the company's financial performance, especially the MVA and SVA variables and further researcher can make comparative research between all value-added variables.

Pengaruh Ukuran Kinerja Keuangan Tradisional dan Value Based Management terhadap Market Value Added pada Perusahaan Badan Usaha Milik Negara di Bursa Efek Indonesia

This study examines the impact of traditional financial performance measures and Value-Based Management on Market Value Added (MVA) in State-Owned Enterprises (SOEs) listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange from 2018 to 2022. The sampling technique employed was purposive sampling, resulting in the selection of 19 companies based on predetermined criteria. Secondary data was obtained from the Indonesia Stock Exchange website, and panel data regression analysis was used for data analysis. The results indicate that ROA and EVA positively and significantly influence MVA. In contrast, ROE, DPS, EBITDA, and CFROI do not significantly affect MVA. Notably, EPS demonstrates a negative impact on MVA, suggesting that higher earnings per share may not correlate with increased market value.

Effect of Long-Term Debt on Financial Performance of Cement Manufacturing Companies

Due to its critical role in overall economic development, the cement industry is identified as one of the areas of the first and second Growth and Transformation Plan (GTP) as a sector of special consideration. However, the main objective of this study is to examine the effect of long-term debt on financial performance in cement manufacturing companies. Moreover, the specific objectives include; examining the effect of long-term debt on return on assets in cement manufacturing companies, also, to examine the effect of long-term debt on return on equity in cement manufacturing companies, in addition, the study identifies two financial performance measures which include; return on assets and return on equity, and directly considered with the relationship of long-term debt. The methodology of this study is exclusive criteria; because the study reviewed only recent studies from 2019-2023 that reported on long-term debt and financial performance. The data is gathered through the means of review and analyzed through identifying the outcome of the reviewed studies. Therefore, based on the majority, the study found a significant negative influence of long-term debt (LTD) on financial performance measured by return on assets (ROA) of cement manufacturing companies and also, a negative effect was found with the financial performance measured by return on equity (ROE) of cement manufacturing companies. In line with the findings, the study concludes that there is a negative effect of long-term debt on financial performance measured by both the (ROA and ROE) of cement manufacturing companies. Similarly, the study recommends that cement manufacturing companies avoid the use of debt in financing their assets; also, the cement manufacturing companies should also focus much on internal financing so as to improve shareholder returns.

Accountings Implemented Evaluation on UMKM in Supporting Industrialization Program Bright NTB

Accounting plays an essential role in upturned UMKM, since with a good accounting registry and according to accounting default already been established therefore gets helps the small enterprises in taking the right decision, water down getting a credit from creditors , and gets to provide accurate information on time. Accounting constitutes to key to seeing the financial position and effort performance measurement that can spontaneously take benefit. This researcher utilizes descriptive research type qualitative to analyze data and information concerning all systems and their effort activity done by UMKM NTB bases SAK EMKM. Since a large part of UMKM hasn't applied an accounting system based on SAK UMKM, therefore accounting implementation of financial statement representation for UMKM is still unclear which is with document transactions that often happen deep in its effort. SAK UMKM was applied by UMKM at NTB in particular at Mataram City in term accounting. It is caused because agents of UMKM still utterly understood the importance of SAK UMKM, it because of ignorance of SAK UMKM and its reduced socialization or training of government or UMKM supporting institute

Corporate Tax Planning and Financial Performance of Listed Consumer Goods in Nigeria

The multiplicity of tax laws and heavy tax burden facing companies in developing countries such as Nigeria has resulted in the adoption of different strategies to reduce tax liabilities. The main objective of this study therefore was to examine the effect of tax planning on financial performance of listed consumer goods firms in Nigeria from 2013 to 2022. The measures of tax planning adopted in this study were effective tax rate, tax incentives, debt tax shield and capital intensity. Return on assets was the measure of financial performance. The research design adopted for this study was ex-post facto because secondary data was used. The population of this study consisted of 21 listed consumer goods companies in Nigeria and purposive sampling technique was employed to select 18 of these companies. The ordinary least square regression technique was used to analyze the data and the statistical package employed was E-views version 10. The findings of the study revealed that effective tax rate has a negative and insignificant effect on the return on assets (ROA); tax incentives has a significant positive effect on return on assets; debt tax shield has significant and positive effect on return on assets; capital intensity has a positive but insignificant effect on return on assets of listed consumer goods firms in Nigeria. Thus, it was concluded that tax planning activities impact on the financial performance of listed consumer goods firms in Nigeria. Based on the above it was recommended among others that the management of consumer goods companies should focus on long term tax planning rather than solely concentrating on reducing effective tax rate. The management of consumer goods companies should also explore and take full advantage of available tax incentives by capitalizing on applicable tax incentives provided by the regulatory environment.

Financial Performance Measurement of Companies in the BIST Sustainability 25 Index with LBWA and MEREC-based CRADIS Methods

Abstract Financial performance refers to the assessment of a firm’s capacity to generate profits and manage its financial assets effectively during a specific period of time. This study addresses the evaluation of financial performance of companies in the BIST Sustainability 25 Index using a hybrid MCDM method. For this investigation, nine criteria, namely, acid-test ratio, asset turnover, current ratio, debt ratio, EBITDA, net profit margin, return on equity, stock return and stock turnover are used to determine the financial performance of companies. In this study, the weight of criteria is calculated using both subjective (LBWA) and objective (MEREC) weighting approaches. After the weight of criteria is determined, the financial performance of companies is ranked using the CRADIS method. The results showed that EBITDA and Stock turnover are the most and least important criteria, respectively. According to results obtained from the CRADIS method, Ereğli Iron-Steel, Enka construction and Ford Otosan have the highest financial performance, while Vestel, Arçelik and Çimsa have the lowest financial performance in the period of 2018 and 2022. Additionally, the robustness and validity of the results are tested by various MCDM methods, namely, ARAS, COPRAS, EDAS, MABAC, MAIRCA, MARCOS, TOPSIS, CoCoSo and MAUT.

A comparison of the usage between financial and non-financial performance metrics in Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) in South Africa

The purpose of this study is to explore the performance measurement approach of small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in the South Durban region of South Africa. It has long been known that small and medium enterprises (SMEs) play an important role in economic growth and income distribution in the world's major economies. However, due to globalisation, the fourth industrial revolution and increased competition from multinationals, South African SMEs face new challenges in measuring their performance. To respond to these challenges, SMEs must adopt efficient and effective performance measurement models. However, currently, according to the researchers, there is no such performance measurement framework. This study aims, among others, to close this gap in the literature. This study uses a deductive, positivist research design to comprehensively explore performance measurement practices in small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in a given region. Based on Morgan's sample size table, size 217 was chosen. The use of financial and non-financial performance measures is preferred by SMEs as it shows better performance compared to only one measure. In addition, the study found a positive correlation between business size and age, indicating that larger businesses tend to be older.The results of this study help to understand the complex relationship between job dimensions, age, and performance, highlighting the importance of choosing appropriate performance measures. Future research is recommended to gain a deeper understanding of these relationships and how they vary across contexts and sectors.

Impact of Liquidity Risk and Leverage on the Financial Performance of Nigerian Deposit Money Banks

This study investigates the impact of liquidity risk and leverage on the financial performance of listed Deposit Money Banks (DMBs) in Nigeria. The study utilized a census approach to gather data from all 15 listed DMBs on the Nigerian Exchange Group as of December 31, 2022. The study spanned from 2013 to 2022, employing various statistical analyses including descriptive analysis, correlation analysis, skewness and kurtosis tests for normality, multiple regression models for fixed-effects and random-effects models, and the Hausman test to ensure robust findings. The results indicated that liquidity risk exhibited a positive and significant impact on return on equity (ROE), a measure of financial performance, with a coefficient of 0.132 and a p-value of 0.000, suggesting that effective management of liquidity risk enhances profitability. Conversely, leverage was found to have a significant negative impact on ROE, with a coefficient of -1.351 and a p-value of 0.007, highlighting that higher debt levels substantially reduce profitability. In conclusion, the study suggests that while liquidity risk can be effectively managed to enhance profitability, excessive leverage poses significant threats to financial performance. The findings underscore the importance of robust risk management strategies for improving the financial performance of listed DMBs in Nigeria. These insights are crucial for policymakers, banking executives, and investors seeking to enhance the stability and performance of the banking sector.

Initial study of the Palu-Parigi By-pass road policy in Central Sulawesi Province, Indonesia

This research aims to do the assessing the feasibility of the Public-Private Partnership project in investing in the construction of the Palu-Parigi By-pass road through a PPP financing scheme, thereby providing opportunities for the private sector to participate in the provision of special road infrastructure. In this context, experimental criteria for determining Value for Money (VFM) are applied using the PPP model, to evaluate projects. The main objective also emphasizes the provision of greater VFM Goods through private financing, through conventional methods that are economical, efficient and effective. Furthermore, financial performance measurement reports apply several methods, including Payback Period (PP), Net Present Value (NPV), and Internal Rate of Return (IRR) which determine the feasibility and time required for returns on invested capital. The previous Economic Feasibility Study of the Palu-Parigi By-pass Road Construction project also showed an EIRR value of 20.1% in 2014, illustrating the economic development of this work. In connection with the limitations currently faced by the Regional Budget Agency of Central Sulawesi Province, the next PPP scheme is recommended for road construction by prioritizing infrastructure completion after the 28 September 2018 earthquake and the COVID-19 pandemic. The DBFMT (Design–Build–Finance–Maintenance–Transfer) model was also applied to the project, with GCA responsible for design, construction, financing, periodic maintenance and transfer at the end of the collaboration agreement.

The Impact of Selected Financial Ratios on Economic Value Added: Evidence from Croatia

Traditional financial performance measures should be extended to provide additional information to stakeholders. One such extension is the economic value added (EVA). It shows residual profit above the cost of financing, both creditors and equity financing. This paper elaborates on the impact of selected financial ratios on EVA to total assets and EVA to capital employed using the 20-year aggregated data of non-financial business entities operating in Croatia. It answers the research question of which of the selected financial ratios impacts the above-mentioned EVA-based ratios. Applying dynamic panel data modeling using the generalized method of moments technique resulted in the derivation of two models. The human capital efficiency ratio was statistically significant in both models, positively affecting EVA/total assets and EVA/capital employed. In contrast, the debt ratio and net profit margin were significant only in the second model, where EVA/capital employed was a dependent variable. The research results indicate that the debt ratio affects EVA/capital employed negatively while the net profit margin has a positive effect, confirming the existing research. Total liabilities/earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation and amortization, and total asset turnover were not found to be significant in either of the two models.

The nexus between board audit committee attributes and financial performance of firms in Africa

This research aims to study the connection between the features of board audit committee of a firm and its financial performance in Africa, by looking at the board audit committees’ characteristics of publicly traded companies in the four (4) biggest African financial markets. This research conducted an empirical analysis of the committee features in the years following the global financial crisis and before the COVID-19 pandemic outbreak. The data covered the period between 2013 and 2019. We analyzed the data using correlation analysis, GLS (Fixed and Random Effect Models), and GMM. We used features of the committee as explanatory variables. These include an independent outside director as the chairperson of the committee, whether the committee guards the integrity of the financial reporting of a firm, whether the committee regularly meets and hears the recommendations and complaints of the firm’s external auditor, and whether the committee effectively monitors the management of the firm. Furthermore, for the dependent variable; ROE and ROA were utilized as the metrics of the financial performance of a firm. The results exhibit positive and significant relations between the board audit committee features such as; effective monitoring of management, guarding the integrity of financial reporting, an independent director as chairperson of the committee, regularly meeting and hearing the recommendations and complaints of the external auditor, and the firm’s financial performance measures. The findings are useful to corporate governance regulators who are seeking to improve corporate governance guidelines and minimize the corporate insolvency of firms in Africa.

Moderating role of ESG disclosures and its impact on firm financial performance

This study examines the relationship between environmental, social, and corporate disclosures and its affects on financial position of the firm. The study is based on India’s listed companies which disclosed the ESG variable over the last decade. We examine the five measures of financial performance and firm ESG disclosures. In addition to financial performance measures as response variables, this study uses of Piotroski F scores as a proxy for financial position is unique and novel approach in sustainable finance research. The results show the social disclosures have positive significant affect on firm financial position. Firm value, valuation of the stock and cost of capital. The study will help regulators to strengthen the ESG disclosures and for investors it gives insight about the relationship between ESG disclosure and financial performance of a firms.

Dynamic leverage policy in Islamic and conventional banks during crises in the OIC countries: a procyclicality and prospect-theory analysis

Purpose The purpose of this study is to investigate and compare the dynamic leverage policies of Islamic and conventional banks within selected Organization of Islamic Cooperation (OIC) countries. The study specifically focuses on the concepts of leverage procyclicality and prospect theory. Design/methodology/approach To achieve the research objectives, the study uses data from three distinct periods: Crisis I (2007–2009), Crisis II (2011–2012) and Crisis III (2020). The analysis uses dynamic panel-data regression, using the generalized method of moments (GMM) technique. Findings The research findings indicate that both Islamic and conventional banks demonstrate leverage procyclicality. Interestingly, Islamic banks exhibit weaker leverage procyclicality during normal conditions but display stronger procyclicality during crises compared to their conventional counterparts. The application of prospect theory reveals that both bank types exhibit risk-taking or risk-averse behavior through leverage under certain financial and market performance measures as the first-level domain of the gain-vs-loss condition. Furthermore, during crises (as the second-level domain of the normal-vs-crisis condition), both Islamic and conventional banks experience heightened leverage. Notably, Islamic banks, owing to their lower risk exposure and greater shock resilience, demonstrate lesser risk-taking behavior through leverage than conventional banks, both during periods of underperformance and worsening conditions amid crises. These findings validate the extension of prospect theory's applicability in a two-level domain perspective. The dynamic nature of leverage policy, being procyclical and adhering to prospect theory, also varies following different crises specifically. Research limitations/implications The study's limitations include the unequal crisis periods (Crises I, II and III), leading to an imbalanced examination of their effects, certain financial and market performance metrics that fail to corroborate the expected hypotheses and the limited generalizability of findings beyond the selected OIC countries. Practical implications Understanding the intricate dynamics and behavioral aspects of leverage policy for both Islamic and conventional banks, particularly during crisis scenarios, proves crucial for reviewing banking regulations, making informed financial decisions and managing risks effectively. Originality/value This study enriches the current knowledge by presenting two key points. First, it highlights the dynamic nature of leverage procyclicality in Islamic banks, showing a change from weaker procyclicality in normal conditions to stronger procyclicality during crises compared to conventional banks. Second, it expands the application of prospect theory by introducing a dual-level domain context. Examining the comparative leverage policies of Islamic and conventional banks during different crises within OIC countries provides novel insights into leverage procyclicality and behavioral responses.