Final Stage Of Development Research Articles

Особенности оценки экономической эффективности капитального ремонта скважин нерентабельных газовых и газоконденсатных месторождений Ставропольского края

Gas industry plays a significant role in the economy of the Stavropol Krai, providing other industries with necessary natural resources and employment for a significant part of the population. However, in modern conditions, it has a number of problems that hinder its dynamic development. One of them is the final stage of field development, characterized by a decrease in hydrocarbon production, a worn-out state of wells and the in-field transport system. One of the ways to solve these problems is the timely overhaul of wells, which will allow maintaining the level of hydrocarbon production at a given level and save jobs. The implementation of these measures requires significant investments, therefore, when planning the volume and timing of their implementation, it is necessary to give a preliminary technical and economic assessment in order to determine their effectiveness. This study analyzes the major repairs of wells carried out at the fields of the Stavropol Krai over the past ten years, identifies the main causes of well stoppage, determines the consequences for the development of the field from the untimely disposal of wells. The authors analyzed the existing methodology for assessing the economic efficiency of well capital repairs, and proposed additions that allow taking into account not only the stage of field development, but also social consequences due to the refusal to carry out capital repairs of the well.

Effectiveness of gas inflow stimulation works at the final stage of field development

The focus of the study is the investigation of terminological foundations and the development of practical recommendations for assessing the effectiveness of hydrocarbon inflow stimulation at the final stage of field development. The authors refer to scientific works on the issues of company performance. The paper provides substantiation and improvement of methodological grounds with respect to assessing the effectiveness of gas inflow stimulation works. A classification and analysis of prominent Russian and foreign methods are provided and their issues are identified. As a result, the work refines the methodology for assessing the effectiveness of work at the drilling enterprise. The authors' comprehensive approach to assessing the effectiveness of inflow stimulation works, which allows for obtaining interrelated performance assessments, is proposed.

Stimulation of Oil Inflow by Isolating Water Inflows in the Bottomhole Zone

Since most of the fields in the Absheron peninsula of the Republic of Azerbaijan are at the final stage of development, an inevitable reduction in hydrocarbon production is expected. It is planned to support oil production at the current level through the reconstruction of wells of the inactive fund. An increase in the proportion of formation water in well production, the presence of intra-reservoir, annulus and other cross-flows in this region, in most cases, is associated with inefficient isolation work. The development of effective recipes for cement slurries with controlled rheological properties is relevant. To regulate the rheological properties of cement slurries, the products of the company «Matanat A» «İzo-Sem» were used as an additive. In the course of the experiments, the influence of «İzo-Sem» dispersions on the physicochemical parameters of the cement stone was studied. When regulating the rheological properties of cement slurries with «İzo-Sem» additives, it is necessary to determine the effect of thermobaric factors on the values of these properties. In studies to assess the effect of temperature on the rheological properties of cement slurries with the addition of «İzo-Sem», they were carried out for the temperature range of 25÷75 °C. Dry mix of grout cement G-CC-1 (APİ Spec 10A Class G-HSR) was used in the studies. Keywords: Cement; Insulating additive; Plastic viscosity; Shear stress; Bottomhole zone; Thixotropy; Dispersed systems; Thermobaric factors.

Assessment of reasonability of production wells transfer to well workover stage

The article discusses predicting the critical parameters of production wells to assess the need to transfer them to well workover stage and put on the program of geological and technical measures (GTM). A methodology for substantiating and assessing the influence of critical values of reservoir parameters on the operation of production wells is presented. Three stages of transferring wells to workover are considered: geological, technological and analytical, and the procedure for assessing their effectiveness. The procedure for calculating the shut-in time of wells and gas losses during the transition of production wells to workover, determining the parameters of the technological regime after geological and technical measures are considered. A method has been developed for predicting the time of well shut-in due to flooding (self-killing) and assessing the timing of its operation with production flow rates at the final stage of field development. The results of the study of dependence of the critical height of the liquid column on the bottomhole pressure and the average daily flow rate of the Cenomanian well, the scheme for revealing the dependence of gas water contact level on the reservoir pressure and the volume of the sampled gas are presented. The procedure for calculating the technical and geological-production state of wells is considered according to the diagnostic rating assessment. Keywords: field; gas well; prediction; critical parameter; cenomanian; flooding; flow rate; pressure.

Investigation methods of protection from the complications during the production in the final stage of field development

In the article, based on the data of the fields in the final stage of exploitation, the most important complications that occurred during the production period and the methods of preventing these complications in the modern period were investigated. In particular, the methods of preventing of the sand plug and flooding, which are the main problems in this type of fields, were investigated and the significance of these methods of selective control against flooding was investigated, the most successful ones among these methods were shown, the hardening of the bottom hole against sand plug and the use of sand control screen in modern times were considered, in the hardening of the bottom hole the use of resin-containing components is mentioned. Keywords: Complications; Sand plug; Flooding; Chemical hardening; Waterproofing.

Positive and negative streamers in air and nitrogen in a sharply inhomogeneous electric field under conditions of runaway electron generation

AbstractThe development of positive and negative streamers in a point‐to‐plane gap filled with air and nitrogen at various pressures (50–200 kPa) and voltages (8–25 kV) was studied. A four‐channel intensified charge‐coupled device (ICCD) and a streak‐camera were used. Electrical parameters were measured with high resolution (10 GHz). An original method of measuring a displacement current caused by a streamer was applied. As was expected, positive streamer branches in nitrogen at low voltages and/or elevated pressures while a large‐diameter streamer is formed in air. However, at high voltages or negative polarity, the large‐diameter streamer is formed both in nitrogen and air in the entire pressure range. It was found that runaway electrons (REs) are generated in the very first picoseconds of gas ionisation near the pointed cathode. It was assumed that REs can be generated near the pointed anode and produce bremsstrahlung radiation due to a sharply inhomogeneous distribution of electrical potential. It was found that in the final stage of negative streamer development in air and nitrogen, the gas between the streamer front and the opposite electrode is ionised almost simultaneously in the entire volume when the streamer diameter is almost equal to the interelectrode gap.

The MYB59 transcription factor negatively regulates salicylic acid- and jasmonic acid-mediated leaf senescence.

Leaf senescence is the final stage of leaf development and is affected by various exogenous and endogenous factors. Transcriptional regulation is essential for leaf senescence, however, the underlying molecular mechanisms remain largely unclear. In this study, we report that the transcription factor MYB59, which was predominantly expressed in early senescent rosette leaves, negatively regulates leaf senescence in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). RNA sequencing revealed a large number of differentially expressed genes involved in several senescence-related biological processes in myb59-1 rosette leaves. Chromatin immunoprecipitation and transient dual-luciferase reporter assays demonstrated that MYB59 directly repressed the expression of SENESCENCE ASSOCIATED GENE 18 and indirectly inhibited the expression of several other senescence-associated genes to delay leaf senescence. Moreover, MYB59 was induced by salicylic acid (SA) and jasmonic acid (JA). MYB59 inhibited SA production by directly repressing the expression of ISOCHORISMATE SYNTHASE 1 and PHENYLALANINE AMMONIA-LYASE 2 and restrained JA biosynthesis by directly suppressing the expression of LIPOXYGENASE 2, thus forming two negative feedback regulatory loops with SA and JA and ultimately delaying leaf senescence. These results help us understand the novel function of MYB59 and provide insights into the regulatory network controlling leaf senescence in Arabidopsis.

Transcriptome and Metabolome Analysis of a Late-Senescent Vegetable Soybean during Seed Development Provides New Insights into Degradation of Chlorophyll.

(1) Background: Senescence represents the final stage of plant growth and development, which transfers nutrients to growing seeds and directly affects the yield and quality of crops. However, little is known about chlorophyll degradation in developing and maturing seeds, in contrast to leaf senescence; (2) Methods: RNA-Seq was used to analyze the differentially expressed genes of different late-senescent germplasms. A widely untargeted metabolic analysis was used to analyze differential metabolites. In addition, qRT-PCR was conducted to detect gene expression levels; (3) Results: Transcriptome analysis revealed that ZX12 seeds have a higher expression level of the chlorophyll synthesis genes in the early stage of maturity, compared with ZX4, and have a lower expression level of chlorophyll degradation genes in the late stage of maturity. Flavonoids were the primary differential metabolites, and ZX12 contains the unique and highest expression of three types of metabolites, including farrerol-7-O-glucoside, cyanidin-3-o-(6'-o-feruloyl) glucoside, and kaempferide-3-o-(6'-malonyl) glucoside. Among them, farrerol-7-O-glucoside and cyanidin-3-o-(6'-o-feruloyl) glucoside are flavonoid derivatives containing mono and dihydroxy-B-ring chemical structures, respectively; and (4) Conclusions: It is speculated that the two metabolites can slow down the degradation process of chlorophyll by scavenging oxygen-free radicals in the chloroplast.

Biosimilars of anti‐vascular endothelial growth factors for ophthalmic disease – Clinical trial status 2022

AbstractPurpose: Diabetic Macular Œdema (DME) and Age‐related Macular Degeneration (nAMD) are the leading causes of vision loss in developed nations. Anti‐Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (aVEGF) has revolutionized the treatment of both conditions, but access is limited by costs. Biosimilars of aVEGF can cut costs, but prescriber concerns over the lack of clinical data can slow uptake. This paper reports all biosimilar aVEGF in development for Europe and the USA, and pools the results of clinical confirmatory trials to provide statistically greater reassurance in the similarity of outcomes.Methods: Biosimilars in the clinical development phase were identified from US and EU trial registries.Results: There are 13 biosimilars of ranibizumab and aflibercept in final clinical comparative trial stage of development in Europe and the USA, recruiting 6126 patients. Five studies of intravitreal bevacizumab biosimilars are recruiting 772 patients. Equivalence outcomes are typically based on Best‐Corrected Visual Acuity (BCVA) with 90% confidence limits of −3 to +3 letters between reference and biosimilar medicines. Completed trials to date with 1166 participants analysed together show BCVA outcomes of ≤1 letter between Originator Reference Products and Biosimilars; for serious adverse events the risk ratio is 1.17, with 95% confidence intervals of 0.85–1.63, p = 0.32.Conclusions: Biosimilars of aVEGF are expected soon. There are likely sufficient brands expected to create meaningful price competition. To date, the EU/US regulatory pathway is delivering biosimilars with close equivalence of safety and efficacy outcomes.

Progress on Thin Film Freezing Technology for Dry Powder Inhalation Formulations.

The surface drying process is an important technology in the pharmaceutical, biomedical, and food industries. The final stage of formulation development (i.e., the drying process) faces several challenges, and overall mastering depends on the end step. The advent of new emerging technologies paved the way for commercialization. Thin film freezing (TFF) is a new emerging freeze-drying technique available for various treatment modalities in drug delivery. TFF has now been used for the commercialization of pharmaceuticals, food, and biopharmaceutical products. The present review highlights the fundamentals of TFF along with modulated techniques used for drying pharmaceuticals and biopharmaceuticals. Furthermore, we have covered various therapeutic applications of TFF technology in the development of nanoformulations, dry powder for inhalations and vaccines. TFF holds promise in delivering therapeutics for lung diseases such as fungal infection, bacterial infection, lung dysfunction, and pneumonia.

Organization of serotonergic system in Sphaerotheca breviceps (Dicroglossidae) tadpole brain.

The monoaminergic neurotransmitter 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) is known to be involved in several physiological, behavioural and neuroendocrine functions in vertebrates. In this study, we investigated the distribution of 5-HT neuronal system in the central nervous system (CNS) of Sphaerotheca breviceps tadpoles at metamorphic climax stage. In the telencephalon, there was no 5-HT-immunoreactive (5-HT-ir) perikarya, but conspicuous fibres were observed in the olfactory bulb, pallium, subpallium and amygdala complexes. The preoptic area showed dense 5-HT-ir somata and cerebrospinal fluid contacting fibres, whereas a few varicose 5-HT-ir fibres were noticed in the suprachiasmatic nucleus. 5-HT-ir cells and fibres were found in the ventral, lateral dorsal subdivisions of the hypothalamus and in the nucleus tuberculi posterioris, but only 5-HT-ir fibres were localised in the periventricular area and pituitary gland. Numerous 5-HT-ir cells and/or fibres were detected in the thalamus, entopeduncular area and mesencephalic subdivisions. In the rhombencephalon, although 5-HT-ir cells and fibres were noticed in the subdivisions of the raphe nucleus and reticular formation, a moderate plexus of fibres was observed in the cerebellum, parabrachial nucleus and solitary tract. Distinct 5-HT-ir fibres, but no perikarya, were observed in the rostral spinal cord. Overall, extensively labelled 5-HT-ir cells and fibres in the CNS of the metamorphic tadpole suggest possible roles for the involvement of 5-HT in various somatosensory, behavioural and neuroendocrine functions during final stages of development.

Multi-stage planning of LID-GREI urban drainage systems in response to land-use changes

Long-term planning of urban drainage systems aimed at maintaining the sustainability of urban hydrology remains challenging. In this study, an innovative multi-stage planning framework involving two adaptation pathways for optimizing hybrid low impact development and grey infrastructure (LID-GREI) layouts in opposing chronological orders was explored. The Forward Planning and Backward Planning are adaptation pathways to increase LID in chronological order based on the initial development stage of an urban built-up area and reduce LID in reverse chronological order based on the final development stage, respectively. Two resilience indicators, which considered potential risk scenarios of extreme storms and pipeline failures, were used to evaluate the performance of optimized layouts when land-use changed and evolved over time. Compared these two pathways, Forward Planning made the optimized layouts more economical and resilient in most risk scenarios when land-use changed, while the layouts optimized by Backward Planning showed higher resilience only in the initial stage. Furthermore, a decentralized scheme in Forward Planning was chosen as the optimal solution when taking costs, reliability, resilience, and land-use changes into an overall consideration. Nevertheless, this kind of reverse optimization order offers a novel exploration in planning pathways for discovering the alternative optimization schemes. More comprehensive solutions can be provided to decision-makers. The findings will shed a light on the exploration of optimized layouts in terms of spatial configuration and resilience performance in response to land-use changes. This framework can be used to support long-term investment and planning in urban drainage systems for sustainable stormwater management.

Artificial Intelligence in De novo Drug Design: Are We Still There?

The artificial intelligence (AI)-assisted design of drug candidates with novel structures and desired properties has received significant attention in the recent past, so related areas of forward prediction that aim to discover chemical matters worth synthesizing and further experimental investigation. The purpose behind developing AI-driven models is to explore the broader chemical space and suggest new drug candidate scaffolds with promising therapeutic value. Moreover, it is anticipated that such AI-based models may not only significantly reduce the cost and time but also decrease the attrition rate of drug candidates that fail to reach the desirable endpoints at the final stages of drug development. In an attempt to develop AI-based models for de novo drug design, numerous methods have been proposed by various study groups by applying machine learning and deep learning algorithms to chemical datasets. However, there are many challenges in obtaining accurate predictions, and real breakthroughs in de novo drug design are still scarce. In this review, we explore the recent trends in developing AI-based models for de novo drug design to assess the current status, challenges, and opportunities in the field. The consistently improved AI algorithms and the abundance of curated training chemical data indicate that AI-based de novo drug design should perform better than the current models. Improvements in the performance are warranted to obtain better outcomes in the form of potential drug candidates, which can perform well in in vivo conditions, especially in the case of more complex diseases.

Research progress on the relationship between leaf senescence and quality, yield and stress resistance in horticultural plants.

Leaf senescence, the final stage of leaf development, is one of the adaptive mechanisms formed by plants over a long period of evolution. Leaf senescence is accompanied by various changes in cell structure, physiological metabolism, and gene expressions. This process is controlled by a variety of internal and external factors. Meanwhile, the genes and plant hormones involved in leaf aging affect the quality, yield and stress resistance in horticultural plants. Leaf senescence mediated by plant hormones affected plant quality at both pre-harvest and post-harvest stages. Exogenous plant growth regulators or plant hormone inhibitors has been applied to delay leaf senescence. Modification of related gene expression by over-expression or antisense inhibition could delay or accelerate leaf senescence, and thus influence quality. Environmental factors such as light, temperature and water status also trigger or delay leaf senescence. Delaying leaf senescence could increase chloroplast lifespan and photosynthesis and thus improve source strength, leading to enhanced yield. Accelerating leaf senescence promotes nutrient redistribution from old leaves into young leaves, and may raise yield under certain circumstances. Many genes and transcriptional factors involved in leaf senescence are associated with responses to abiotic and biotic stresses. WRKY transcriptional factors play a vital role in this process and they could interact with JA signalling. This review summarized how genes, plant hormones and environmental factors affect the quality, yield. Besides, the regulation of leaf senescence holds great promise to improving the resistance to plant biotic and abiotic stresses.

Dynamic analysis as a method of wells interaction evaluation in making technological decisions

The complexity of developing oil fields determines the creation and improvement of fundamentally new approaches to the analysis and management of various technological processes of oil production based on indirect methods of interpreting current geological and field information for making strategic and tactical decisions to rationalize it.This article discusses the formation of stagnant and poorly drained zones of oil deposits due to the redistribution of hydrodynamic flows of reservoir fluids.
 In order to analyze and evaluate the effectiveness of applying the technology to change the direction of filtration flows in the reservoir under consideration, it is necessary to study the influence of non-stationary processes on oil production.
 Based on the construction of operational maps of total oil and water production, water cut and the degree of interaction by periods of development, the state of the reservoir system is analyzed and conclusions are made about the characteristic features of the direction of water-oil flows with the subsequent formation of stagnant zones.
 The proposed approach to decision-making allows to carry out the dynamic regulation of hydrodynamic flows in order to stabilize and reduce oil production losses for the period under consideration and make the necessary decision on the issuance of technological recommendations for the impact on the operation of the exploitation object, taking into account the minimization of energy and resource costs.
 The proposed method was tested on the example of the analysis of the state of development of one of the fields in Azerbaijan, which is in the final stage of development. As an information array, the dynamics of changes in oil and water flow rates by wells in various periods of development was chosen.

Methodical approach to substantiation of the strategy for the development of residual oil reserves at the final stage of development, taking into account facies analysis

The article considers and solves the problem of finding the optimal strategy for the development of terrigenous deposits of the Bobrikovsko-Radaev horizon of one of the deposits of the Ural-Volga region. Based on the analysis of the behavior of the curves obtained during geophysical surveys in more than three thousand wells, four main types of facies zones were identified, characterized by different porosity and permeability properties and formed development systems. As part of the analysis of the reservoir pressure maintenance system, a direct influence of reservoir properties on the efficiency of waterflooding was established, which made it possible to develop an optimization strategy and the formation of new injection sites. Using the method of multiple regression analysis, two statistical models have been obtained – the reservoir properties model and the facies model, which make it possible to quickly assess the recovery factor and select the optimal development system for fields with a lesser degree of knowledge. Keywords: oil field development; geological structure; facies model; hydraulic fracturing; horizontal wells; hydrodynamic model; multiple regression analysis.

Numerical Analysis for Performance and the Combustion Reactants of the Crankcase Explosion Relief Valve

A crankcase explosion relief valve (CERV) is installed to minimize the effects of explosions occurring in the crankcase of marine engines. According to the regulations of the International Association of Classification Societies (IACS), installation of CERV is mandatory and it must be designed and manufactured based on the engine size. As there are various types of engines, the CERV must be developed accordingly. A high cost is required for the explosion test in the development process, so the test is performed for verification purposes in the final development stage. However, if the developed CERV causes an inappropriate result that is different from the expected performance in the explosion test, it needs to return to the development process so conducting the explosion test in the final stage may be unreasonable. In this study, to predict CERV performance, the chamber and CERV were modeled in 2D, and numerical analysis was performed assuming that the DISC of the CERV was opened by causing an explosion inside the chamber. The results of the numerical analysis were verified by comparing the results with the pressure rising during the explosion. In addition, the reasonable results were obtained for temperature, pressure, and combustion products through comparison to the theoretical calculation results. If the numerical analysis method used in this study is applied, it is expected to be able to predict the performance and reactants at the stage before the explosion test when developing the crankcase explosion relief valve.

Increasing the filtration characteristics of rocks in areas of high temperatures

One of the important problems of the oil and gas industry is the decrease in the production characteristics of wells in fields that are at the final stage of development. In addition, the drop in well production below their potential and the decrease in hydrocarbon recovery factors are often due to the deterioration of the reservoir properties of rocks in the process of drilling in productive formations, well workover, as well as the imperfection of production processes and means of their implementation. The object of research is the technology of treatment of the bottomhole formation zone with non-acidic systems based on ammonium salts for the intensification of hydrocarbon production. The paper considers a number of methods that allow solving the above problems, taking into account their complexity, efficiency and duration of the positive effect of processing. The main acid methods of influencing the bottomhole formation zone and their modifications are analyzed. The authors, using the results of the research and experience gained, proposed a non-acidic system of chemical treatment of oil and gas wells based on ammonium salts. Their influence on the rocks occurs more long-term and does not lead to the destruction of reservoirs. During the research, physical, chemical, physicochemical methods and techniques developed by the authors for processing and analyzing field data, statistical methods for processing experimental studies were used. Modeling of deep processes was carried out on the installation developed and created by the authors. The mechanism of interaction of ammonium salt solutions with terrigenous and carbonate rocks is revealed. Experimental studies have confirmed and theoretically substantiated the effectiveness of the use of ammonium salts to improve the filtration characteristics of reservoirs. The effect of ammonium salt solutions on the change in the permeability of sandy and carbonate reservoirs in the Dnipro-Donetsk depression (DDD, Ukraine) has been studied. And also a mathematical model of the process of increasing the permeability of rocks during their dissolution by the studied chemical reagents was created. The mathematical model is available for its wide application in the practice of technological calculations and designing measures for the stimulation of oil and gas production.

Attraction and waterproofing could fast track Australian field cricket oily evolution

The Swiss Army knife is a design classic; from handy pocketknives complete with tweezers and tiny pen to tools including saws and bottle openers. Many creatures also depend on versatile structures and compounds that serve multiple purposes for survival, yet some adaptable characteristics may excel in one context, while being less effective in others. For instance, oily hydrocarbon cocktails coating insect bodies can double as attractive scents and waterproofing. But, while some male insects are perceived as being more attractive thanks to their waterproof cocktails – which can contain more than 100 oily compounds – males from other species appear to pay a price for their increased alure, selecting oils with attractive aromas at the expense of their waterproofing. ‘Many researchers have studied the appeal of these cocktails to choosy females, but we know less about how being attractive affects a male's ability to avoid water loss’, says Leigh Simmons from The University of Western Australia.In a bid to better understand how insects play off the competing priorities of waterproofing against attracting the right mate, Simmons and colleagues decided to raise Australian field crickets (Teleogryllus oceanicus) in dry and humid environments to find out how the insects fine-tune their oily coating and the impact this has on their appeal for females. Would the insects err on the side of caution in dry circumstances and discard their attractive oils in favour of better waterproofing? Or, might they select waterproofing that also boosted their attraction to capitalise on their dry start in life? Knowing that Australian field crickets go through nine moults before developing into fully mature adults, Simmons and Maxine Lovegrove (The University of Western Australia) selected juvenile crickets that still had one moult to go and isolated individuals in humid (77% humidity) and dry (25% humidity) situations during their final stages of development until the adults were 10 days old. Isolating samples of the oily coatings as the insects matured, Bob Du, Melissa Thomas and Yonglin Ren from Murdoch University, Australia, identified 34 oily compounds and found that the mixtures produced by crickets raised in dry conditions included the most waterproof oils. In addition, when the team compared the adult male and female coatings, the males were using more of the most waterproof oils, which the females also find attractive. The males had not improved their waterproofing mixture at the expense of their allure. In fact, they had boosted the attractive cocktail, improving their chances of surviving drought while also attracting more mates. And Simmons adds, ‘the evolution of these types of chemical signals might occur rapidly if they increase both a male's survival and his ability to attract mates’.However, the team points out the possibility that other components which contribute to different aspects of cricket health may be traded in favour of waterproofing: ‘Future research will be needed to explore the interactions between different compounds within the T. oceanicus profile’, says Simmons. And he is keen to find out whether the oils that female Australian field crickets find attractive actively enhance the males’ waterproofing, simultaneously improving their chances of survival by saving them from drying out.

The method of creating three-dimensional geological model of effective porosity of the Vuktyl field

The Vuktyl oil and gas condensate field is currently in the final stages of development. In order to expand the resource base of the field, research was conducted to estimate the reserves of matrix oil – the field’s own oil, the indigenous gas-saturated part of productive sediments. The proposed method for constructing a structural-capacitive three-dimensional model of the distribution of effective porosity is based on the analysis of an unextracted core study results.