Financial Benefits Research Articles

기업의 역량에 따른 정부 지원 혜택이 벤처기업의 장기 성장 전망에 미치는 영향

[Purpose] This study was designed to examine whether there is a difference in the impact of support for each company’s capabilities on long－term growth for venture companies. [Methodology] Analysis was conducted through a questionnaire method, using SPSS statistical analysis company, and multiple regression analysis method was used. [Findings] First, in a sample of all companies, it was found that the more financial support benefits and image benefits the company received, the higher the long－term growth prospects of the company. Second, in the sample divided by each competency, companies with high development capabilities were found to have higher long－term growth prospects as they received higher financial support benefits, and for companies with high manufacturing capabilities, companies with higher technical manpower benefits were found to have higher marketing capabilities. It was found that the higher the financial support benefits, the higher the long－term growth prospects. Third, in a sample where all companies were asked to select only one excellent competency for each company, companies with high development capabilities showed a negative significance in the long－term growth prospects of technical manpower deposits, and companies with high manufacturing capabilities showed negative significance. Technical manpower benefits and image benefits showed a significant positive relationship with long－term growth prospects, and companies with high marketing capabilities did not show a significant relationship with any benefits. [Implications] Through this study, it was empirically proven that government support is more effective when it provides benefits tailored to each company rather than universal support.

A Machine Walks into an Exhibit: A Technical Analysis of Art Curation

Contemporary art consumption is predominantly online, driven by algorithmic recommendation systems that dictate artwork visibility. Despite not being designed for curation, these algorithms’ machinic ways of seeing play a pivotal role in shaping visual culture, influencing artistic creation, visibility, and associated social and financial benefits. The Algorithmic Pedestal was a gallery, practice-based research project that reported gallerygoers’ perceptions of a human’s curation and curation achieved by Instagram’s algorithm. This paper presents a technical analysis of the same exhibit using computer vision code, offering insights into machines’ perception of visual art. The computer vision code assigned values on various metrics to each image, allowing statistical comparisons to identify differences between the collections of images selected by the human and the algorithmic system. The analysis reveals statistically significant differences between the exhibited images and the broader Metropolitan Museum of Art digital collection. However, the analysis found minimal distinctions between human-curated and Instagram-curated images. This study contributes insights into the perceived value of the curation process, shedding light on how audiences perceive artworks differently from machines using computer vision.

Financial Benefits of Renal Dose-Adjusted Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4 Inhibitors for Patients with Type 2 Diabetes and Chronic Kidney Disease.

Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP4) inhibitors are frequently prescribed for patients with type 2 diabetes; however, their cost can pose a significant barrier for those with impaired kidney function. This study aimed to estimate the economic benefits of substituting non-renal dose-adjusted (NRDA) DPP4 inhibitors with renal dose-adjusted (RDA) DPP4 inhibitors in patients with both impaired kidney function and type 2 diabetes. This retrospective cohort study was conducted from January 1, 2012 to December 31, 2018, using data obtained from common data models of five medical centers in Korea. Model 1 applied the prescription pattern of participants with preserved kidney function to those with impaired kidney function. In contrast, model 2 replaced all NRDA DPP4 inhibitors with RDA DPP4 inhibitors, adjusting the doses of RDA DPP4 inhibitors based on individual kidney function. The primary outcome was the cost difference between the two models. In total, 67,964,996 prescription records were analyzed. NRDA DPP4 inhibitors were more frequently prescribed to patients with impaired kidney function than in those with preserved kidney function (25.7%, 51.3%, 64.3%, and 71.6% in patients with estimated glomerular filtration rates [eGFRs] of ≥60, <60, <45, and <30 mL/min/1.73 m2, respectively). When model 1 was applied, the cost savings per year were 7.6% for eGFR <60 mL/min/1.73 m2 and 30.4% for eGFR <30 mL/min/1.73 m2. According to model 2, 15.4% to 51.2% per year could be saved depending on kidney impairment severity. Adjusting the doses of RDA DPP4 inhibitors based on individual kidney function could alleviate the economic burden associated with medical expenses.

Experiences of breast milk donors in Sweden: balancing the motivation to do something good with overcoming the challenges it entails

BackgroundInfants requiring neonatal care often face initial breastfeeding challenges, leading them to receive expressed breast milk from their mother or donor milk. While emphasizing the mother’s own milk as the gold standard for infant nutrition, the utilization of donor milk stands as the preferred alternative over infant formula due to its numerous benefits. To facilitate the provision of donor milk to preterm and ill infants in neonatal units, the active participation of women willing to contribute their breast milk is crucial. This study aims to enhance the understanding of women’s experiences in the donation process, thereby contributing to efforts aiming at alleviating the shortage of donated breast milk by improve the care and support for breast milk donors.MethodsThis descriptive qualitative study took an inductive approach based on individual semi-structured interviews conducted during 2021 with 15 breast milk donors in Sweden. The data were analysed with thematic analysis.ResultsTwo themes were identified in the analysis: motivation to donate and challenges to overcome. Many of the women struggled to overcome the apparent challenges of not only starting the process of donating breast milk but also maintaining it. Despite the strain, they were motivated to donate their breast milk and seeking information by themselves to do something important for someone else. Only a few of the women talked about the financial benefits of donating breast milk; donating seemed to be mostly based on altruistic reasons.ConclusionsDespite the challenges posed by COVID-19 restrictions, time consumption, and the hard work of sterilizing pump utensils, women continued to donate their milk driven by altruism. To enhance donor support and increase milk donation, several improvements are suggested: providing comprehensive information and resources, simplifying the donation process, offering flexible scheduling, and recognizing donors’ contributions.

Does the Innovative City Pilot Policy Promote Urban Energy Use Efficiency? Evidence from China

The innovative city pilot policy (ICPP) is a key policy practice in China’s innovation-driven economic strategy, yet its influence on urban energy use efficiency (UEUE) has yet to be assessed. This study used balanced panel data from Chinese cities from the period of 2006 to 2022 to investigate the impact of innovative cities on urban energy consumption efficiency. The double-difference method, which treats creative cities as quasi-natural experiments, was applied to identify the impact mechanism of these cities. Additionally, this study looked at heterogeneity from several angles and assessed the effects of the policy on the environment. Following thorough testing to guarantee the reliability of the findings of this study—such as changing variables, ruling out further policy interferences, and running placebo tests—it can be concluded that the pilot program significantly improves urban energy consumption. The mechanism analysis performed in this study shows that, via talent concentration, utilizing technology, and optimizing the industrial structure, the creative city pilot policies increase energy consumption efficiency. Additionally, a heterogeneity analysis shows that eastern cities and cities with a high degree of digital finance benefit most from the legislation in terms of energy consumption efficiency. The application of creative city pilot programs has a more noticeable effect on increasing the energy consumption efficiency in eastern cities, as well as in cities with a high degree of digital infrastructure and digital finance, according to the heterogeneity analysis. Furthermore, an environmental consequence test shows that, by encouraging the growth of UEUE, the development of innovative cities can successfully help to reduce carbon emissions.

Fostering sustainable consumer behaviour: Unravelling the determinants of repair intentions for smart appliances

Consumer demand for repair services is vital for prolonging product lifespan, yet factors influencing the repair intention for smart appliances remain unclear. Addressing this gap, we propose an extended theory of planned behaviour, incorporating four additional constructs: environmental knowledge, cost of repair, financial benefit, and data security. We collected data from 383 participants in the United Kingdom, which we analysed using a partial least squares approach. Results reveal that the cost of repair, perceived behavioural control, attitude, and financial benefit directly impact repair intention, while subjective norms do not. Environmental knowledge indirectly influences repair intention through attitude mediation, and data security's impact is not moderated by attitude. This extended theory offers a theoretical foundation for future related studies, providing insights for repair providers, environmental NGOs, and policymakers. Our findings can inform interventions promoting repair behaviour and guide policies incentivising consumers, thus increasing the demand for repair services.

Return on Investment: Explanation and a Case Study.

Nurses are uniquely positioned to significantly impact organizational and system improvement through improving quality and reducing costs. Using an evidenced based tool to identify costs and the financial benefit involved in any quality improvement project is invaluable in developing and evaluating proposals and allocation of resources to support the organization's financial health and viability. The return on investment analysis is an essential accounting tool that will provide nurse leaders with critical information quantifying costs and benefits of both financial and nonfinancial metrics to identify the feasibility, efficacy, risk or efficiency of a proposed project.

Employee Well-being: An Emerging Strategy for Human Capital Management

Wellbeing is fundamentally associated with numerous aspects in one's life say health, job, family, community, environment, and financial benefits to name a few of them. The term employee wellbeing is very comprehensive and hence it has a widespread impact not only on the employee's performance at the workplace and her/his life at home but also creates a great impact on the organizations where they are working. After the COVID-19 pandemic employers are focusing more on wellbeing now than ever before. On one side it is seen that this pandemic has introduced the Work from Home (WFH) concept more rigorously and employees could balance work and life profoundly. In contrast, on the other side, some found juggling between work and life, as there are no distinctive boundaries between work and life. When employees can maintain healthy and positive mental states, they can take on their roles confidently and enthusiastically, leading to higher productivity and job satisfaction. This article explores the concept of employee well-being, examining its advantages for organizations and current practices in Indian companies. Further, it offers recommendations for strategies that organizations can implement to enhance employee well-being.

Legal Enforcement for Limited Companies that Do Not Implement Corporate Social Responsibility

Supporting the Company's business activities, CSR must be implemented not only as an implementation of responsibility but also as an obligation for the business world. CSR can be said to be future savings for companies to gain profits. The benefits obtained are not just financial benefits but more on the trust of the surrounding community and stakeholders based on the principles of volunteerism and partnership. The formulation of the problem in this research is how to enforce the law for Limited Liability Companies that do not implement Corporate Social Responsibility. This research uses a normative type of research. The results of this research are that Limited Liability Companies have an obligation to implement CSR. However, if a Limited Liability Company does not implement CSR, there are no legal sanctions related to Limited Liability Companies that do not implement CSR. If there are no regulations that enforce it, many companies will ignore CSR provisions and this will become an obstacle in the future in implementing CSR.

Gaining Traction on Social Aspects of E-Biking: A Scoping Review

E-biking is alluring for its various physical, environmental, and financial benefits and the ability to travel farther and faster, and being physically easier to ride than astride an analog (traditional) bicycle. E-bikes are also a source of controversy, especially in places where analog bicycles have been allowed but e-bikes represent a “slippery slope” of technology permissions and/or in situations where the function of e-bikes may increase concerns about safety. Despite an increase in use and conversation about such use, academic literature focused on e-bikes’ social aspects remains sparse. The objective of this work is to describe the existing literature on the characteristics of social aspects of e-biking, particularly in leisure contexts. Analyzing the literature on e-bike social research is crucial considering e-bikes’ rapid rise in popularity and potential effects on access, inclusion, leisure, and sustainability. As e-bike prevalence and use increases worldwide, it is important to understand what topics characterize the existing e-bike literature, and, particularly in leisure-focused studies, to ascertain where studies may lend insight toward aims of inclusive and sustainable access, and related policy considerations. The Integrated Recreation Amenities Framework (IRAF) provides a conceptual framework for considering this question, as it focuses on the topical, spatial, and temporal scales of outdoor leisure-related activities toward sustainable conditions and explicitly provides an opportunity for emergent and case-specific factors to be considered alongside established ones. In this work, we explore the following: (1) How are e-bikes discussed across disciplines? and (2) How are e-bikes discussed in leisure-focused articles? Using a scoping review approach, we analyzed a corpus of 279 peer-reviewed articles relevant to the social aspects of e-bikes. Primarily using the IRAF for conceptual framing, our results center the geographies and contexts, topical areas, interdisciplinarity, and emergent additional social considerations of e-biking in general and in leisure-specific studies. The results enable us to connect interdisciplinary topic discussions and suggest where foundational and connective studies are warranted. This can inform decision making related to e-bike adoption, encourage multi-scalar thinking, and extend interdisciplinary research.

Self-attention transformer model for pan evaporation prediction: a case study in Australia

ABSTRACT In drought-prone regions like Australia, accurately assessing evaporation rates is essential for effectively managing and maximising the use of precious water resources and reservoirs. Current estimates show that evaporation reduces Australia's open water lake capacity by about 40% annually. With climate change, this water loss is expected to become an even greater concern. This study investigates a transformer-based neural network (TNN) to estimate monthly evaporation in three Australian locations. The models were trained and tested using monthly weather data spanning from 2009 to 2022. Input parameters were chosen based on Pearson's correlation coefficient values to identify the most impactful combinations. The developed TNN model was compared with two widely used empirical methods, namely Thornthwaite and Stephens and Stewart. The TNN model's impressive accuracy in evaporation prediction, attributed to its unique self-attention mechanism, suggests its promising potential for future use in evaporation forecasting. Additionally, the study revealed an intriguing result: Despite using the same input datasets, the TNN model surpassed traditional methods, achieving an average improvement of 18% in prediction accuracy. The TNN prediction model accurately predicts water loss (average R² = 0.970), supports irrigation management and agricultural planning and offers financial benefits to farming and related industries.

Incentive and Supervision Mechanism for Operation and Maintenance of Mega Railway Infrastructure Based on Principal-Agent Theory

This study incorporates fairness preference theory into the principal-agent model to address the challenges arising from information asymmetry between the government and railway infrastructure operation and maintenance (O&M) companies. It develops an incentive and supervision model for the management of mega railway infrastructure operations and maintenance, considering two perspectives: full rationality and fairness preference. The models are compared and analyzed, exploring the costs of government supervision and the changes in expected benefits when equity preference is taken into account. The conclusions are supported by numerical examples and visual analysis, illustrating the impact of different variable parameters on the behavioral strategies of the government and O&M companies. The findings demonstrate that a well-designed incentive and supervision mechanism can effectively regulate the behavior of railway infrastructure O&M companies. The effort level of O&M companies is positively correlated with the intensity of government incentives and supervision. Moreover, from the perspective of fairness preference, transferring some financial benefits from the government to O&M companies not only increases their extra effort but also reduces government’s supervision costs, while the government’s expected utility gain depends on the strength of “reciprocity” exhibited by O&M companies.

High-stable all-iron redox flow battery with innovative anolyte based on steric hindrance regulation.

All-soluble all-iron redox flow batteries (AIRFBs) are an innovative energy storage technology that offer significant financial benefits. Stable and affordable redox-active materials are essential for the commercialization of AIRFBs, yet the battery stability must be significantly improved to achieve practical value. Herein, ferrous complexes combined with the triisopropanolamine (TIPA) ligand are identified as promising anolytes to extend battery life by reducing cross-contamination due to a pronounced steric hindrance effect. The coordination structure and failure mechanism of our Fe-TIPA complexes were determined by molecular dynamics simulation and spectroscopic experiments. By coupling with [Fe(CN)6]4 -/3- , Fe-TIPA/Fe-CN AIRFBs retained excellent stability exceeding 1831 cycles at 80 mA·cm -2 , yielding an energy efficiency of ~80% and maintaining a steady discharge capacity. Moreover, the all-soluble electrolyte was tested in an industrial-scale Fe-TIPA/Fe-CN AIRFB prototype energy storage system, where an energy efficiency of 81.3% was attained. Given the abundance of iron resources, we model the TIPA AIRFB electrolyte cost to be as low as 32.37 $/kWh, which is significantly cheaper than the current commercial level. This work demonstrates that steric hindrance is an effective measure to extended battery life, facilitating the commercial development of affordable flow batteries.

The Advent of Generative AI and Financial Industry

Purpose: This paper explores the recent literature on Generative AI applications in the financial industry and delineates its role in the future. Methodology: Our paper follows secondary research analyzing current literature on Generative AI in finance. It is one of the essential tools for understanding background information, identifying research problems, and filling the literature gaps. This paper studies how Generative AI has potential financial benefits and risks, providing unique insights into the financial landscape in the coming years. Findings: The findings unveil that Generative AI can become a strategic tool to redefine financial services and operational effectiveness. It can substantially improve the services by reducing costs, bringing efficiency, and enhancing corporate performance. It has the enormous transformative power to revolutionize client product and service offerings, improving risk management assessments and bringing efficiency to operations. However, our study indicates that the financial service industry can get into practices and decisions that are potentially unethical and financial exclusion due to an embedded bias in its algorithm and design of Generative AI technologies. Since Generative AI continues to evolve, its role and effectiveness in decision-making are expected to shape the financial services landscape significantly. Unique Contribution to Theory, Practice, and Policy: Generative AI can be a game changer for the financial industry, fueling digital transformation across industries. The transformative potential of generative AI can optimize operations, revolutionize customer experiences, and drive innovation seamlessly in finance. Our paper suggests how policymakers can foresee the challenges ahead due to the Generative AI in finance services, which is challenging the existing regulatory landscape. To stay ahead in the competition, financial firms must balance data privacy and algorithmic bias and ensure the responsible use of AI.

Case study on multi-objective Modified Supply-Demand-based Optimization Algorithm for energy-efficient building retrofitting

Investing in energy-efficient retrofitting of existing buildings requires a robust decision-making framework. This study develops a multi-objective optimization technique to assist designers in minimizing payback time and maximizing energy savings within a specified initial investment. The proposed method utilizes a novel metaheuristic, the Modified Supply-Demand-Based Optimization Algorithm (MSDOA), to achieve optimal decisions. The model was tested on nine case studies involving buildings with various facilities, demonstrating its effectiveness. For example, an investment of $190,000 resulted in a payback period of less than three years and energy savings of over 10 % of the baseline consumption. The model considers initial investment, net present value (NPV), payback period, and energy targets as constraints. To evaluate the model's robustness, a sensitivity analysis was performed, examining the impact of varying initial investments, energy savings miscalculations, auditing errors, changes in electrical power costs, and interest rates. The results indicate that higher investments consistently lead to increased energy savings, though the payback period may vary. The MSDOA showed superior convergence speed compared to other algorithms, ensuring more reliable and accurate optimization outcomes. This study confirms the validity of the proposed design and highlights its potential for significant energy savings and financial benefits in building retrofitting projects.

Rental Housing Supply and Build-to-Rent Conundrum in Australia

Traditionally, rental housing has been supplied by a large pool of individual investors who own a few units and invest their savings, with some leverage, to take advantage of the tax regime in Australia. The last five years have seen the emergence of build-to-rent (BTR) units, which are supplied by investors who own a large number of units. The state of Victoria in Australia has the largest share of these projects. In the current market and regulatory environment, the financial viability of BTR projects is low for investors and hinges on the ability of units to be leased at higher than market rents. This paper examines four groups of levers, including those already being pursued by the building industry, that can be used to improve the financial viability of BTRs. These include: (i) revenue maximization, (ii) cost reduction (iii) fiscal and (iv) planning incentives. An archetypical BTR project which mimics current practice is considered, assumed to be in Docklands, Victoria, where several BTR projects are planned. For the robustness check, a feasibility analysis is conducted for a site in North Melbourne, a neighbourhood in Victoria with several BTR projects. The results indicate that for revenue maximization, the mix of unit types in a BTR project should be location-specific, as market preferences (and the characteristics of renters) determine the rent for different types of units that can be achieved. In a conventional BTR project development, where land is bought upfront and the project is developed, the mixed-use BTR (residential in combination with commercial) does not provide significant financial benefits though including small retail (3–4% of the net lettable area) may provide complementary benefits. Incurring large capital costs upfront and having the revenue stream spread over long periods reduces financial viability. While construction costs are more difficult to reduce, ways to reduce land costs could be through zoning land for BTR use, through mechanisms such as joint ventures with landowners, and land leasing. Exemptions on income, land tax, and rates (like CHPs) can result in a higher return for investors. A full GST refund, an incentive that industry is lobbying for, results in a similar IRR as an exemption on income, land tax and rates would offer. These results will assist in determining priorities for policies that are aimed at BTR.

Mitigating economic losses and prospects for the development of the energy sector in the Republic of Kosovo

The purpose of the study was to analyse the current economic problems in the energy sector of Kosovo and to develop effective strategies to overcome them, in particular ways to minimise losses and increase the stability of the energy system, as well as to study opportunities for ensuring the country’s long-term development and energy security. The main focus was on the economic impact of implementing international energy standards, particularly European ones, within Kosovo’s national policy and development strategy. The analysis emphasised the financial benefits and challenges associated with aligning the country’s energy sector with EU directives, especially those related to renewable energy sources and energy efficiency. Key areas of the study included the economic potential of enhancing energy security, promoting renewable energy development, and reducing reliance on fossil fuels. Additionally, the study evaluated the economic implications of these reforms on Kosovo’s energy market and overall economic growth trajectory. The study also included an economic analysis that assessed possible economic losses associated with the transition to renewable energy sources. Risks were considered, including job losses in traditional energy sectors such as coal and the significant financial costs required to upgrade infrastructure. However, the study found that the long-term benefits of a green energy transition, including increased energy security, reduced dependence on energy imports and improved environmental conditions, outweigh the short-term economic costs. The results showed that although the economic transition is accompanied by significant financial costs, the long-term benefits, such as increased energy security and reduced emissions, are substantial. The study highlights the importance of further reforms and investments to ensure the sustainable development of Kosovo’s energy sector, as well as the country’s integration into the European energy environment

The “6th R” of sustainability: Repurposing operating room waste for community benefit

BackgroundOperating rooms contribute greatly to hospital waste and greenhouse gas production. Efforts to “green the operating room” have focused on the 5R's of sustainability: reduce, reuse, recycle, rethink, and research. We propose a “6th R” —repurposing— as simple yet effective means of addressing operating room waste. MethodsClean, non-reusable surgical supplies were collected from a satellite facility of a children's hospital during a six-week pilot program. Materials were catalogued and repurposed throughout the community. The potential financial benefits were estimated based upon the value of repurposed goods and savings from reduced waste disposal. ResultsOver 960 items were collected during the 6-week pilot. Materials ranging from plastic trays to surgical towels were donated to organizations throughout the community. Approximate retail value of repurposed items was over $1200. When extrapolated to the entire hospital system, these repurposing efforts could account for over $50,000 in donations and $1300 in operational savings over a calendar year. ConclusionsRepurposing unused surgical items provide environmental, societal, and financial benefits, all while promoting more sustainable healthcare systems.

Enhancing hydrogen production via dry reforming of methane: Optimization of Co and Ni on scandia-ceria-zirconia supports for catalytic efficiency and economic feasibility

The Novel “Scandia-ceria incorporated zirconia” (10ScCeZr) is a well-recognized material in ceramic and solid oxide electrolytes due to stable phases (like cubic ZrO2) and oxide conducting phases (like hexagonal Sc4Zr3O12 phases). The objective of the current study is to introduce 10ScCeZr as support for bearing a proportional ratio of active sites (Ni and Co), investigating catalytic performance in DRM and studying the economic viability with respect to other catalysts. The 10ScCeZr support is used first time where the concentration of ceria is minimal to minimize the risk of oxidation of active sites but achieve the benefit of mobile lattice oxygen along with scandia and zirconia. Upon dispersion of different proportions of Ni and Co over 10ScCeZr, the reducibility pattern, stability of active sites, stability of oxide vacancy, and type of carbon deposit are modified markedly. Upon using 3: 1 Ni and Co over 10ScCeZr, the crystallinity of the catalyst is minimal, and the total concentration of active site and stable active sites doesn’t fluctuate more than 5Ni/10ScCeZr, and active sites are majorly derived by NiO. During the DRM, less inert carbon is deposited over the catalyst (than 5Ni/10ScCeZr). These physiochemical modifications over 3.75Ni1.25Co/10ScCeZr result in the highest 45 % H2 yield at 700 °C and 79 % H2 yield at 800 °C at the end of 300 min. The significant high operational savings due to the 0.44 % increased H2-yield validate the long-term financial benefits upon industrialization of the current catalyst. Now, this catalyst is open for further investigation on promotors’ effect and process optimization for developing a high-performance catalyst with excellent savings in H2-production through DRM.

Analysis of economic viability of commercial mulberry saplings regeneration using conventional stem propagation method

The economics of stem cutting propagation in mulberry provides a profound insight into the cost-effectiveness and financial benefits of this method compared to other propagation techniques. Stem cutting propagation are widely recognized for its efficiency which involves taking cuttings from a mature mulberry plant and rooting them to produce new plants. This method is particularly advantageous due to its lower initial costs and simplicity compared to alternatives like tissue culture or seed propagation. Economically, stem cutting eliminates the need for expensive seeds and reduces the risk associated with seedling variability thereby leading to more consistent crop quality and yield. The initial capital investment is relatively modest and covering primarily labour and materials for the cuttings and rooting environment. Furthermore, the reduced time frame for producing mature plants accelerates the return on investment thereby providing a quicker pathway to profitability. Analyzing the cost components including labour, equipment and consumables, reveals that while there are ongoing expenses such as maintenance and care of the cuttings these are often outweighed by the savings and benefits derived from a successful propagation cycle. Stem cutting propagation also offers scalability thereby allowing for the expansion of mulberry cultivation with minimal additional costs. The method's ultimate economic advantage lies in its capacity to deliver high-quality, uniform plants at a lower cost, enhancing the overall productivity of mulberry farms. Additionally, examining case studies and regional data highlights variations in economic outcomes based on local conditions, such as soil quality, climate and market access. The ultimate success and profitability of stem cutting propagation are influenced by these factors which can either amplify or mitigate the method’s inherent advantages. In regions where conditions are optimal, the benefits of stem cutting propagation are maximized thereby leading to substantial economic gains.