Financial Obligations Research Articles

MALAYSIAN FINANCIAL WELL-BEING DURING COVID-19 PANDEMIC: DOES INCOME CLASSIFICATION MAKE A DIFFERENCE?

The Covid-19 pandemic has affected emotions, health, and the community's well-being. It is even worse when the movement control order had to be carried out to curb the spread of this epidemic, which indirectly affected the financial well-being of individuals in Malaysia. Every person in society is affected by their income source for various reasons. Job losses, and a lack of adequate savings and emergency funds, accompanied by debt and loan management, will exacerbate the situation. An individual's or household's health and financial stability are important aspects of financial well-being for living a better daily life. It encompasses more than just a person's financial situation; it also includes their ability to meet financial goals and obligations, as well as their level of financial stress. As a result, this study aims to compare the financial well-being of Malaysian individuals between income classifications (B40, M40, and T20). Convenience sampling was used to get 265 respondents by using an online survey. A Kruskal Wallis test showed a statistically significant difference in financial well-being between income classifications, χ2 = 13.818, p-value = 0.001. Financial well-being for B40 is the lowest, followed by M40 and T20. The implications of acute financial well-being will lead inability to meet basic needs such as housing, food, healthcare, and education. Employees were recommended to have retirement savings and an excellent financial attitude to have good financial well-being.

Words matter: How clinical encounters can be unknowingly stigmatizing to some patient communities.

356 Background: Lack of patient engagement around the content and approach to care conversations related to social determinants of health (SDOH) can negatively impact healthcare experiences and exacerbate disparities in outcomes. Lived environment, financial/logistical challenges, general access barriers and patient mistrust must be addressed on a systemic and individual level. Assumptions based on socioeconomic status, age, race, gender, and medical conditions can undermine communication and/or invalidate a patient's feelings and lived experiences. Accelerating the requirement of SDOH screenings without addressing the patient-centeredness of these conversations will likely contribute to health inequities and yield substandard patient experiences and outcomes. Methods: To better understand patient perspectives about language commonly used in SDOH screenings, we gathered views on terminology used towards patients through surveys, focus groups, and virtual workshops. Participants were recruited from a diverse pool of insured patients served by Patient Advocate Foundation representing various medical diagnoses, were lower income (<$48,000), racially/ethnically reflective of the US, and experienced healthcare access and/or affordability challenges. Results: Patients had both positive and negative perspectives on SDOH screening in clinical settings, specifically focused on communication, bias, and privacy. Survey/focus group results revealed the discomfort of financial and non-medical information (SDOH) being included in their electronic medical record (EMR). “It’s important to find words that are less stigmatizing because it affects how we see ourselves and others.” Only 21% reported being extremely comfortable with SDOH information being recorded in their EMR and subsequently being available to multiple members of their healthcare team. Judgement, embarrassment, shame, and lack of action (i.e., linkage to resources) were often cited as reasons for not wanting to have uncomfortable conversations. Patients also felt that disclosing this information could (or would) influence the treatment options offered, creating bias solely regarding their perceived ability to manage their medical and non-medical financial obligations. Conclusions: We uncovered how, without patient engagement, language and processes the healthcare system uses can feel biased and stigmatizing to those it is designed to help. Stigmatizing conversations can perpetuate discriminatory attitudes, influence clinicians' decision-making when treating a patient, and affect patient trust and disclosure within care settings. This cycle impacts quality of care and contributes to health disparities. By listening to patient perspectives, researchers and health care professionals can become more culturally aware and reduce stigmatizing language, while making care more patient-centric and inclusive.

Settlement of Tax Disputes Through the Application of the Principle of Equity

Tax is a mandatory financial contribution or obligation where individuals are required to allocate a portion of their wealth or income to the government. This process allows the government to access some of society's financial resources for the benefit of the country as a whole. In tax collection, the basic principle of equality is applied. This principle underlines that taxation must be applied impartially, without discrimination. People in similar circumstances should face the same tax rates, and there should be no deviation from applicable laws in tax collection. Fulfillment of this principle guarantees a tax system that prioritizes justice, and all forms of tax collection are carried out in accordance with legal limits, thus providing legal certainty for taxpayers. The research method used is a normative juridical approach, and the data collected in this research is secondary data.

노인치매관리의 재원체계 관한 한·중 비교연구

This study conducted a comparative analysis of dementia care policies in Seoul and Qingdao. The findings reveal distinct characteristics in the funding systems of both regions. Seoul's funding mechanism is marked by the challenge of escalating national financial obligations, while Qingdao's system is characterized by the absence of national contributions and the marginalization of low-income demographics. To establish a more effective and stable funding framework, this study synthesizes the commonalities and disparities between these two systems via a comparative examination and proposes enhancement strategies. Looking ahead, the Seoul Metropolitan Government should allocate dedicated budgets for dementia care to individual local administrations, thus reducing the reliance on central government contributions. Meanwhile, Qingdao City should consider implementing insurance premium collection schemes and extending financial aid to fundamental local governing bodies. These actions are imperative to address the growing financial burdens on both the government and citizens, ultimately elevating the budget allocation for enhanced care service quality.

The Influence of Supply Chain Financing on Enterprise Operation Efficiency and Competitiveness

Supply chain financing has become a vital tool for businesses to enhance their operational efficiency and competitiveness in today's dynamic market environment. This research aims to explore the impact of supply chain financing on business efficiency and competitiveness. The study examines how supply chain financing can improve cash flow management, optimize inventory management, and foster collaboration among supply chain partners. By providing timely access to working capital, supply chain financing helps businesses optimize their cash flow, reduce receivables collection time, and minimize the need for costly short-term borrowing. This enhances financial stability and enables companies to meet their financial obligations promptly. Furthermore, supply chain financing offers flexible financing options, such as inventory financing and vendor-managed inventory programs, which enable companies to optimize inventory levels, reduce stockouts, and lower holding costs. This allows businesses to respond quickly to market demands, reduce lead times, and improve overall supply chain efficiency.In addition, supply chain financing platforms facilitate the sharing of financial information and streamline payment processes, enhancing transparency and trust among supply chain partners. This fosters better coordination of production and delivery schedules, reduces supply chain disruptions, and enhances the overall reliability and efficiency of the supply chain.The research methodology includes a comprehensive review of existing literature, case studies, and interviews with industry experts to gather empirical evidence on the impact of supply chain financing on business efficiency and competitiveness. The findings of this research will contribute to a better understanding of the benefits and challenges of supply chain financing and provide insights for businesses seeking to enhance their operational efficiency and competitiveness. Overall, the research highlights the significant role of supply chain financing in improving business efficiency and competitiveness. By leveraging supply chain financing, companies can optimize cash flow, streamline inventory management, and foster collaboration among supply chain partners. This, in turn, enables businesses to respond effectively to market dynamics, gain a competitive edge, and achieve sustainable growth in today's rapidly changing business landscape.

Financial obligations of employees in industrial companies and their impact on financial management behavior

This study intends to examine how employee behavior in financial management is influenced by financial trends, internal control location, and financial socialization variables. Employees in the financial department made up the study's population. Using a proportional random sampling method and sampling according to the Slovenian formula, 91 employees were included in the sample. A questionnaire was used to gather the information. Descriptive statistical analysis and structural equation modeling - partial least squares (SEM-PLS) analysis utilizing WarpPLS 6.0 software were the analytical techniques used. The findings demonstrated that financial trends significantly and favorably affect financial management behavior. Internal control's position has a positive and significant influence on how financial management behaves. Financial management behavior is significantly and favorably impacted by financial socialization agents. The guidance that can be gained from this research is the capacity to create favorable behavioral patterns of financial management by giving money for immediate requirements, the capacity to manage one's own money, and the capacity to stay current with financial information via a variety of media.

Influence of Working Capital Management on Performance of Commercial Banks in Trans-Nzoia County, Kenya

Effective financial management plays an important role in ensuring the financial health of a company and directly affects its profitability. Its primary objective is to consolidate the company's assets and meet current financial obligations to optimize future operating expenses. This particular study focuses on Kenya and aims to examine the role of monetary policy in monetary policy conditions across Trans Nzoia County. The specific objectives of this study were to examine the impact of financial planning on commercial banking activities in the county and to assess the impact of management accounting on banking activities under Nazism. This study draws on entrepreneurship theory and agency theory by using a descriptive research model to analyze real-world relational situations. These researchers collected data through questionnaires using census methods and selected a sample of 115 people using simple random sampling. The content validity of the questionnaire was determined by the researcher. Regression analyses were conducted to examine the relationship between dependent variables and working capital management. Based on these findings, the study concludes that effective working capital management has a positive impact on the performance of commercial in Trans Nzoia County. In particular, financial planning, invoice management, and inventory management are expected to contribute effectively to the performance of commercial banks in the region. Recommendations from this study include the adoption of a centralized billing system that enables relationship managers to provide better recommendation services by analyzing customer behavior in depth. In addition, this study suggests that bank managers should invest in state-of-the-art information management software that provides real-time analytics. The survey analysis was based on a response rate of 82.6% and the survey instrument demonstrated acceptable reliability. Demographic data showed that the majority of study participants were male, aged 26 to 30 years and older, usually married, with more than three years of banking experience, higher education and in a bank early in their career. The study, conducted in one of Kenya’s 47 counties, acknowledges these shortcomings. Therefore, the researchers recommend a comprehensive study taking into account other factors affecting bank performance. Furthermore, the study showed that the observed variables explain only 46.1% of the factors affecting banking activities in the entire Trans Nzoia County. This suggests that further research is needed to include other variables. In summary, this study highlights the importance of sound financial management for the success of commercial banks in the region and provides an important basis for research in a broader context.

Enhancing Customer Purchase Intention Using Cause-Related Marketing: A Study of the Indian Pharmaceutical Sector

ABSTRACT Cause-related marketing (CaRM) has developed over the past three decades to become a flexible and successful technique for many organizations to fulfill their social and financial obligations. However, there is little evidence available to address the effectiveness of CaRM in the Indian pharmaceutical sector. To fill this void, this study aims to extend this research area by investigating CaRM based on nine key dimensions- donation, cause type, cause-brand fit, product type, cause proximity, attributed company motives, trust, corporate reputation, and CaRM message appeal and their resultant impact on purchase intention of customers in the Indian pharmaceutical sector. A theoretical model is empirically estimated to achieve the objectives based on data taken from 1683 respondents from North India. The results show that CaRM positively impacts customers’ purchase intention in the Indian pharmaceutical sector. Further, the authors also explore the moderating effect of cause involvement and found that the effectiveness of CaRM increases in the presence of cause involvement. Furthermore, results also reveals that the attitude toward cause-related marketing programs partially mediates the CaRM and purchase intention relationship. Marketers and the pharmaceutical industry could benefit from the findings of this study, which could help them develop better CaRM promotional methods. This research expands on the study’s future scope and management implications.

Un‘covering’ blanket bonds: Assessing the adoption of blanket bonds across the states

States have different rules governing blanket bonds, a tool that is intended to cover the financial obligations of well closure. Ideally, the blanket bond amount is sufficient to cover the costs of site closure, especially costs associated with safely closing abandoned wells. They are also designed to mitigate the financial risks that wells pose to taxpayers. Yet, blanket bond amounts that are too high can discourage investment, especially at marginally producing wells, and reduce the economic benefits that result from oil and gas development. Despite a growing body of research examining state oil and gas policies, the politics of blanket bonds have received little scholarly attention. To address this gap, we utilize a time-series dataset of U.S. states to shed light on the factors that shape blanket bond amounts before and during the unconventional production boom. We find that political culture, number of wells, emissions from abandoned wells, and GDP from the oil and gas industry contribute to changes in minimum blanket bond amounts.

Capital Structure and Productivity of Listed Commercial Banks in Ireland

Profitability serves as one of the determinants of both capital structure and stock returns in Ireland. This paper looks at bank specific profitability. Researchers take into consideration two actions of financial institution performance: bank productivity (determined as profits separated by properties), and financial institution passion margins (measured as web interest income split by assets). It is commonplace to highlight that in order for a company to have the needed sources in regards to properties, they need to elevate the capital. The years given that the onset of the global financial situation has actually brought about significant architectural adjustments in the financial sector. The crisis revealed considerable weaknesses in the financial system of Ireland as well as the prudential framework, bring about too much financing and also risk-taking unsupported by ample capital as well as liquidity buffers. The impacts of the crisis have taxed financial growth, monetary stability and also financial institution performance in several territories including in Ireland, although the headwinds have begun to subside. Technical adjustment, increased non-bank competitors as well as changes in globalization are still broader ecological difficulties facing the financial system. Regulators have reacted to the crisis by reforming the international prudential structure and improving supervision. The study was a literature based in which literature from far and wide were reviewed to derive study themes. The findings revealed that Banks in Ireland have boosted their durability to future risks by significantly accumulating funding and also liquidity barriers. The boosted use anxiety testing by banks and also managers since the situation additionally attends to greater strength on a positive basis, which ought to aid support credit circulations in excellent as well as hard times. Furthermore, progressed economic situation financial institutions have moved to even more stable funding resources and also purchased more secure as well as less complex assets. Several of these changes may be driven partly by intermittent aspects, such as accommodative monetary policy, and also hence may lessen as conditions transform. Qualitative evidence indicates that financial institutions have significantly enhanced their threat management and also internal control practices. Although these modifications are tough to analyze, scientists point to substantial range for further enhancements, in particular because of the inherent unpredictability regarding the future development of risks. The research concludes that the financial obligation ratios make contrast of the overall debt with the complete properties owned by the company and a low proportion shows that a company depends much less on debt while a high percentage suggests that a firm count a lot more on financial debt money. The findings of this research study have important policy implications on the individual banks in Ireland, the industry and the macro levels. Since most of the reviewed studies found a negative correlation between the financial leverage and the firms value, the research study recommend that bank financial managers should decrease the finance leverage they employ in their capital structure in order to increase firms value. Keywords: Capital, Structure, Productivity, Listed, Commercial, Banks, Ireland.

Exploring low‐income, Black fathers' strengths and barriers to positive change using qualitative methods

AbstractObjectiveThe goal was to explore low‐income, Black fathers' personal strengths and barriers to engaged fatherhood, healthy relationships, and economic stability.BackgroundFatherhood programs often rely on case management and education to promote positive fathering, healthy relationships, and economic stability. However, methods should be tailored to fit the strengths and needs of participating fathers. Low‐income, Black fathers face additional challenges related to systemic discrimination and structural violence that can hinder their success. To effectively serve this group, research is required to understand their relevant strengths and barriers.MethodsSemistructured focus groups explored fathers' personal strengths and barriers specific to the three areas of interest with fatherhood program staff (n = 8) and enrolled fathers (n = 26). Thematic analysis was conducted then systematically vetted by community scholars (previously enrolled or graduated fathers).ResultsFathering strengths included empathy, listening skills, and active family participation. Barriers included limited custody or access, individual constraints, and unmet social needs. Participants contextualized these findings with structural issues related to coparenting and the legal system (e.g., biased court systems). Men's relationship strengths included mutual respect and teamwork. Barriers included past trauma, lack of healthy relationship models, and relationship strain. Economic stability strengths included financial literacy and motivation to provide, whereas barriers included legal history, financial obligations, and limited resources.ConclusionThese findings highlight key individual‐level strengths and barriers grounded in fathers' intersectional identities as predominantly low‐income, Black men.ImplicationsPrograms serving low‐income, Black fathers should consider tailoring their programming to the lived experiences of participants to navigate these critical barriers and amplify assets for success.

An Exploratory Study on Student-Athlete Mental Health: Personal and Perceived Barriers to Help-Seeking Behavior

Student-athletes are more likely to develop mental health problems than the general population. In addition to schoolwork, social networks, family ties, and financial obligations, collegiate student-athletes are required to attend practices, travel for games, attend athletic events, and perform extracurricular duties. The addition of possible injury, overtraining, burnout, scrutiny from the public and/or the media, and consistent pressure to perform results in athletes playing through both physical injuries and mental health problems. Despite the high number of athletes who report needing mental health support, fewer than half seek out mental health services. Research has identified stigma as one of the largest barriers to mental health help-seeking behavior (HSB). Help-seeking behavior has rarely been studied in relation to the larger body of work on mental health stigma in sport. The purpose of this study was to observe and describe student-athletes’ perceived stigma (e.g., what others think) and personal stigma (e.g., what the individual thinks) in relation to HSB. A sample of n = 20 athletes completed an online Qualtrics Survey, which included Link’s Perceived Discrimination and Devaluation Scale, Mental Health Literacy Scale, Self-Stigma of Seeking Help Scale, Help Seeking Questionnaire, and Student-Athlete Role Behaviors Questionnaire. Results from this study may help develop mental health interventions to improve student-athlete HSB. KEYWORDS: Mental Health; Student-Athlete; Stigma; Help-Seeking Behavior; NCAA; PDDS; MHLS; SSOSH; HSQ; SRBQ

Economic and financial instruments of forest management in the Czech Republic

The forest bioeconomy becomes a feature of a climate-neutral economic system, while effective financial support is crucial for sustainable forest management. The main goal of this paper is to explain the impact of economic and financial instruments on the development of the forestry sector in the Czech Republic in the period 2000–2020. For research objectives, the methods of literature review, data analysis, correlation analysis, and regression analysis were used. Several models were established and tested. This paper presents the forest land model (FOLM) and wood biomass production model (WBIOM). In the monitored period, there was an increase in forest land in hectares in the Czech Republic, which was positively influenced by environmental investments in biodiversity and negatively by subsidies from the Rural Development Programme and the price of European Union Allowance. Based on the FOLM model results, 100 million CZK (4.07 million EUR) of environmental investments in biodiversity would contribute to an increase of 228 hectares of forest land. Concerning wood biomass production in cubic meters, it was influenced positively by the whole mixture of economic and financial instruments, such as emission trading, environmental taxation, financial contributions for forest management, state financial obligations, and subsidies. Based on the WBIOM model results, an increase in the price of an emission allowance by 100 CZK Mg–1 (approx. 4 EUR Mg–1) would increase wood biomass production by approximately 934,614 cubic meters. Generally, the economic and financial instruments in the Czech Republic have an environmental impact and can influence the forest bioeconomy, at least in the long-term period. Concerning the complex influence of the emission trading on the forestry sector in the Czech Republic, it is ambiguous—in the case of forest land rather negative, and in the case of wood biomass production positive. Therefore, focusing on the policy recommendations, we should underline economic and financial instruments connected with positive motivation in the forestry sector, such as grant schemas, subsidies, and investments in biodiversity.

The concept of a fresh start in the discharge of debt procedure in European Union insolvency law

A fresh start is the essence of personal insolvency proceedings. In the last few decades, policymakers in the United States of America and European countries have focused on establishing effective and efficient insolvency proceedings which would address the particular needs of insolvent natural persons. Previously, personal insolvency proceedings aimed to address the social and economic problems of insolvent debtors (consumers) which were not able to meet their financial obligations in time. However, the latest developments in this area reveal that specific rules should be established in insolvency law to tackle the insolvency problems of individuals who incur most of their debts from economic activities (entrepreneurs’ insolvency). The adoption of the Directive on Restructuring and Insolvency is the first attempt in European Union law to counter the challenges of the insolvency of entrepreneurs. This article analyses the main elements of a fresh start in European Union insolvency law, how this phenomenon has evolved and whether the European Union insolvency law provides an effective fresh start for insolvent entrepreneurs.

A STUDY ON COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF TERM INSURANCE PRODUCTS OF ICICI PRUDENTIAL LIFE INSURANCE WITH OTHER MAJOR INSURANCE PLAYERS IN BENGALURU

The research explores the relevance of term insurance as a form of life coverage, highlighting its focus on providing financial protection for a specific duration. Unlike permanent life insurance options, term insurance offers simplicity and affordability, addressing temporary coverage needs. The research identifies a gap in understanding consumer perceptions of term insurance and its associations with negative emotions. It discusses the uniqueness of term insurance and its customizable nature, catering to various financial goals and obligations. The study's focus on a paired samples analysis within Diverse age categories indicate considerable variations in profit returns, emphasizing the impact of age on returns and offering strategic insights. While relying on secondary data sources presents limitations, the findings suggest varied premium rates among insurance providers based on factors like financial stability and reputation. The research proposes strategies for companies with different premium rates and recommends picking the right age ranges for term insurance. In summary, this research amplifies comprehension, of term insurance's significance and aids in informed decision- making for both insurance providers and consumers. Key words: Comparative analysis, Term Insurance, Premium rate, other Insurance Players, Affordability, Ages, Policyholders, Policy Time

Working Capital Management And Firms’ Profitability In Emerging Markets: The Case Of Nigeria Listed Consumer Goods Companies

Detrimental impact of various global financial crises on manufacturing enterprises' ability to meet their financial obligations as well as recover money from customers has rendered numerous businesses inoperable. This study examined working capital management and firms’ profitability in emerging market, Nigeria listed consumer goods companies for the period 2011-2021. Data were extracted from the financial statement of the sampled companies with the use of purposeful sampling technique. Using the GMM estimator technique, the finding revealed that account payable has positive and statistically significant effect on return on equity while cash conversion circle has negative and insignificant effect at 5% level of significant respectively. The study concluded that accounts payable was found to increase the likelihood of profitability. Therefore, governments should make efforts to provide adequate infrastructure, such as a constant and stable electricity supply, a good road network, and a rail system, to facilitate cost-effective production and the movement of goods.

Participation of Industrial Enterprises in the Activities to Preserve Industrial Heritage Monuments in the Sverdlovsk Region in the 1970–1980s

Introduction. The Sverdlovsk region has historically always been distinguished by the presence of a large number of industrial enterprises on its territory, as well as monuments that can be attributed to the industrial heritage. The preservation of these monuments is a task not only of the state, but also of a local scale, dictating the need to attract the capabilities and resources of industrial enterprises to this. The purpose of the article is to analyze the degree of participation of industrial enterprises, on the territory of which the monuments were located, in the activities for their preservation and museumification. The chronological framework is the 1970s – 1980s, when the need to intensify monument protection activities began to be realized at the state level, which was reflected in the legal documents. Materials and Methods. The study was based on unpublished archival materials stored in the Documentation Center of the Sverdlovsk Region. As well as published sources: legal acts, office documentation, periodicals. As part of the research, the author applied general scientific and special-historical methods. Results and Discussion. The responsibility of industrial enterprises regarding industrial heritage monuments began to be fixed in the legal documents of all-Union and regional significance, starting from the 1970s. This was due to the intensification of state control over the protection of monuments in general. Gradually, the financial obligation of enterprises to ensure the preservation and carry out work on the museumification of monuments located on their territory is also prescribed. In the Sverdlovsk region, two industrial enterprises took an active part in this activity: the Nevyansk Mechanical Plant and the Seversky Pipe Plant. Conclusion. By the beginning of the 1990s on the territory of the Sverdlovsk region there were 34 monuments that can be attributed to the industrial heritage. 20 of them were on the balance sheet and under the responsibility of industrial enterprises, which was reflected in the legal documents only in the second half of the 1980s. In the 1970s – 1980s two objects underwent restoration and museumification – the Nevyansk leaning tower and the Severskaya blast furnace. An important role in this was played by the vigorous activity of the factories on the territory of which they were located. However, there were also mistakes made by the management of one of the factories, which led to the partial destruction of one of the monuments.

EFFICIENCY OF STATE PROMOTION OF SMALL AND MEDIUM ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN KAZAKHSTAN IN POST-COVID SITUATION

The global pandemic, which has engulfed the entire world and all sectors of activity, has undeniably exerted a negative impact on the economic development of all nations. This impact has not spared small and medium-sized businesses, in addition to larger enterprises. In response to the economic challenges faced by small-scale enterprises, governmental authorities have initiated comprehensive support measures, encompassing both financial and humanitarian assistance. However, upon closer examination, these measures reveal certain shortcomings and inadequacies. The declaration of a state of emergency and the enforcement of quarantine measures within Kazakhstan have had detrimental consequences for the commercial landscape. Approximately 300,000 business establishments temporarily halted their operations, while the adverse effects of the pandemic were directly felt by approximately 1 million business entities, with a predominant concentration in the service and trade sectors. A noteworthy concern emerges from the situation of the workforce during this period. A significant number, amounting to 1.6 million individuals, were placed on furlough without accompanying sustenance, raising valid questions about the sufficiency and efficacy of the government's support programs in safeguarding their livelihoods. Furthermore, a subset of the business community, approximately 14,000 to 15,000 establishments, that had previously obtained loans from second-tier financial institutions, sought relief through deferment mechanisms. It is essential to critically assess whether these mechanisms, despite their intention to aid businesses, provide genuine respite or merely represent a temporary postponement of financial obligations. The fundamental problems of business remain the lack of access to finance and loans, and those that are available are offered by banks at exorbitant rates. The fact that the National Bank of the Republic of Kazakhstan raised the rate only worsens the situation - this tool for fighting inflation does not work, but despite this, the National Bank persists. There is an imbalance in the government. The government is expanding budget expenditures, and the National Bank is trying to level it out, only banks and a very narrow layer of rich citizens who have deposits will earn from this high-interest rate, and they will be able to give them at high interest rates. In summary, while governmental efforts to alleviate the economic impacts of the pandemic are commendable, a critical analysis reveals areas where improvements may be necessary. A more comprehensive and effective approach may be required to address the profound economic challenges encountered by businesses and individuals within Kazakhstan. The principal characteristic of the entrepreneurial environment within the Republic of Kazakhstan resides in the division of the country, based on its geographical structure, into distinct macro-regions characterized by divergent resource endowments and economic attributes. Consequently, Kazakhstan exhibits heterogeneity in its business activities.

DAMPAK LIKUIDITAS DAN PROFITABILITAS TERHADAP NILAI PERUSAHAAN PADA PERUSAHAAN ENERGY YANG TERDAFTAR DI BEI DENGAN HARGA SAHAM SEBAGAI VARIABEL INTERVENING

Energy companies is a company that operates in the electric power sector for the benefit of society and the state. The company has an obligation to fulfill or pay off short-term and long-term financial obligations so that the company is said to be liquid. The aim of this research is to determine the significance of the influence of Liquidity and Profitability on Company Value through Share Prices. This research uses descriptive and quantitative research. The population in this research is 80 energy sector companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange for the 2020-2022 period. The sampling technique in this research used the Purposive Sampling technique. Data analysis and hypothesis testing in this research used the Structural Equation Model - Partial Least Square (PLS-SEM)
 The results of the direct influence hypothesis test using the Smart PLS 3.0 application, show that Liquidity has a negative but significant effect on Share Prices, Profitability has a negative but not significant effect on Share Prices, Liquidity has a significant positive effect on Company Value, Profitability has a positive but not significant effect on Company Value, Stock prices have a negative but not significant effect on firm value. The results of the indirect influence hypothesis test show that the Liquidity variable has a positive but not significant effect on Company Value through Share Prices, Profitability on Company Value through Share Prices has a positive but not significant effect.

Pelatihan Manajemen Keuangan dalam Pengembangan Usaha Kecil Menengah

The problem found is that the limited ability of small business actors to manage their business finances has resulted in a poor financial managemeny system that does not yet use the accounting bookkeeping model in financial management. This service aims to help small business actors with defficukties in managing their finances. This Community service uses a participatory action based method which is carried out in Bopoma Village, west Golewa District Ngada Regency. The results of activities can provide serious understanding to small and medium business actors about better financial management. This activity process can increase the knowledge of business actors. The conclusions that can be drawn in this training have a positive effect on small business actor to get to know financial cash flow in depth, create simple financial accounting books, hel ensure that business ventures have sufficient funds to meet financial obligations, overcome financial challenges and take advantage of business growth opportunities, in creating a comprehensive budget.