Financial Entitlements Research Articles

Women’s gifting of their inheritance share to male kin is void: a study of late Ottoman fatwas on social coercion

ABSTRACT This paper explores the juristic discussions about women’s access to their financial rights during late Ottoman Egypt. Taking fatwa collections as a source of social history, one can recognize that women sometimes gave up their financial entitlements to their male relatives voluntarily. This concession is thought to have occurred due to the influence of deeply ingrained social customs in some tribes. While various historical and anthropological studies have explored this social practice, this paper focuses instead on the Islamic law ruling concerning this phenomenon. I discuss in this paper how some ostensibly conservative ulama in nineteenth-century Egypt, in pursuit of upholding women’s financial rights against patriarchal oppression, recognized an important principle of social coercion. By considering fear of social stigma as a constraint on women’s free will and thus as a form of legal duress, those ulama enabled women to reclaim their rights when possible— likely following the death of their male relatives. This paper urges us to rethink the position of the ulama in nineteenth-century Egypt regarding women’s rights. Furthermore, it illuminates an overarching concept of coercion in Islamic law, which holds relevance to various modern debates.

A Study of Financial Rights of the Infant from the Perspective of Hanafi Jurisprudence

Infants, as individuals independent from their parents, have their human rights constantly emphasized. Accordingly, the Islamic faith, specifically Hanafi jurisprudence, has defined duties and responsibilities for parents regarding their children from the very beginning of childhood. An infant is referred to as a nursing child who has just started life after birth. In Hanafi jurisprudence, based on the content of verse 67 of Surah Al-A'raf, childhood starts from the fetus and continues through birth until the child reaches maturity and becomes a young adult. Given the violation of infant rights, it is necessary to address the financial rights of the infant, covering expenses from the fetal stage to post-birth costs, including inheritance and bequests. Every financial entitlement and obligation for the child is the responsibility of the parents. The question arises, what financial rights does a child have according to Hanafi jurisprudence? The child is entitled to rights such as inheritance, bequest, endowment, gift, Aqeeqah, and maintenance, including food, clothing, and shelter. Through library research and a descriptive-analytical method, the findings reveal that, from the perspective of Hanafi jurisprudence, a child is entitled to financial rights such as inheritance, maintenance, Aqeeqah, circumcision, Tahnik, and similar rites after birth. Throughout history, the responsibility of human societies towards the child has been significant, with the primary responsibility lying with parents to protect them from harm and fulfill the rights emphasized by Islam. This includes ensuring their personal and social security with kindness and care, focusing on their financial rights such as inheritance, endowment, and maintenance, and addressing their education, physical and mental health, and all aspects of their lives as emphasized in Hanafi jurisprudence.

Perspectives of women and partners from migrant and refugee backgrounds accessing the Cross Cultural Worker Service in maternity and early childhood services—a survey study

BackgroundWomen from migrant and refugee backgrounds living in high-income countries have increased risk of adverse perinatal outcomes and report lower satisfaction with perinatal healthcare. In Sydney, Australia, a new service known as the Cross Cultural Workers (CCWs) in Maternity and Child and Family Health Service (the CCW Service) was implemented to support such women and families from pregnancy to the early parenting period. This study aimed to ascertain the experiences of women and their partners engaging with the CCW Service.MethodsA survey study was undertaken. Women accessing the CCW Service were recruited during pregnancy and were asked to complete surveys at three time points: in the third trimester of pregnancy, at 6 and 12 months postpartum. Their partners were invited to complete a survey at 6 months postpartum. Survey data were analysed to compare satisfaction, usefulness, number of CCW interactions, cultural sensitivity, and service improvement recommendations across all three survey timepoints.ResultsA total of 231 surveys were received: 113 during pregnancy, 50 at 6-months postpartum, 44 at 12-months postpartum, and 24 partner surveys. Participants in all surveys reported the CCW Service to be useful (84–94%), stating that it increased their understanding of pregnancy, birth and parenting (95–100%), and that they would recommend the CCW Service (92–98%). Participants experienced a high level of satisfaction (88–95%) irrespective of the number of CCW interactions (p = 0.42). Thoughts on becoming a mother or parent were more positive after meeting the CCW than before for both women (p = 0.01) and partners (p = 0.12). Suggestions for CCW Service improvement were to 1) increase the provision of information, specifically financial entitlements, postnatal depression, and support services, 2) increase involvement of partners in care, 3) increase the CCW workforce/or number of CCWs.ConclusionThe CCW Service was associated with positive experiences and high rates of satisfaction at all timepoints. This service has the potential to inform the implementation of similar models of care that improve accessibility, the perinatal experience, and respond to the unique needs of women and families from migrant and refugee backgrounds.

P2.23-03 The Role of The Mesothelioma UK Nurse Increases the Number of Patients Accessing Legal Representation, Financial Entitlement

P2.23-03 The Role of The Mesothelioma UK Nurse Increases the Number of Patients Accessing Legal Representation, Financial Entitlement

THE EFFECT OF DISCIPLINARY ACTION ON EMPLOYEE’S PROMOTION

The term "public job" refers to any task that a person engages in professionally for the purpose of maintaining his standard of living while acting under the direction of the government. A set of guidelines that assign rights to the employee and outline his tasks and obligations apply to this position. It requires a set of qualifications and terms of appointment, in which the employee bears the burdens and responsibilities that the public employee carries out to achieve the management goals related to the public interest and serving the public benefiting from public utilities. The administration allocates financial rights that include the salary, bonus and promotion that the employee deserves after being appointed to meet his needs and raise his standard of living. These rights have a direct impact on the person's life since they are associated to his monthly income and the money he is able to preserve as a result of obtaining these rights. It is in a constant state of change based on the length of his service, the qualifications he gains through school qualifications, the job entitlement he achieves via promotion, and the bonus that raises his salary. In exchange for these rights, he has specific obligations to perform his duties to run public utilities. The administration will impose disciplinary penalties on him in case he breaches these duties and commits violations. These types of disciplinary penalties are defined by the text of the law according to the type of violation committed by the competent authority. They have consequential effects targeting his financial rights, as they have a direct impact on his financial entitlements.

Effect of Compensation on Employee Job Performance of Deposit Money Banks in Kano State, Nigeria

This study examines the effect of compensation (measured by financial and non-financial compensation) on employees’ job performance at Deposit Money Banks (DMBs) in Kano State, Nigeria. The study adopted a survey research design. The population used for the study comprised 1382 out of which a sample size of 372 (including the attrition rate) was determined using Yamane's (1967) sample sizes determination formula and a convenient sampling technique was used to select the respondents. The study utilized an adapted questionnaire as the instrument for data collection. The data collected for the study were analyzed using Partial Least Square Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) in determining the measurement, structural models and hypotheses testing through SmartPLS 3.0 software. The study found that financial compensation has a positive and significant effect on employee job performance, while nonfinancial compensation has a positive but insignificant effect on employee job performance of DMBs in Kano State, Nigeria. The study concludes that compensation influences employees’ job performance at Deposit Money Banks (DMBs) in Kano State, Nigeria. It is therefore recommended that the management of DMBs in Kano State, Nigeria should continue to maintain their financial compensation practice to their employees by way of making prompt payment of all the financial entitlement of their staff and ensure proper management of payroll to gain employees' commitment to their jobs. The management of DMBs in Kano State, Nigeria should also pay attention to all non-financial compensation such as leaves, good working environment, welfare etc to their employees to motivate them to stay and be committed to their jobs.

Effect of Job Loss on Employees of PW Construction Company Abuja, Nigeria

This study examines the Effects of Job loss on employees in PW Company Ltd Abuja. The research is aimed to determine the process of job loss and the strategies to cushion the effect of affected workers. Hence, a survey design method was adopted as a means to collate data for the study. The population of the study comprised the entire 312 staff of PW Company between 2015-2020. Parametric statistics of ordinary least squares multiple regression was used to test the hypotheses in line with the objectives of the study. Questionnaires and personal interview on data for both recent and previous job loss were employed for proper analysis in this study. Findings indicate that there are lots of issues to consider before management make final decision on job loss. In addition, the manner in which the job loss is handled can reduce the effect it makes on affected employees. The study concluded that the impact of job loss on the affected employee has been measured and the discovery is very devastating. The study also recommended that, the management of PW Company Ltd Abuja need to embark on conscious assessment of the employees to know whether job loss is actually necessary before starting the process, The management of PW Company Ltd should always ensure that, employees penciled down for job loss should be notified on time, encouraged, motivated, counseled and advised professionally to enable them see the possibilities of surviving the impact and also make available their financial entitlement before rendering workers job loss redundant at their work places.

Financial abuse of older people by third parties in banking institutions: a qualitative exploration

AbstractFinancial abuse is a significant form of elder maltreatment and is frequently ranked in the top two most common forms of abuse perpetration. Despite this, it is under-identified, under-reported and under-prosecuted. Financial institutions, such as banks, are important environments for identifying and responding to the financial abuse of older people. Traditionally, banks have not always been part of inter-sectorial responses to financial abuse, yet are important stakeholders. The aim of this study is to explore perceptions and experiences of financial abuse in five national banks. Data were collected from 20 bank managers and five members of the National Safeguarding Committee in the Republic of Ireland. Using thematic analysis, four themes were identified: defining a vulnerable adult; cases of financial abuse of vulnerable adults; case responses to financial abuse of vulnerable adults; and contextual issues. The data demonstrate the multiplicity of manifestations and the complexity of case investigation and management. Findings point to the need to enhance banks’ responses, through additional education and training, and promote integrated inter-sectorial collaboration. In addition, a change in societal beliefs is needed regarding financial entitlement, responding to ageism, public awareness of the consequences of financial decisions and types of financial abuse, as well as ensuring such crimes are addressed within the legal system.

Financial Interventions to Increase Vaccine Coverage.

Recent vaccine mandates in Australia, as in other high income settings, have sought to change the behavior of parents, including those who would otherwise access nonmedical exemptions. Since 2014, Australian state governments have introduced and progressively tightened policies restricting the access of unvaccinated children to early education and child care. In 2016, the Federal Government removed financial entitlements and subsidies from nonvaccinating families. We sought to ascertain the impact of these policies on vaccine coverage rates by state, and also to consider their impact on communities with high numbers of registered refusers. Interrupted time series models were fitted by using the Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average framework to test for changes in trend in vaccination rates following implementation of government policies. Australian vaccine coverage rates were rising before the vaccine mandates and continued to do so subsequently, with no statistically significant changes to coverage rates associated with the interventions. The exception was New South Wales, where vaccine coverage rates were static before the policy intervention, but were increasing at an annual rate of 1.25% after (P < .001). The impact of the policies was indistinguishable between communities with high, medium and low numbers of registered vaccine refusers. In our study, we show that childhood vaccine coverage continued on its positive trajectory without any conclusive evidence of impact of mandatory policies. Overseas policymakers looking to increase coverage rates would be well-advised to examine the contribution of pre-existing and parallel nonmandatory interventions employed by Australian governments to the country's enhanced coverage.

Fair go: pay research participants properly or not at all

We thank the authors of the five commentaries for their careful and highly constructive consideration of our paper,1 which has enabled us to develop our proposal. Participation in research has...

Determining the informational needs of family caregivers of people with intellectual disability who require palliative care: A qualitative study.

People with intellectual disabilities are living longer, and many require palliative care. There is a lack of evidence regarding information needs which may exist for their family caregivers. This study aimed to determine the informational needs of family caregivers of people with intellectual disabilities who require palliative care. A qualitative, exploratory design was underpinned by the Transactional Model of Stress and Coping and the Transformative Paradigm. The study involved five Health and Social Care (HSC) Trusts and two Hospices in one region of the United Kingdom. Family caregivers (n = 10) participated in individual interviews. HSC professionals' (n = 28) perceptions of informational needs were explored within focus groups (n = 6). Family caregivers reported information needs chiefly concerning the disease, financial entitlements, and practical support which could change over the disease trajectory. Findings evidence the expertise of long-term family caregivers, prior to the end of life. Palliative care and intellectual disability teams acknowledged their role to work in partnership and facilitate access to information. Recommendations were mapped onto a co-designed logic model. New insights into the specific informational needs of this family caregiving population. A co-designed logic model presents these needs and how they may be addressed. Central co-ordinators have been advocated for these caregivers. This model could have international applicability for similar family carers, supporting people with other disabilities or cognitive impairment, and should be further explored.

Healthcare vouchers for better elderly services? Input from private healthcare service providers in Hong Kong.

Hong Kong's health system comprises parallel and segmented public and private financed and provided sectors, in which access to the limited public primary healthcare has been an issue. This gave the government the impetus to implement the Elderly Healthcare Voucher Scheme since 2009, providing Hong Kong resident aged 65 and above an annual entitlement of HK$2,000 to purchase private primary healthcare. This was to reduce the demand for public healthcare and encourage the use of private preventive care and chronic disease management. To evaluate the effectiveness and impact of the voucher scheme, in-depth understanding from the providers' perspectives on implementation barriers and facilitators was studied. The perspectives of 33 service providerswere sought through five focus group discussions and seven telephone interviews between 2016 and 2017. Mixed sampling strategies were used, and the discussion covered three main areas: (a) factors that affect the impact of voucher scheme in bridging the private and public primary healthcare sector; (b) perceived barriers to participation in the voucher scheme and (c) potential enhancement of the voucher scheme. Participants agreed that the voucher scheme encouraged uptake of private primary care for acute episodes, but not for chronic disease management and rehabilitation due to inadequate financial entitlements and the elderly persons' lack of knowledge on the services covered. Low financial incentives, tedious administrative work and inadequate communications were identified as barriers for enrolment. The voucher scheme has resulted in increased utilisation of private primary healthcare but has not reduced the demand for public primary healthcare. Fundamental questions remain about the scheme's potential role in improving universal health coverage and financial sustainability which are related to the program design and to whether this is the better mechanism, or a complementary mechanism to address some of the more complex health system priorities including better chronic disease management.

Building \u2018implicit partnerships\u2019? Financial long-term care entitlements in Europe

The design of public subsidies for long-term care (LTC) programmes to support frail, elderly individuals in Europe is subject to both tight budget constraints and increasing demand preassures for care. However, what helps overcoming the constraints that modify LTC entitlements? We provide a unifying explanation of the conditions that facilitate the modification of public financial entitlements to LTC. We build on the concept of ‘implicit partnerships’, an implicit (or ‘silent’) agreement, encompassing the financial co-participation of both public funders, and families either by both allocating time and/or financial resources to caregiving. Next, we provide suggestive evidence of policy reforms modifying public entitlements in seven European countries which can be classified as either ‘implicit user partnerships’ or ‘implicit caregiver partnerships’. Finally, we show that taxpayers attitudes mirror the specific type of implicit partnership each country has adopted. Hence, we conclude that the modification of long-term care entitlements require the formation of some type of ‘implicit partnership'.

Non-take-up of student financial aid—A microsimulation for Germany

ABSTRACTWe estimate the percentage of eligible students who do not take up their federal need-based student financial aid entitlements in a microsimulation model for the German Socio-Economic Panel Study 2002–2013. We find that about 40% of the eligible low-income students do not take up their entitlements. Non-take-up is inversely and rather inelastically related to the level of benefits. We investigate possible reasons for non-take-up, accounting for potential sample selection and endogeneity issues; and discuss policy implications.

The anti-therapeutic effects of workers' compensation in China: The case of seafarers

Workplace injuries are a serious public health problem, potentially leading to loss of earnings, medical expenses, disability and even death for working people. Maritime transport workers – seafarers – are exposed to higher risks of workplace injuries than is the general land-based workforce. China has the world's largest population of international seafarers. Under Chinese law, as elsewhere, losses from workplace accidents are compensated in the form of financial entitlements. However, Chinese seafarers face tremendous challenges in the workers' compensation claim process.This paper investigates the experiences of Chinese seafarers in claiming this compensation, in order to assess the protective capacity of Chinese workers' compensation, known as the Work-Related Injury Insurance System. Drawing on therapeutic jurisprudence, it explores the anti-therapeutic effects that Chinese seafarers confront in the claims process. Based on an analysis of regulatory documents and interview data with the informants – including seafarers, their family members and managerial professionals in the shipping industry – the findings suggest that current work-related injury insurance is unable to provide sufficient assistance for Chinese seafarers. Instead of obtaining effective therapeutic remedies following accidental trauma, Chinese seafarers (and their families) are indeed likely to suffer additional harm in the process of claiming compensation. The paper suggests that further measures should be adopted to improve work-related injury insurance coverage among seafarers, and that efficient sanctions should be strengthened against infringements of seafarers' rights.

Perceptions of care and patient-reported outcomes in people living with neuroendocrine tumours.

Neuroendocrine tumours (NETs) are rare, and when metastatic NETs are incurable, the tumours are frequently slowly growing. Patients may be confronted with disease-specific problems and distinct issues when accessing health-care. We aimed to assess perceptions of care coordination, identify unmet needs, and examine if these varied by whether patients received specialist oncology care in a single hospital or shared between that and another hospital. We also quantified anxiety, depression, and NET-related physical symptoms. We conducted a cross-sectional survey of 111 NET patients managed at Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital. Validated surveys measured care coordination (CCCQ), unmet needs (SCNS-SF34), anxiety and depression (HADS), and quality of life and symptoms (FACT). Participants were between 2months and 27years after diagnosis. The worst-ranked items on the CCCQ related to health professionals having a full case history, providing information about financial entitlements and asking about how well patients and their families were coping. People with shared care were significantly less satisfied with some aspects of care. One in three participants reported a moderate-to-high unmet need for help with fatigue and one in four with psychological concerns about their cancer spreading, uncertainty about their future, and about the worries of those close to them. Overall, 30% of participants had anxiety and 20% had depression and they had significantly lower physical and emotional well-being compared to the general population. NETs are experienced as a chronic illness. In addition to ongoing psychological and physical symptom management, improvements to case history documentation and discussions about coping and finance are recommended.

Building Implicit Partnershipss? Financial Long Term Care Entitlements in Europe

The public funding of long-term care (LTC) programs to support the frail elderly is still underdeveloped compared to other areas of social protection for old age. In Europe, any moves to broaden entitlements to LTC are impeded by increasing demand for care coinciding with constrained public finances. We examine a set of conditions that facilitate modifications to the financial entitlement to LTC and elaborate the concept of ‘implicit partnerships’: an implicit (or ‘silent’) agreement, encompassing the financial co-participation of public funders and the time and/or financial resources of users and their families. We argue that the successful building of ‘implicit partnerships’ opens the door to potential reform of financial entitlements, either through ‘user partnerships’ relying on users’ co-payments, or ‘caregiver partnerships’ relying on informal care provision. We examine entitlements over time in seven European countries; the EU-5, the Netherlands and Sweden. Furthermore, we show that public attitudes towards financing and provision of LTC support the country specific financial entitlements and the type of implicit partnership we identify.

It’s Much More Than Money! Relations Between Adolescents’ Financial Entitlement and Behavioral Outcomes

The present study examined the relations between financial entitlement and adolescent gratitude, prosocial behavior, and aggression; and the mediating role of sympathy. The sample consisted of 321 children (160 boys, Mage at Time 2 = 12.29, SD = 1.02) from Times 2, 3, and 4 of the Flourishing Families Project. Adolescents reported on financial entitlement at Time 2, on sympathy at Time 3, and on gratitude, prosocial behavior, and aggression at Time 4. Structural equation model tests showed that adolescents’ financial entitlement was negatively associated with sympathy, which in turn was positively associated with gratitude and prosocial behavior. Adolescents’ financial entitlement was also directly and positively associated with aggression. Discussion focuses on implications for understanding the consequences of financial entitlement on adolescent behaviors.

Ability to Work among Patients with ESKD: Relevance of Quality Care Metrics

Enabling patient ability to work was a key rationale for enacting the United States (US) Medicare program that provides financial entitlement to renal replacement therapy for persons with end-stage kidney disease (ESKD). However, fewer than half of working-age individuals in the US report the ability to work after starting maintenance hemodialysis (HD). Quality improvement is a well-established objective in oversight of the dialysis program, but a more patient-centered quality assessment approach is increasingly advocated. The ESKD Quality Incentive Program (QIP) initiated in 2012 emphasizes clinical performance indicators, but a newly-added measure requires the monitoring of patient depression—an issue that is important for work ability and employment. We investigated depression scores and four dialysis-specific QIP measures in relation to work ability reported by a multi-clinic cohort of 528 working-age maintenance HD patients. The prevalence of elevated depression scores was substantially higher among patients who said they were not able to work, while only one of the four dialysis-specific clinical measures differed for patients able/not able to work. Ability to work may be among patients’ top priorities. As the parameters of quality assessment continue to evolve, increased attention to patient priorities might facilitate work ability and employment outcomes.

The market turn: from social democracy to market liberalism

AbstractSocial democracy and market liberalism provide different solutions to the same problem: how to provide for life‐cycle dependency. Social democracy makes lateral transfers from producers to dependents by means of progressive taxation. Market liberalism uses financial markets to transfer financial entitlement over time. Social democracy came up against the upper limits of public expenditure in the 1970s. The ‘market turn’ from social democracy to market liberalism was enabled by liberalized credit in the 1980s. Much of this was absorbed into homeownership, which attracted majorities of households (and voters) in the developed world. Early movers did well, but eventually easy credit drove house prices beyond the reach of younger cohorts. Debt service diminished effective demand, which instigated financial instability. Both social democracy and market liberalism are currently in crisis.