Financial Gains Research Articles

Complicity theory: an explanation for the `coxib problem'?

Complicity theory: an explanation for the `coxib problem'?

Welfare and Labor Earnings: An Evaluation of the Financial Gains to Work

In this paper, we estimate the difference in long-run after-tax and transfer income from employment and from non-employment available in January 1998 to families in France that received the Guaranteed Minimum Income (RMI) in December 1996. Based on estimated wages we compute potential increases in disposable income (without accounting for opportunity costs such as child care or transportation). The observed wages received by welfare recipients are very low because of a high probability of part-time work, including for men. Based on the wage distribution, and supposing that the adult in the household with the highest potential earnings is the one employed, we find that 74% of welfare households would have an increase in disposable income if they were to be employed, relative to their disposable income in the absence of employment, and that the median gain would be around 198 euros per month. Very low gains are frequent however. In addition, single mothers are the group for which the fewest number of households (43%) would gain from employment. The share of households that would have in increase in income grows to 96% when we focus exclusively on couples and consider both members working. As the wage distribution used is very atypical, we build an upper bound estimate, using a representative survey of the working population in 1998. This is equivalent to assuming that RMI beneficiaries do not differ from the rest of the population in terms of their unobserved heterogeneity. The share of households that have an increase in disposable income from working goes from 74% to 89%, with the shares for single mothers still the lowest.

Working in the hidden economy: The experience of unemployed men in the UK

Hidden economy working amongst unemployed people can be defined in terms of working for financial gain without declaration for tax purposes while also claiming social welfare benefits. The extent, nature, and experience of hidden economy working among the unemployed in Britain is, as yet, little understood. As part of an in-depth interview study of 44 long-term unemployed men, 17 of the men talked about their experiences of working in the hidden economy. This paper reports on the extent, nature and experience of hidden economy working amongst these long-term unemployed men, and the meaning of such work to them, their families and local community. The complex matrix of feelings (including guilt, anxiety and pleasure), combined with the financial gains, fear of losing welfare benefit and the ability to practise work-related skills contributed to creating a lifeworld for these men which had implications for their experience of family and community life.

The Effectiveness of Economic Incentives for Career Commitment of Peacekeepers in the Sinai

This paper has two objectives. The first objective is to estimate the extent of financial gains or losses of Active Component (AC) and Reserve Component (RC) soldiers who volunteered for the Multinational Force and Observers (MFO) peacekeeping mission in the Sinai. The second objective is to estimate the effect of this gain/loss on the soldiers' intention to remain in their respective component until retirement. Data for a population of approximately 500 volunteers were collected during their predeployment training and Sinai deployment phases. Results of these data revealed that, overall, soldiers experienced financial gains during the deployment phase. The average financial gain exceeded the average loss. Financial gains were especially high for the RC. Regression results for the deployment phase data revealed that the volunteers were more likely to say that they intend to stay in their respective component until retirement if they made financial gains during deployment and if they were satisfied with Army life. Results of the Chow Test for equality of regression parameters showed that the coefficients in separate equations for the AC and RC were not significantly different during the more critical deployment phase. Implications of these results are discussed.

Financial gains from owner occupation: The New Zealand case 1970–88

Abstract This paper engages with the debate concerning the financial gains from home ownership. The first section focuses on the empirical side of the debate and is primarily a conceptual analysis. It defines three measures of gain, explores their utility and limitations and demonstrates their appropriateness for different analytical purposes. Section 2 is concerned partly with developing a wider comparative perspective to the debate by calculating the extent of financial gain for New Zealand urban home owners since 1970. Next the paper looks at the effect of spatial location of accumulation potential. In section 3 connections are made between the processes at work in the labour and housing markets: attempts are made to link the empirical data on financial gains from housing to labour market restructuring. Finally comments are made on some implications of the empirical findings for the wider debate.

Fat Deposition in a Broiler Sire Strain.: 5. Comparisons of Economic Efficiency of Direct and Indirect Selection Against Fatness

In a simulation study, selection for weight gain in a broiler sire strain was compared with 1) one and two stage index selection for weight gain and feed conversion and 2) weight gain, slaughter yield, and percentage abdominal fat. Weight gain per day was assigned an economic value of 1.138 Dutch cents (ct)1/g; feed conversion, −138.18 ct/1.0; slaughter yield, 0 or 7.55 ct/%; and percentage abdominal fat, 0 or −10 ct/%. When selection was completely or almost completely (as in two stage selection) based on weight gain, percentage abdominal fat increased; otherwise it decreased. Weight gain, feed conversion, and slaughter yield improved with all selection methods examined. Due to the high positive correlation between feed conversion and percentage abdominal fat, selection for an index of weight gain and feed conversion gave about the same reduction in percentage abdominal fat as selection for an index of weight gain, slaughter yield, and percentage abdominal fat. Selection response of the four traits was dependent more on selection methods than on sets of economic values. Based on economic values, selection for an index of weight gain and feed conversion gave 1.70 to 3.35 times the financial gain of selection for weight gain only, and selection for an index of weight gain, slaughter yield, and percentage abdominal fat gave 1.15 to 3.12 times that attained by selection only for weight gain. The extra financial gains exceeded by far the estimated additional costs of the index selection methods.

Stochastic Equilibria: Existence, Spanning Number, and the `No Expected Financial Gain from Trade' Hypothesis

Stochastic equilibria under uncertainty with continuous-time security trading and consumption are demonstrated in a general setting. A common question is whether the current price of a security is an unbiased predictor of the future price of the security plus intermediate dividends. This is the hypothesis of expected financial gains from trade. The relevance of this hypothesis in multi-good economies is called into question by the following demonstrated fact. For each set of probability assessments there exists a corresponding equilibrium, one with the original agents, original equilibrium allocations, and no expected financial gains from trade under the given probability assessments. The spanning number of the economy is defined as the fewest number of security markets required to sustain a complete markets equilibrium (in a dynamic sense made precise in the paper). The spanning number is linked directly to agent primitives, in particular the manner in which new information resolves uncertainty over time. The spanning number is shown to be invariant under bounded changes in expectations. Several examples are given in which the spanning number is finite even though the number of potential states of the world is infinite.

Financial Gains of Marketing Successfully Through Co-operation

Financial Gains of Marketing Successfully Through Co-operation