Final Waste Research Articles

Complexity of Waste Handling Technology at Final Disposal Site of Bantargebang, Bekasi City

Major problems at final waste processing sites (TPAs) include leachate, groundwater pollution, public health, and social aspects. Landfills are a major contributor to environmental damage in the world with effects on warming, acidification, smog formation, eutrophication, ecotoxicity and cancer to human health and non-cancer categories. Waste management in D.K.I Jakarta Province is currently facing a shortage of Integrated Waste Management Site (TPST) space with waste production reaching 7,000 to 7,500 tons/day. The main challenge in today’s municipal solid waste management is the selection of the most appropriate waste processing scenario, where the chosen method must be efficient and effective in minimizing leaching and emissions and reducing landfill waste, so that the service life of final disposal will be longer. Final disposal Bantargebang is the largest final disposal in Indonesia with an area of 132,5 Ha, where 80% is used for waste management and 20% of the land is used for support facilities. Final disposal Bantargebang implements various technologies in waste management including landfill, PLTSA, composting, and refuse-derived fuel (RDF) and involves scavengers in waste management at final disposal Bantargebang. The most dominant type of waste is food waste which reaches 39%. Various current technologies are still not effective, the implementation of sanitary landfills in final disposal Bantargebang is still very difficult to meet the planned design criteria, and tends to implement open dumping. This increases the potential for groundwater and surface water pollution and contributes to increased GHGs. Surface water in final disposal Bantargebang is highly polluted with COD and BOD parameters that exceed quality standards. Therefore, the multi-technology applied at final disposal Bantargebang only achieves an efficiency of 8% of incoming waste and the rest is still landfill waste in the landfill zone which is 92%.

Behaviour of Food Waste Home-Composting

The high burden of final waste management causes pollution due to the low contribution of prevention at the source. The composition of Indonesia's food waste reaches 40.62%. Proper food waste management has become a challenge because the habit of segregation at the household level is still low. Home-composting is an option for management from sources with technology that is easy to operate, but its use still needs to be improved. This study looks at the factors influencing people's behaviour in composting-based household food waste management. The objective of this study is to analyze the variables of attitudes, subjective norms, and behavioural control, which affect behaviour in home-composting activities, using the theory of planned behaviour model. A quantitative approache with multiple regression analysis was used in the study. Subjective norms and behavioural control significantly (p < 0.05) influence home-composting behaviour, while attitudes (p > 0.05) do not influence home-composting.

Application of Circular Thermoeconomics to the Diagnosis of Energy Systems

This paper reviews the fundamentals of the thermoeconomic diagnosis theory. Thermoeconomic diagnosis is one of the main applications of the exergy cost theory used to identify the causes of additional resource consumption of a system due to inefficiencies in its components, published in the late 1990s. Thermoeconomic diagnosis has usually been applied to diagnose power plants with high consumption of fossil fuels and fixed production. However, it does not consider the final production and waste generation variation. In this paper, Circular Thermoeconomics is applied to analyze in depth the effect of malfunctions on additional waste generation and changes in the final output of the system. This new formulation can be applied to polygeneration systems, where there is a simultaneous variation of final products, and to process integration and industrial symbiosis, where a part of the waste generated by a plant could be reused in other processes or plants.

Converting natural metamorphic granite and simulated actinide oxide to aluminosilicate glass for nuclear waste immobilization

To explore the possibility of immobilizing nuclear waste by natural metamorphic granite, the phase, microscopic morphology, elemental distribution and the structural evolution of the final waste form were studied. The maximum loading capacity of natural metamorphic granite to simulated nuclear waste (CeO2) can reach 23 wt%, with half of Ce4+ is reduced to Ce3+ at high temperatures. The mechanical stability of the glass is well kept after waste doping, and the normalized leaching rate of Ce of waste forms is ∼10−6 g/(m2·d) after 42 d. The results indicate that natural metamorphic granite is a stable host matrix for nuclear waste immobilization, which contributes to environmental protection.

Stress state estimation – new data and variability assessment of model results

Abstract. The upper crust of the Earth is used more and more to transport and extract raw materials and energy. It is also used for the final disposal of radioactive waste in deep geological repositories with a particularly crucial requirement for long-term safety over 1×106 years. An accurate knowledge of the hosting rock and surrounding formation coupled with comprehensive modelling is fundamental to demonstrate the geological site has the required properties for safe and long-term underground storage. Besides other criteria, geomechanics play an important role. Even if the determination of rock properties is already a challenge, the estimation of the contemporary stress state in the upper crust is even more challenging. To predict the stress state 3-D geomechanical–numerical models are used, but high-quality underground structure, rock properties and in situ stress data for model calibration are needed. In particular, data of maximum and minimum horizontal stress magnitudes (SHmax and Shmin) are required to find suitable lateral displacement boundary conditions to produce a best-fit model. During the recent exploration phase for a deep geological repository for radioactive waste in Switzerland, a unique dataset of stress magnitude data has been acquired from eight cored boreholes. Rock mechanical properties were constrained from geophysical logging and laboratory testing. The empirically correlated rock properties were not simply averaged, but a probability distribution was provided. The stress field was explored by conducting more than 120 micro-hydraulic fracturing (MHF) and dry sleeve re-opening (SR) tests in different stratigraphic units, to estimate the magnitudes of Shmin and SHmax. We present the results of a 3-D geomechanical–numerical model that shows the best fit with respect to the measured stress magnitudes. Considering the uncertainties of the MHF/SR tests and the ones resulting from rock property variability, the model can reproduce most of the measurements. However, we do show not only the best-fit result but also a bandwidth of individual stress components within a P05–P95 probability range. We also show that there are still outliers for this bandwidth, but we will show that these can be explained by scaling effects.

The relevancy-analysis of air quality index to Acute Respiratory Infection (ARI) in A landfill site of Medan

The existence of open dumping in Medan City’s final waste processing since 1993 has certainly had a negative impact in the form of a decrease in air quality which has a further impact on public health problems. This study aims to analyse and maps the distribution of PM10 and PM2.5 concentrations in the Terjun Landfill and to examine the relationship between the air quality index and the prevalence of acute respiratory infection (ARI) in the nearby landfill site. The sampling method for this research uses the manual active and is mapped using the GIS application. The results of ambient air concentrations were converted into an air quality index which subsequently was tested in a statistical correlative method to investigate the prevalence of ARI. The results demonstrated the PM2.5 concentrations ranged from 38.94 – 163.1 µ/m3, the PM10 was between 46.84 – 184.2 µ/m3; indicating an excessive level of national ambient threshold. The distribution of the highest PM2.5 and PM10 is in the active zone of the landfill. The prevalence of ARI in the nearby landfill site showed a strong relationship; 0.86 for PM2.5 and 0.62 for PM10. These findings illustrate a poor-quality air would increase the number of inhabitants with ARI.

Risk Analysis H2S And NH3 Exposure to Local Community Around Benowo Landfill Surabaya

Final waste processing in Indonesia adopts a landfill system. The Benowo landfill employs this system, which has a weakness in producing H2S and NH3 gases. The objective of this study was to assess the level of public health risk present in the Benowo landfill environment. The study design used was quantitative descriptive with a cross-sectional approach. The sample size consisted of 93 housewives selected using simple random sampling techniques, and gas measurements were conducted at two locations. The data analysis methods employed were univariate analysis and ARKL. The findings of this research demonstrated that the level of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) gas measured 0.02 ppm, while the concentration of ammonia (NH3) was 0.006 ppm. which were still below the quality standards set by East Java Governor Regulation No. 10 year 2009 regarding ambient air quality standards and stationary source emissions in East Java, where the limits for H2S were 0.03 ppm and NH3 were 2.00 ppm. The response dose value (Rfc) for H2S was 0.002 mg/m3, and for NH3 it was 0.5 mg/m3. The RQ value for H2S was greater than 1, indicating a potential risk, while the RQ value for NH3 was less than or equal to 1, indicating safety for the community. H2S gas poses a risk, whereas NH3 does not pose a risk to the communities in the Benowo landfill environment. It is recommended that individuals have a healthy lifestyle, and wear masks in the Benowo landfill environment and local government should be able to carry out the risk management through related agencies to the people lived near Benowo landfill area.

Intermediate Treatment Facility as a Waste Management System in DKI Jakarta: An Overview

The limited capacity of the Bantargebang landfill as the final waste disposal site and the ever-growing amount of waste produced by Jakartans urges the development of more eco-friendly waste management facilities. Using the scoping review method, this study aims to review the feasibility of ITF development in DKI Jakarta based on identifiable impacts, social costs and benefits analysis, hindrances faced in ITF development planning, and reviewing alternative financing that can be used in constructing ITF. The results of this study show that aside from its capacity to process waste more efficiently and potentially produce electricity, ITF construction may have several negative impacts on the surrounding environment. Based on an analysis of social costs and benefits, the development of ITF is feasible. However, some obstacles are present in planning the development of ITF, such as that it requires a strong investment commitment in terms of financing development and project operations, both from the DKI Jakarta Provincial Government, DPRD, and the private sector. Two possible financing schemes to consider are the local government budget and PPP.

VOCs emission from a final landfill cover system induced by ground surface air temperature and barometric pressure fluctuation

Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emission flux and their concentration profiles were measured at a final municipal solid waste (MSW) landfill cover in Hangzhou, China. The influencing parameters, especially ground surface air temperature and pressure were monitored concomitantly. Furthermore, a numerical model incorporating coupled thermo-hydro-chemical interaction to assess VOCs emission from this final landfill cover (LFC) system was developed and validated with the field test results. The tested total VOC emission flux from the final cover is 0.0124 μg/m2/s, which indicates that the total amount of VOCs emitted into the atmosphere is 391 mg/m2 annually. Among these, dichloromethane (DCM) dominated VOCs emission flux during May, comprising 51.8% of the total emission flux. The numerical simulation results indicated that the diffusive emission flux of VOCs varied consistently with the fluctuation of atmospheric temperature. Whereas, the advective flux varied inversely with the fluctuation of barometric pressure. The highest difference in diffusive emission flux induced by temperature variation is 183 μg/m2/day and occurred in spring. Moreover, the results demonstrated that the impact of atmospheric temperature and pressure fluctuation on the emission of VOC from final covers is non-negligible when reasonably assessing the risks of landfill and landfill gas emission budget.

KAJIAN PEMBIAYAAN SAMPAH DAN KELEMBAGAAN UNTUK PENGELOLAAN TPA SAMPAH KOTA BLITAR

Technological developments and population growth have an effect on waste management which requires proper and adequate handling because the volume of waste is increasing day by day. The main problem of final waste management is overcapacity at TPA and low level of waste management before entering TPA. The city of Blitar has an area of around 32.57 km2 with a population of ± 158,313 people. The Blitar City TPA is located in the Ngegong neighborhood, Gedog Village, Kec. Sananwetan with a land area of 4 ha. There are 2 cells in the prepared Gedog TPA. Currently cell 1 is passive. If the community and scavengers sort waste, it is estimated that cell 2 will be full in the next 3 years. The results of the calculation of the investment performance of the local government of Blitar City have a high investment capacity. Waste processing is still sourced from the Blitar city budget. The Operational Budget for Waste Handling from the APBD of the city of Blitar has fluctuated and there is not even written data on the budget. The fees from the community are not enough to manage all the existing waste, so they are unable to cover the operational costs of waste processing. The UPTD in the field of waste management has not yet collected user fees in a good administrative manner, because data on fees is not yet available according to the type of classification/group of objects of fees. It is recommended that personnel take part in administrative management training for collecting waste fees, so that they have a data base for fees. Regional Regulation Number 07 of 2017 concerning Garbage/Cleaning Service Charges needs to be amended, which will be used as the basis for imposing fees according to the type of object. Collaboration between the government and business entities in providing infrastructure for waste management in the city of Blitar cannot yet be carried out. It is better to do internal improvements, for example in financing and institutions.

The effect of kebon kongok waste disposal sites on ground water quality in Suka Makmur Village, West Lombok District

The Kebon Kongok waste disposal sites (WDS), Suka Makmur Village, is the final waste disposal site for Mataram City and West Lombok because Mataram City does not have a WDS. The condition of the WDS has exceeded its capacity. Suka Makmur Village is a village close to the Kebon Kongok WDS. This research was conducted in Suka Makmur Village to know groundwater quality with Smell, Taste, TDS, pH, BOD, COD, Ammonia (NH3N), and Total Coliform. The method used to determine the quality of groundwater is by using the Pollution Index Method. In determining the sampling technique, the purposive sampling technique is used, a determination technique with certain considerations. The results showed that the results of the analysis of raw water samples with the parameters Odor, Taste, Total Dissolved Solid, pH, BOD, COD, Ammonia (NH3N), and Total Coliform. The results obtained from the three sample points that exceeded the Water Quality Standard threshold were only the Total Coliform parameter, sample 1 was 230 mg/l, sample 2 was 91 mg/l, and sample 3 was 230 mg/l based on the Regulation of the Minister of Health of the Republic of Indonesia Number 32 2017 concerning Environmental Health Quality Standards and Water Health Requirements for Sanitation Hygiene, Swimming Pools, Solus Per Aqua, and Public Baths. Based on the results of data analysis using the Pollution Index Method (IP), sample one was 3.14, sample two was 1.68, and sample three was 3.13. These results indicate that the condition of the water is included in the Light Polluted category based on the Decree of the State Minister for the Environment Number 115 of 2003 concerning Water Quality Status, the Pollution Index value with an IP score of 1.1 - 5.0 is intended for class I water.

Selection of the final solid waste disposal site in the Bolgatanga municipality of Ghana using analytical hierarchy process (AHP) and multi-criteria evaluation (MCE)

The various components of Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) such as collection, sorting, transportation, and disposal have their peculiarities and challenges. However, final disposal sites, generally referred to as landfill sites, present a complex difficulty. The aggregation of the problems of other components has consequences on the microenvironment, public health, and groundwater. Final disposal of MSW, site selection, and management presents an enormous burden for most Metropolitan, Municipal, and District Assembly (s) in Ghana. The case of Bolgatanga Municipality is similar to many others in the Upper East region in particular and Ghana as a whole. The existing landfill site is improperly sited and poses a great danger to adjoining communities. In this work, we used the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) in a G.I.S. suite and Multi-Criteria Evaluation to assess the current location and select a possible new site within the municipality. The criteria used are generally environmental and socio-economic parameters, including; distance from major roads, rivers, settlements, and the selection of an appropriate slope and soil type that suits the guidelines for the siting of a landfill. The outcome of this multi-criteria assessment is the selection of a new site far from the current disposal site indicating the inappropriate location of the current site. A combination of all weighted criteria through a model builder process produced a suitability index map for candidate landfill sites. The selected site at Sherigu is about 16 km by road from the proposed site, which is much bigger than the threshold of 500 sq. meters. The separation distance and size between the current and the proposed site are indications of how economically and environmentally inappropriate the Sherigu site is and the need for a better site that is better situated for socio-economic and environmental considerations.

Conversion of the hydrochar recovered after levulinic acid production into activated carbon adsorbents

Levulinic acid production by acid-catalyzed hydrothermal conversion of (ligno)cellulosic biomass generates significant amounts of carbonaceous hydrochar, which is currently considered a final waste. In this work, the hydrochar recovered after the levulinic acid production, was subjected to cascade pyrolysis and chemical activation treatments (by H3PO4 or KOH), to synthesize activated carbons. The pyrolysis post-treatment was already effective in improving the surface properties of the raw hydrochar (Specific Surface Area: 388 m2/g, VP: 0.22 cm3/g, VMESO: 0.07 cm3/g, VMICRO: 0.14 cm3/g), by removing volatile compounds. KOH activation resulted as the most appropriate for further improving the surface properties of the pyrolyzed hydrochar, showing the best surface properties (Specific Surface Area: 1421 m2/g, VP: 0.63 cm3/g, VMESO: 0.10 cm3/g, VMICRO: 0.52 cm3/g), which synergistically makes it a promising system towards adsorption of CO2 (∼90 mg/g) and methylene blue (∼248 mg/g). In addition, promising surface properties can be achieved after direct chemical activation of the raw hazelnut shells, preferably by H3PO4 (Specific Surface Area: 1918 m2/g, VP: 1.34 cm3/g, VMESO: 0.82 cm3/g, VMICRO: 0.50 cm3/g), but this choice is not the smartest, as it does not allow the valorization of the cellulose fraction to levulinic acid. Our approach paves the way for possible uses of these hydrochars originating from the levulinic acid chain for new environmental applications, thus smartly closing the biorefinery loop of the hazelnut shells.

Economic Analysis Of Waste Power Plants Based On The Economic Scale-Case Study Merah Putih Waste Power Plant

Jakarta's dense population creates problems with the high daily waste production, which reaches 7,500 tons. On the other hand, the open dumping method in the final waste treatment creates another problem in the form of greenhouse gas emissions. The regional government also issued a policy to reduce greenhouse gas emissions to achieve net zero emission by 2050. The solution that then emerged for the two problems above was to convert waste into electrical energy through incineration technology. This study aims to conduct an economic analysis in the context of implementing incineration technology. The results showed that the minimum capacity for economic feasibility was 8 MW with an LCoE of IDR 2,578.32/kWh, 429 tonnes of waste per day, an IRR of 8.63%, and an NPV of IDR 115,038,835,638.12 at an investment value of IDR 505.877.074.317

Assessment of landfill protection systems in Japan– a case study

Landfilling of untreated waste is still seen as an acceptable practice in many developed countries. Sanitary landfills are facilities for the disposal of untreated mixed municipal solid waste as a major waste stream. The Waste Management and Public Cleansing Act of 1970 is the main waste legislation in Japan. Waste management methods differ in Japan from the European Union and other countries. As waste incineration is prevalent in Japan, the final waste disposal rate in landfills is extremely low, occupying less than 5% of the waste generated. In Japan, there are obligatory barrier systems, treatment facilities for leachate and concrete structures for major facilities (waste storage structures, barriers, and leachate treatment facilities), landfill operations (dumping and soil covering) and management facilities (weighing and monitoring equipment) which are identified in the Guideline Manual of Landfill Site. This work examines the landfill protection systems in Japan based on two case studies from selected research facilities.

Implementing Effective Strategies to Foster Environmental Care Character among Students

This study employs a qualitative research approach with a case study design to investigate the teacher's strategy in developing students' environmental caring character, as well as the factors that support and hinder this strategy in the 3T area. The research subjects consist of school principals, teachers, and students at public elementary school Belitang, Indonesia. Data were collected using interviews, observations, and documentation analysis, and analyzed through data reduction, presentation, and conclusion. The study finds that the teacher's strategy in cultivating the character of caring for the environment for students is successful, as it involves planning, directing, and implementing environmentally sound policies, providing motivation, creating conducive learning conditions, giving positive directions, and changing student behavior towards the environment. Supporting infrastructure, such as the availability of landfills and cleaning equipment in each class, also contributes to this success. However, the lack of a garbage pit remains an inhibiting factor, leading to the scattering of final waste in the school's backyard.

Household Waste Management Practices among the People of Shamli District: An Assessment

Solid waste management has turn into a primary environmental issue in India. Improper disposal and waste management have a grim effect on the surroundings and human health condition (physically & mentally). This study aims to assess solid waste management among households of Shamli district. Simple random and systematic sampling techniques were used to select 344 respondents for the study. Simple frequency and percentage method was used to analyze the data. Results indicates that public waste collection area was far from households as endorsed by the majority (51.5%) of the respondents. The majority (51.5%) of the households spanned a distance of more than 15 minutes arriving to the dumping spot. In conclusion, the study found that community household waste dumping zone was outlying from households. This indicates that the distance from the resident place to the final waste disposal area covered more than 15 minutes to complete the journey. Based on the major findings of the study, researcher proposes that district assembly needs to provide waste collection trash to every household. It may oblige the residents not to dispose of their household waste randomly.

Application of Artificial Neural Networks for Modelling and Control of Flux Decline in Cross-Flow Whey Ultrafiltration

This study is part of the re-valorisation of the dairy waste industry through the use of membrane ultrafiltration (UF), in order to recover whey proteins and remove as much water as possible from the permeate. This study aimed to predict and control the permeate flux decline in cross-flow whey UF through a step procedure, and to compare different Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs), followed by a genetic algorithm (GA), as the optimization strategy. Models were developed in Matlab® Neural Network Toolbox. ANNs of one or two hidden layers were trained and simulated. A trial-and-error procedure identified the best network based on its performance values. The networks were trained through a selected set of experimental data obtained for lab-scale hollow-fibre membrane modules used to re-value scotta, the final waste of the dairy industry. The operating conditions considered as the input of the ANN were: operating time (top), sampling time (tsample), cross-flow velocity (CFV) and transmembrane pressure (TMP), while the output of the network was exclusively the normalized permeate flux (Jn). GA optimization was carried out to the following range of operating conditions to reach the best performances and to manage the fouling effect: 225 < top < 300 min, 8.33 < tsample < 15.9 min, 6.25 < CFV < 8.33 L/min, and TMP equal to 1.33 bar, otherwise it can be ignored. In fact, it has been noted that the networks with only three inputs, without TMP, predict and control Jn output better. Moreover, considering the normalized flux, it was possible to ignore some other important operating conditions, such as the membrane geometry. Consequently, the proposed general solution could also be used for other kinds of membrane applications. Finally, a hybrid approach among the ANN networks and a theoretical model was also used to better predict the resistance trend. It also returned more evident correspondence results than the ANN simulation alone, especially in the initial drop of Jn. The use of the theoretical part in the hybrid approach acts as a filter and returned the following order of significance of the operational input conditions on the resistance: top, tsample, CFV and TMP.

Two-step synthesis of a macroporous LTA zeolite sorbent by supercritical CO2 coating and hydrothermal conversion: Implementation in fixed-bed nuclear wastewater treatment

Fixed-bed sorption on solid substrate is a common approach to safely extract cationic radionuclides (such as 90Sr2+) from nuclear wastewater and minimize final waste volumes. This article describes the preparation and characterization of a new hierarchical zeolite–glass bead composite for this application. A homogeneous layer of microporous amorphous silica is deposited on the beads in supercritical CO2 and then transformed into a 1 µm-thick LTA (Linde Type A) zeolite film (40 wt% of the composite) by hydrothermal treatment. Microstructural data show that this design improves the accessibility of the sorbent sites for Sr2+ cations. Batch sorption data in different types of simulated wastewater quantify the effects of competing cations and high salinity. Dynamic breakthrough experiments with simulated saline wastewater show that the proposed composite has delayed leakage and faster exchange kinetics than an existing commercial LTA-zeolite sorbent, which should translate into greater waste volume reduction in industrial fixed-bed extraction systems.

Knowledge and Practice of Healthcare Waste Management among Healthcare Workers at Yusuf Dantsoho Memorial Hospital (YDMH), Kaduna, Nigeria

Introduction: Hospital waste has been reported to be poorly handled and managed by the hospital staff and administration respectively, leading to environmental and health consequences within hospitals and to the population outside health facilities. Aim: To assess the knowledge and practice of healthcare waste management (HCWM) among healthcare workers at Yusuf Dantsoho Memorial Hospital (YDMH), Kaduna, Nigeria. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted amongst doctors, nurses, medical laboratory scientists and technicians, ward attendants, and cleaners at YDMH. A simple random sampling technique was used to select the study unit. A total of 73 health workers consented to an interview. The data was obtained through the administration of questionnaires on the knowledge of health workers while the practice was assessed by direct observation using a checklist. Data were collected and compiled using Microsoft Excel and analysed using IBM, SPSS version 23.0. Results: There were 39 (53.4%) males and 34 (46.4%) females in this study. The average age of participants was 36.8 ± 8.3 years. The study revealed good knowledge of waste management amongst nurses (88.18%), doctors (86.68%), medical laboratory scientists and technicians (77.48%), ward attendants (19.1%), and cleaners (17.5%), respectively. In practice, all the wards and departments observed do not have (0%) colour-coded plastic bags on their waste bins, with only 70% having their waste bins covered, 30% having posters to guide waste users displayed near the waste bins, and 0% waste treatment before disposal practice. The health facility’s method of final waste disposal is not in line with best practices. Conclusion: This study highlights the discrepancy and inadequacies of knowledge and practice of proper healthcare waste management among healthcare workers. The healthcare workers with adequate knowledge were the nurses, doctors, and medical laboratory scientists and technicians while the least knowledge was found amongst ward attendants and cleaners. The practice of healthcare waste management was poor across all professions. This calls for the need to train and retrain all health workers with emphasis on the ward attendants and cleaners. Also, there is a need for the provision of colour-coded waste bin liners in all wards and departments which should be adequately budgeted for by the management.