Final Unification Research Articles

Peripheral sustainability expertise on technology: an autoethnography amidst the polycrisis*

ABSTRACT Professional expertise is a legitimate cornerstone of modern global culture. The unfolding of the polycrisis, however, arguably destabilizes expertise as a privileged and uniform position of knowledge production. Even sustainability expertise, while considered part of the solution, is arguably part of the problem, due to its structural links to environmentally detrimental technological practices. Hence technology relations in expertise are explored by autoethnography. Expert attitudes towards technology are traditionally demarcated between optimistic technocrats and critical humanists, but a third category is suggested, which embodies determined technology criticism, anti-colonialism and post-professional ethos. This peripheral expert position, labelled spurner, may seem dubious and dark from the point of view of paradigmatic expertise. But since the polycrisis calls for plural and inclusive modes of expertise, peripheral knowledge and skills should be seen as one end in the spectrum of possible sustainable expertise. True plurality means that hardly any final unification or mutual consensus in sustainability expertise seems plausible or even desirable. However, due to the polycrisis, many experts may have to reconsider what role their professions and technological progress in general play in the unfolding events. Recognizing peripheral “grey zone” expertise may foster such self-reflection in individual experts and in expert cultures.

4G model of final unification – A brief report

To understand the mystery of final unification, in our earlier publications, we proposed that, 1) There exist three atomic gravitational constants associated with electroweak, strong and electromagnetic interactions; 2) There exists a strong interaction elementary charge in such a way that, its squared ratio with normal elementary charge is close to reciprocal of the strong coupling constant; and 3) Considering a fermion-boson mass ratio of 2.27, quarks can be split into quark fermions and quark bosons. Further, we noticed that, electroweak field seems to be operated by a primordial massive fermion of rest energy 584.725 GeV and hadron masses seem to be generated by a new hadronic fermion of rest energy 103.4 GeV. In this context, starting from lepton rest masses to stellar masses, we have developed many interesting and workable relations. With further study, a workable model of final unification can be developed.

On the compactification and reformation of string theory with three large atomic gravitational constants

Scientists strongly believe that, String theory is empowered with good mathematics and smartly fits gravity in unification program. Point to be noted is that, by considering the Planck length as characteristic amplitude associated with strings, String theory advances its ideological representation. Very unfortunate thing is that, even though, originally, String theory was proposed for understanding ‘strong interaction’, as Planck length is 20 orders of magnitude less than the nuclear size, it is badly failing in explaining and predicting nuclear scale physical phenomena. Here, we would like to stress the point that, within the scope of observed materialistic physical systems, without addressing the roots of H-Bar and big G, it is impossible to construct a workable model of final unification. In this context, in our earlier publications, we proposed the existence of three large gravitational constants for the three atomic interactions. Based on the three large atomic gravitational constants, it is possible to have three different workable atomic Planck amplitudes and thus there is a possibility for reforming and compactifying the 10 dimensional String theory to 3+1 dimensions. Proceeding further, H-bar can be shown to be a characteristic outcome of the electroweak interaction and big G can be shown to be a characteristic outcome of the three atomic gravitational constants.  Â

On the Combined Role of Strong and Electroweak Interactions in Understanding Nuclear Binding Energy Scheme

An attempt is made toa model the atomic nucleus as a combination of bound and free or unbound nucleons. Due to strong interaction, bound nucleons help in increasing nuclear binding energy and due to electroweak interaction, free or unbound nucleons help in decreasing nuclear binding energy. In this context, with reference to proposed 4G model of final unification and strong interaction, recently we have developed a unified nuclear binding energy scheme with four simple terms, one energy coefficient of 10.1 MeV and two small numbers 0.0016 and 0.0019. In this paper, by eliminating the number 0.0019, we try to fine tune the estimation procedure of number of free or unbound nucleons pertaining to the second term with an energy coefficient of 11.9 MeV. Interesting observation is that, Z can be considered as a characteristic representation of range of number of bound isotopes of Z.

Toward a unified framework for Cloud Computing governance: An approach for evaluating and integrating IT management and governance models

Cloud Computing is currently one of the major trends in the computer industry. It offers a wide range of both opportunities and challenges. The lack of governance causes a slowdown in the adoption process, especially with an absence of a comprehensive approach supporting the Cloud Computing governance objectives. Regarding this issue, our goal is to develop a new management and governance framework based on endorsed IT models; namely ITIL, COBIT, and ISO/IEC 27001/2. These models have been developed for different purposes and aspects of IT governance. The proposed framework is an attempt to a unified approach by taking into consideration the models’ dissimilarities. Before we go further with the final unification stage, this study's main objective is to develop both the evaluation and the integration approaches with regwards to the IT models. The results, therefore, are to shed light on the relevant outcomes emanate from an elaboration within an entirely unified CC governance framework.

TO THE QUESTION OF THE SPELLING THE WORD «RAZISKNOY»

The article is devoted to one of the most controversial topic about the spelling of the words «razisknoy». Based on the analysis of the spelling dictionaries published before the revolution, the author comes to the conclusion that in the Russian grammar of that period the spelling was «razisknoy». The spelling of the word «rozisknoy» was noted in the «Spelling dictionary of the Russian language» in 1956 and until 1999 it remained normative. This variant does not correspond to the norms of the modern Russian standard language and the use of the morpheme principle in this case is wrong. According to the author's opinion, the current edition of the Federal Law, August 12, 1995 «On Concerning Investigative Activities» hampers the final unification of the spelling of this word.

WESTERN UKRAINIAN PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC: FOREIGN AND ECONOMIC BASIS OF THE ESTABLISHMENT OF UKRAINIAN STATEHOOD

In the scientific article based on a comparative study, it was traced how the economic potential of the Western Ukrainian People's Republic, which was to become the basis of Ukrainian Statehood, was distributed and used in geopolitics by the world leaders. The main purpose of the study is to analyze the development and use of the economic potential of the Western Ukrainian lands to ensure the independence and unity of the Ukrainian state. The natural resources of the Western Ukrainian People's Republic did not contribute to the establishment of a united and independent Ukraine. Instead, they became statistics and grounds for the reasoning of independence of the Western Ukrainian lands in diplomatic documents at the Paris Peace Conference. The Unification Act between the Ukrainian People's Republic and the Western Ukrainian People's Republic did not become the basis for the final unification of two parts of Ukraine. Events of the Ukrainian-Polish war, the decision of Council of Ten at the Paris Peace Conference, Warsaw Treaty assisted intruding and claim of Polish power in East Galicia. Since it was to proceed in the dictator of the Western Ukrainian People's Republic Yevhen Petrushevych regardless of Western Ukrainian People's Republic, a diplomatic action, it is created 14 emergency diplomatic representations and legations, in separate countries strategic interests of the Western Ukrainian People's Republic presented the financially-trade representative offices of Western Ukrainian People's Republic. Fight of government Western Ukrainian People's Republic in exile and President of Ukrainian National Advice Yevhen Petrushevych during 1919 - 1924 were sent to proceeding in the independence of the Western Ukrainian People's Republic. The effort of that time building the Ukrainian state system in different parts of Ukraine became a headstone for the revival of the newest Ukrainian state. Western Ukrainian People's Republic's natural resources were attractive in world geopolitics. The economic potential of Galicia allowed bringing ratings at the foreign market. That is why an international association interest was folded by resources, but not unity and independence of the Western Ukrainian People's Republic. Including of Western Region to the Ukrainian People's Republic, which had considerable potential too, was pre-condition to the prosperity of the well-educated state. Fight for a claim of the own state system for the Western Ukrainian People's Republic (Western Region of Ukrainian People's Republic) quickly grew into a fight for survival. Statesmen of the Western Ukrainian People's Republic often were inconsistent in the decision of the "Galician question," and they were connected by a general fight for proceeding in the independence of the Western Ukrainian People's Republic. The diplomatic representations of the Ukrainian People's Republic and the Western Ukrainian People's Republic organized powerful activity for the maintenance of Ukrainian collegiality and independent status, though the international state of affairs was not on a benefit to the young state. The current Ukrainian collegiality and statehood have the durable historical tradition stopped up previous building the states, payment of every fighter for the Ukrainian statehood provided its revival and continued the persistence in the development of the newest Ukrainian state. Keywords legation, diplomatic representation, economic potential, natural resources, Western Ukrainian People’s Republic, Ukrainian statehood.

Understanding the Basics of Final Unification With Three Gravitational Constants Associated With Nuclear, Electromagnetic and Gravitational Interactions

Even though ‘String theory’ models and “quantum gravity’ models [1, 2, 3] are having a strong mathematical back ground and sound physical basis, they are failing in implementing the Newtonian gravitational constant [4] in atomic and nuclear physics and thus seem to fail in developing a ‘workable’ model of final unification. It clearly indicates our lack of understanding and uncertain assumptions on which our current physics is being built up. The main issue is: to understand the basics of final unification from hidden, unknown and un-identified physics! Based on the old and ignored scientific assumption put forward by Nobel laureate Abdus Salam, we developed and compiled many interesting semi empirical relations assumed to be connected with nuclear physics, atomic physics and astrophysics [5, 6]. Based on ‘workability’, we appeal the readers to go through.

Why the Road to Unification Likely Goes through Krogdahl’s Relativity

Deriving an acceptable quantum field theory of gravitation from general relativity has eluded some of the best scientific thinkers. It is gradually becoming more apparent that general relativity’s classical assumptions are simply incompatible with quantum mechanics. For instance, simultaneous certainty of the location and momentum of any moving body, regardless of size, is a fundamental feature of general relativity. And yet, special relativity and quantum mechanics (thru Heisenberg’s uncertainty) reject the very notion of simultaneity. Since special relativity is already fully integrated into quantum field theory concerning the other forces of nature, were it possible to remove the confounding smoothly curved space-time fabric of general relativity and replace it in the form of a new and improved Lorentz-invariant (flat space-time) gravitational theory, final unification might well be achievable. This brief review paper further informs the reader as to why Krogdahl’s recent Lorentz-invariant relativity model of gravitation improves on general relativity, thus providing a deeper understanding of black holes, the cosmological flatness problem and dark energy. Most importantly, since the smoothly curved space-time of general relativity may well have been the road block to unification, Krogdahl’s flat space-time model is predicted to lead to an acceptable quantum theory of gravitation (i.e., “quantum gravity”) and unification (i.e., a so-called “theory of everything”).

Scale Independent Workable Model of Final Unification

We show that, Schwarzschild radius of Planck mass plays a vital role in electroweak and strong interactions. With reference to the observed large proportionality ratio, , it seems appropriate to consider a large nuclear gravitational constant, . Qualitatively this idea is in agreement with 'Strong gravity' concept proposed by Abdus Salam and C.Sivaram [Mod. Phys. Lett., A8(4), 321- 326. (1993)]. We would like to suggest that, by replacing the Newtonian gravitational constant with the proposed nuclear gravitational constant, predicted high energy levels of String theory can be brought down to the current hadronic scale. Based on this idea, we defined the nuclear Planck mass, and proposed a quantized model mechanism for understanding the hadronic mass spectrum.

Final unification with three gravitational constants associated with nuclear, electromagnetic and gravitational interactions

By introducing two large pseudo gravitational constants assumed to be associated with strong and electromagnetic interactions, we make an attempt to combine the old Abdus Salam’s ‘strong gravity’ concept with ‘Newtonian gravity’ and try to understand the constructional features of nuclei, atoms and neutron stars in a unified approach. From the known elementary atomic and nuclear physical constants, estimated magnitude of the Newtonian gravitational constant is (6.66 to 6.70) x10-11 m3/kg/sec2. Finally, by eliminating the proposed two pseudo gravitational constants, we inter-related the Newtonian gravitational constant, Fermi’s weak coupling constant and Strong coupling constant, in a generalized approach.

Quantum gravitational applications of nuclear, atomic and astrophysical phenomena

<p>By following the old concept of “gravity is having a strong coupling at nuclear scale” and considering the ‘reduced Planck’s constant’ as a characteristic quantum gravitational constant, in this letter we suggest that: 1) There exists a gravitational constant associated with strong interaction, G<sub>s</sub>~3.328x10<sup>28</sup> m<sup>3</sup>/kg/sec<sup>2</sup>. 2) There also exists a gravitational constant associated with electromagnetic interaction, G<sub>e</sub>~2.376x10<sup>37 </sup>m<sup>3</sup>/kg/sec<sup>2</sup>.Based on these two assumptions, in a quantum gravitational approach, an attempt is made to understand the basics of final unification with various semi empirical applications like melting points of elementary particles, strong coupling constant, proton-electron mass ratio, proton-neutron stability, nuclear binding energy, neutron star’s mass and radius, Newtonian gravitational constant, Avogadro number and molar mass unit. With further research and investigation, a practical model of ‘quantum gravitational string theory’ can be developed.</p>

Towards a workable model of final unification

Even though ‘String theory’ models and “quantum gravity’ models are having a strong mathematical back ground and sound physical basis, they are failing in implementing the Newtonian gravitational constant in atomic and nuclear physics and thus seem to fail in developing a ‘workable’ model of final unification. In this context, extending Abdus Salam’s old concept of ‘nuclear strong gravitational coupling’ we consider two very large pseudo gravitational constants assumed to be associated with electromagnetic and strong interactions. By combining the two microscopic pseudo gravitational constants with the Newtonian gravitational constant, we make an attempt to combine the old ‘strong gravity’ concept with ‘Newtonian gravity’ and try to understand and re-interpret the constructional features of nuclei, atoms and neutron stars in a unified approach. Finally we make a heuristic attempt to estimate the Newtonian gravitational constant from the known elementary atomic and nuclear physical constants. By exploring the possibility of incorporating the proposed two pseudo microscopic gravitational constants in current unified models, in near future, complete back ground physics can be understood and observable low energy predictions can be made.

Understanding the constructional features of materialistic atoms in the light of strong nuclear gravitational coupling

At fundamental level, understanding the constructional features of materialistic atoms in a unified approach is very complicated and success of any model depends on its ability to cover a broad range of physics in a simplified approach and it is the secret of final unification. In this context, by extending Abdus Salam’s idea of ‘nuclear strong gravitational coupling’ and by considering two very large pseudo gravitational constants assumed to be associated with electron and proton, in a unified approach, we try to understand the proton rest mass, proton-electron mass ratio, root mean square radius of proton, nuclear charge radii, atomic radii, proton-neutron stability, nuclear binding energy and melting points of elementary particles. Very interesting point to be noted is that, at utmost fundamental level, strong coupling constant and Fermi’s weak coupling constant both can be interrelated with the Newtonian gravitational constant. Not only that, the famous Avogadro number and molar mass constant both can be understood/estimated with ‘independent’ of system of units. Proceeding further, from astrophysics point of view, neutron star mass and radius can be understood in a unified and simplified approach. Finally, by eliminating the proposed two pseudo gravitational constants and with reference to root mean square radius of proton, Newtonian gravitational constant can be fitted very accurately.

On the combined role of the astrophysical force limit and Avogadro number in final unification

Magnitude of the unified force can be assumed to be equal to the classical or astrophysical force limit . Strength of any interaction can be defined as the ratio of the operating force magnitude and the magnitude of . Let the gravitational interaction taking place at black holes be called as ‘Schwarzschild interaction’. If strength of Schwarzschild interaction is unity, then weak interaction strength seems to be times less than the Schwarzschild interaction and strong interaction strength seems to be  times less than the Schwarzschild interaction. Based on these concepts and considering the Avogadro number as an absolute and discrete number, basics of final unification can be understood.

Generation of rough sets reducts and constructs based on inter-class and intra-class information

The reduct, originating from the Classic Rough Set Approach (CRSA), is an inclusion minimal subset of attributes that provides discernibility between objects from different classes in at least the same degree as the set of all attributes. It can be thus referred to as being consistent and minimal, which are the two important characteristics of filter-based feature selection. These two characteristics have been also utilized to define reducts within the Dominance-based Rough Set Approach (DRSA). Further, the classic reduct, here referred to as an inter-class reduct, has evolved into what is known as intra-class reduct and construct in CRSA. The idea is that while inter-class reducts utilize only one part of information generated from all pairs of objects, intra-class reducts utilize the remaining part, while constructs utilize both. The paper delivers a final unification of inter-class reducts, intra-class reducts and constructs across CRSA and DRSA, showing how they can be both defined and computed uniformly, i.e. using basically the same concepts and algorithms. It also presents an exact algorithm, capable of generating all exact reduced subsets, but of considerable complexity, as well as a simple and fast heuristic, designed to generate a single reduced subset. Finally, it illustrates the computation process with examples and some experimental evaluation of CRSA constructs, which show how the use of both the inter-class and the intra-class information can assist the attribute reduction process and help obtaining useful insights into the analyzed data set.

Understanding the Basics of Final Unification with Avogadro Number

Physicists have long suggested that the four observed fundamental forces of nature are separate manifestations of what was once a single force at times close to the Big Bang. If so, magnitude of the unified force can be assumed to be equal to.Strength of a...

An episodic slab-rollback model for the origin of the Tharsis rise on Mars: Implications for initiation of local plate subduction and final unification of a kinematically linked global plate-tectonic network on Earth

A new tectonic model is proposed for the origin of the Tharsis rise on Mars, which occupies ∼25% of the planet. The model invokes initiation of plate subduction by a large impact during the Late Heavy Bombardment at ca. 4.0 Ga. The model explains migration of Tharsis volcanism by slab rollback and the lack of magnetized crust in the bulk of Tharsis by formation of juvenile crust after the Mars dynamo creased to operate. The model also explains (1) the formation of thrust systems as a result of impact-generated crustal thickening (i.e., Thaumasia thrust), retro-arc contraction (i.e., Solis-Lunae fold belt), and plate subduction (Lycus and Ulysses thrusts), (2) the development of dominantly NE-trending grabens and a major east-facing V-shaped conjugate strike-slip system across the Tharsis rise as a result of backarc extension, and (3) crustal thickening of the Tharsis rise as a result of magmatic accretion during protracted construction of arcs above an episodically stalled and thus stationary subducting slab. The model has several implications for the way in which a unified global plate-tectonic network may have been established on early Earth. First, large impacts were common during the Late Heavy Bombardment (ca. 4.2–3.9 Ma), and thus impact-induced plate subduction would have been highly likely in the Hadean period. Such subduction systems must be local in scale and associated only with trench retreat and slab rollback. Localized plate subduction permits other modes of tectonic processes to have occurred simultaneously on early Earth, reconciling conflicting observations for plate-tectonic and non-plate-tectonic processes. Second, the presence of water at the surface of Hadean Earth would have allowed rapid transformation of basaltic crust to eclogite, allowing a sustainable plate subduction process once it started. The Hadean and possibly Archean Earth may only have had localized subduction systems, all characterized by slab rollback and trench retreat. Trench advance and related shallow-angle plate subduction probably did not begin on Earth until Proterozoic time, when a single and united global plate-tectonic network was established. This may have been accomplished by gradual coalescence of formerly independent subduction systems over a significant period of geologic time (>1 b.y.). Incorporation of trench-advance and shallow-angle plate subduction in the Proterozoic may have been induced by complex interactions of multiple subduction systems in a single and kinematically linked global tectonic network. This in turn led to the beginning of the formation of the crustal structures and petrologic assemblages of modern Earth. Based on a simple conductive cooling model, it appears that the most critical factors that control whether plate subduction could have been initiated in a rocky planet during the Late Heavy Bombardment in the inner solar system are its initial crustal thickness and the cooling rate/thickening rate of the lithosphere.

SEESAW SCALES AND STEPS FROM THE STANDARD MODEL TOWARDS SUPERSTRING-INSPIRED FLIPPED E6

Recently in connection with superstring theory and with an alternative nonsupersymmetric "Exceptionally Simple Theory of Everything," E8 and E6 unifications became very promising. In the present paper we have investigated a number of available paths from the Standard Model (SM) to the E6 unification, considering chains of flipped models following the extension of the SM, also a chain with a left–right symmetry. We have presented four examples including nonsupersymmetric and supersymmetric extensions of the SM and different contents of the Higgs bosons providing the breaking of the flipped SO(10) and SU(5) down to the SM. It was shown that the final unification E6× U (1) or E6 at the (Planck) GUT scale M SSG depends on the number of the Higgs boson representations considered in theory.

The establishment of functional analysis

This article surveys the evolution of functional analysis, from its origins to its establishment as an independent discipline around 1933. Its origins were closely connected with the calculus of variations, the operational calculus, and the theory of integral equations. Its rigorous development was made possible largely through the development of Cantor's “Mengenlehre,” of set-theoretic topology, of precise definitions of function spaces, and of axiomatic mathematics and abstract structures. For a quarter of a century, various outstanding mathematicians and their students concentrated on special aspects of functional analysis, treating one or two of the above topics. This article emphasizes the dramatic developments of the decisive years 1928–1933, when functional analysis received its final unification.