Final Scale Research Articles

Psychometric evaluation of the Chinese version of the stressors in breast cancer scale: a translation and validation study

ObjectiveTo translate the Stressors in Breast Cancer Scale (SBCS) from English to Chinese and assess its psychometric properties.MethodsThe Brislin’s translation model was applied to perform forward translation, back translation, cross-cultural adaptation, Whereas the Chinese version of the SBCS was formed by conducting pre-testing. A cohort of 878 breast cancer patients participated in this methodological study. Content validity, construct validity, convergent validity, discriminant validity, and criterion-related validity were used to establish validity. Internal consistency reliability, split-half reliability, and test-retest reliability were used to establish reliability.ResultsThe final scale contained five dimensions and 24 items, including interpersonal relationship and healthcare strains, worries and concerns about the future, physical appearance and sex strains, daily difficulties and health. The average content validity index of the scale was 0.975. The goodness-of-fit index (χ2/DF = 2.416, RMSEA = 0.057, GFI = 0.896, CFI = 0.947, IFI = 0.947, and TLI = 0.939) indicated that the model was well-fitted. The composite reliability (CR) of the dimensions ranged from 0.825 to 0.934, the average variance extracted (AVE) ranged from 0.539 to 0.712, and the correlation coefficients of each dimension with the other dimensions were less than the square root of the AVE for that dimension. The Criterion-related validity was 0.511. The Cronbach’s alpha was 0.938, and the dimensions ranged from 0.779 to 0.900. Split-half reliability was 0.853, with dimensions ranging from 0.761 to 0.892. Test-retest reliability was 0.855.ConclusionsThe Chinese version of the SBCS has good reliability and validity, which can be applied to the assessment of stressors in breast cancer patients in China.

Development and Validation of a Scale to Measure Person-Centered Care in Fetal Care Centers

Introduction: Fetal care centers (FCCs) in the USA lack a standardized instrument to measure person-centered care. This study aimed to develop and validate the Person-Centered Care in Fetal Care Centers (PCC-FCC) Scale. Methods: Initial items were developed based on literature and input from clinicians and former patients. A Delphi study involving 16 experts was conducted to validate the content and construct. Through three rounds of online questionnaires using open-ended questions and Likert scales, consensus on item clarity and relevancy was established. The resulting items were then piloted with former fetal care center patients via a web-based survey. The instrument’s reliability and validity were validated using Cronbach’s α and exploratory factor analysis, respectively. Concurrent validity was assessed by comparing scores with the Revised Patient Perception of Patient-Centeredness (PPPC-R) Questionnaire. Results: 258 participants completed the 48-item pilot PCC-FCC survey, categorized into six domains. Factor analysis yielded a 2-factor, 28-item scale. Internal consistency of the final scale had good reliability (α = 0.969). Data supported content, construct, and concurrent validity. Conclusion: The PCC-FCC Scale is a reliable and valid measure of person-centered care in U.S. FCCs. It can be used to enhance services and begin connecting person-centered care to maternal-child health outcomes.

Psychometric properties of the Arabic version of the perceived prosthodontic treatment need scale: Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses.

It is crucial to take into account the concerns of dental patients about their prosthodontic needs when planning the course of treatment. However, there is a dearth of research that examines these needs among adult dental patients. This study aims to translate and validate the perceived prosthodontic treatment need scale (PPTN) in Arabic. The 17-item PPTN scale was translated from English into Arabic and completed by 206 patients seeking prosthodontic treatment in a dental hospital in Saudi Arabia. Data collection was carried out in September and October 2023. Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) was used to ascertain the underlying factor structure; a unidimensional scale was hypothesised and tested using confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), including several multiple model fit indices. The assessment of reliability was conducted using Cronbach's alpha. The convergent and discriminant validity of the final scale were examined. EFA produced an 11-item scale distributed into three factors that explain 65.43% of the total variance with eigenvalues > 1. All items showed acceptable reliability, ranging from 0.65 to 0.84. The first factor pertained to social issues, while the second item was concerning dental appearance. Lastly, the third factor included functional difficulties associated with tooth loss or dental problems. The results of the CFA demonstrate a satisfactory level of model fit, with the standardised factor loadings ranging from 0.51 to 0.89. Convergent and discriminant validity of the model factors were established. The translated questionnaire was deemed legitimate and would be useful in comprehending patients' perceived treatment requirements, hence contributing to the advancement of prosthodontic research and practical implementation.

Development and psychometric properties of the middle-age preparation scale for healthy aging (MPHA)

ABSTRACT Investing in the preparation of middle-aged individuals for healthy old age can empower them to surmount the challenges aging. This study was conducted to create and assess the reliability and validity of a scale designed to measure the readiness of middle-aged individuals for healthy aging, referred to as the Middle-Age Preparation Scale for Healthy Aging (MPHA). The research employed a mixed sequential exploratory design. During the qualitative phase, items for the questionnaire were generated by reviewing existing literature and conducting interviews with participants. Subsequently, in the quantitative phase, the psychometric properties of the questionnaire were evaluated by analyzing its face validity, content validity, construct validity, internal consistency, and stability. The reliability and validity of the MPHA were tested with a sample of 440 middle-aged individuals in Tehran, Iran, in 2020. The statistical analyses performed included exploratory factor analysis, measures of internal consistency, and test-retest reliability. Initially, the item pool contained 80 items, which was narrowed down to 44 items during the face and content validation phase. The structural validity assessment resulted in a final 33-item scale, encompassing five factors associated with preparation for healthy aging: financial preparation, maintenance and promotion of physical and mental health, psychological preparation, sustaining communication, and planning productive leisure time. These factors explained 60.37% of the total variance. The Cronbach’s alpha coefficient for the overall MPHA was 0.90, and ranged from 0.79 to 0.91 for the five subscales. The MPHA exhibited satisfactory validity and reliability for assessing preparation for healthy aging in the Iranian context.

Development and validation of a scale for measuring organizational behavior: A comprehensive approach

Organizational behavior has long been a focus for researchers and academicians, and it is crucial for individual, team, and organizational achievements. There are debates about how to accurately measure organizational behavior, and existing scales have limitations. This paper offers a detailed view of developing scales in organizational behavior studies. This includes creating items, assessing content validity, pilot testing, refining items, validating the scale, and collecting data. The scale's validity and reliability are confirmed using statistical methods like exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis. The analysis results show the scale's legitimacy through factor loadings and reliability. The final scale is described, detailing the number of items and their specific dimensions. The discussion highlights the scale's benefits and limitations, its practical uses in organizational behavior research, and future research suggestions. This article is a thorough guide for researchers on creating effective and dependable measurement tools in organizational behavior.

Development and validation of a blended learning perception scale for higher vocational students

Blended learning, a pedagogical approach that seamlessly integrates online and offline teaching methods, has evolved into a pivotal component of higher education. In order to assess students’ perspectives on their experiences with blended learning in higher vocational schools, we developed a comprehensive tool known as the Blended Learning Perception Scale (BLPS). The scale’s reliability and validity have been rigorously substantiated through data obtained from 600 students enrolled in a vocational school in China. The creation of this scale primarily entailed the application of quantitative methodologies, including both exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses. The final scale encompasses 24 items, categorizing student perceptions into five distinct factors: content coherence, interaction effectiveness, platform functionality, learning motivation, and learning satisfaction. Collectively, these factors elucidate 68.346% of the total variance. Moreover, the Cronbach’s coefficients (α) for these factors range from 0.791 to 0.842, denoting a high degree of internal consistency and thereby establishing the scale’s reliability. Item-based analysis further substantiates the scale’s reliability and discriminability, while confirmatory factor analysis unequivocally confirms its structural validity. Each factor’s average variance extracted (AVE) ranges from 0.589 to 0.671, with a cumulative value of 2.766. Additionally, the Root Mean Square Error of Approximation (RSMEA) recorded at 0.053 underscores the scale’s satisfactory level of structural validity. In essence, this study presents a valid and dependable instrument for gauging students’ perceptions of blended learning, thoughtfully tailored to the specific attributes of higher vocational education and its students. Furthermore, it offers insights into areas that necessitate further enhancement within blended learning programs.

A preliminary study on the development of care staff's Final-Stage Decision-Making Support Scale for older adults with dementia.

This preliminary study aimed to develop a care staff Final Life-Stage Decision-Making Support Scale (FS-DM) for older adults with dementia (OwDs) in geriatric facilities. The FS-DM items were developed from focus group interviews with care staff and reviewed through discussions with several experts in dementia care. A questionnaire survey was conducted among care staff in geriatric facilities from February to March 2021. In total, 138 carers (110 [79.7%] women and 28 [20.3%] men, mean age: 41.5 ± 2.3 years) participated. Among them, 91 (65.9%) were professional caregivers, and 36 (26.1%) were nurses. The FS-DM was developed using a factor analysis, which resulted in 11 items grouped into three factors', as it is the three factors: (1) support for the realization of the wills of OwDs in their final life-stages through collaboration with families and multiple professionals; (2) consideration of communication regarding the formation and expression of the wills of OwDs in their final life-stages; and (3) support for eliciting the wills of OwDs during their final life-stages according to their decision-making ability and values. The factor loadings ranged from 0.385 to 0.827, and the accumulated contribution ratio was 61.03%. The reliability analysis yielded a Cronbach's α of 0.740-0.855. The first and second factors of the FS-DM were significantly correlated with the Approaches to Dementia Questionnaire item "Nurses' attitudes towards support for decision-making." Our results suggest that the FS-DM could provide supportive care for OwDs to formulate, express, and realize their will, and that it has a degree of reliability and validity. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2024; 24: 130-134.

Construction of AGRISERV Scale to Assess the Service Quality of Agricultural Service Providers in Karnataka, India

The research being conducted in 2022–2023, describes how the AGRISERV scale was developed to assess the quality of service rendered by Karnataka's agricultural service providers from the perspective of the farmers. The construction of the scale followed the guidelines provided by Parasuraman et al. 1998. An informational questionnaire that was self-administered was completed by fifty farmers. The multi-item scale consists of 22 items total from five dimensions: Assurance, Responsiveness, Empathy, Tangibility, and Dependability. The scale was standardized using the item whose Cronbach's alpha value fell between 0.73 and 0.83 for each of the five dimensions. Utilizing the validity, factor structure, and a1n6d reliability, the scale was standardized. The combined reliability of the 22 items was 0.92, indicating that the scale was internally consistent. The analysis indicated that the scale had construct, content, and face validity. The final scale on a five-point continuum was presented to the farmers.

Interplay of simplicial information propagation and epidemic spreading on multiplex metapopulation networks

Disease-related information inevitably enhances people’s awareness to prevent themselves from being infected. The traditional information propagation mainly presents in the form of individual to individual, without revealing the effects of herd-awareness on individuals. That is, individuals can perceive the disease-related information not only from their resident herd but also surrounding high-order herds. Thus, to further explore the effects information propagation of herd-awareness on spatial spreading of the epidemic, we construct a two-layer metapopulation network model, in which the upper layer is responsible for the information propagation by the patterns of self-herd awareness (0-simplex), neighboring herd awareness (1-simplex), and high-order herd-awareness (2-simplex), while the lower layer is responsible for spatial spreading of the epidemic.The results show that strengthening self-herd awareness can properly curb the epidemic spreading, and enhancing neighboring herd-awareness propagation apparently decrease the final infection scale. Nevertheless, enhancing high-order herd-awareness of 2-simplex propagation is not evident. This study may provide helpful guidance for the intervention of the epidemic in reality.

Otherness measuring scale: design and validation for social sciences

This paper is the result of a scale validation process, applicable to social science research, which allows the constructs of otherness and coexistence and their relationship to be trasnformed into measurable, systematized variables. In turn, this scale is the product of a research project whose main objectives were (i) to demonstrate the relationship between coexistence as an independent variable and otherness as a dependent variable, and (ii) to create and statistically validate a scale to measure both variables, so to use it in applied research. The sample consisted of 600 participants. Three instruments were used: two semantic differentials and a 33-item questionnaire. The application was carried out virtually due to the SARS-CoV-2 virus. The method includes a mixed type of work, i.e., qualitative, and quantitative procedures. The results showed two factors, the other as strange or foreign and the other as equal. The final scale consisted of 10 items, with a Cronbach’s alpha of 0.86 and variance explaining 58% of the otherness.

Negative brand news, social media, and the propensity to doomscrolling: measuring and validating a new scale

Negative media coverage can have a significant impact on businesses and society. For instance, depressing news about the unethical features or harmful effects of a product or a service (e.g., Maggi’s lead issue) can significantly impact their brand image among consumers. We focused on studying whether consumers have a tendency to consume such negative news through online platforms. While there exists a considerable amount of empirical research and industry reports illustrating the implications of such news on businesses; interestingly, the consumer perspective on the same is rarely studied. In the current study, the authors have developed and validated the psychometric properties of “Propensity to Doomscrolling” (PTD), which is an individual tendency to surf/scroll through large amounts of painful, disheartening and sad news on the Internet. We started our scale with 12 items developed from qualitative interviews and existing literature on doomscrolling and compulsive negative news consumption. The final PTD scale consists of two subdimensions: perceived survival threat and fear of death, which can be measured through a seven-item scale proposed and initially tested in this study.

Motives for Caffeine Consumption Questionnaire (MCCQ): validity and reliability of Turkish version

ObjectivesThe aims of this study are to make the Turkish validity and reliability of the scale that explain why caffeine intake. Additionally, it is crucial to highlight that the adaptation of the scale involved a confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) to validate its structure and the need for this adaptation in the Turkish context.Materials and methodsThe study was carried out with a total of 200 university students, comprised of 93.5% female and 6.5% male participants, with a mean age of 21.74 ± 6.15 years who were actively studying in the faculties of the universities who accepted to participate voluntarily in the study were included. The Turkish version of the Motives for Caffeine Consumption Questionnaire (MCCQ) scale and the MCCQ was used as the data collection tools. To evaluate the statistical analysis findings, the margin of error was taken as 5%. The entire application was carried out with the R-project software. CFA was used to test the adaptation of the MCCQ scale from English to Turkish.ResultsThe alpha internal consistency coefficient for the whole scale was calculated as 0.959. Just like the original scale, the Turkish version shows a six-factor structure: habit, alertness, mood, social, taste, and symptom management. In MCCQ-TR, it showed a low level of positive correlation with Yale Food Addiction Scale (YFAS). For the final scale with 23 items and 6 sub-dimensions, it was determined that the fit indices were at an acceptable level, and the internal consistency was highly reliable for all sub-dimensions and the total scale.ConclusionsIt has been determined that the Turkish version of the MCCQ is a valid and reliable measurement tool to operationalize the motives of caffeine consumption and to reveal possible differences in the motives regarding gender, age, and the type of caffeinated products consumed. The use of CFA in adapting the scale ensures the robustness of the structural validity in the Turkish context, making this adaptation a valuable contribution to the field.

Strengthening pharmacy practice: Development and validation of the resilience scale

Background/Aim. Despite the demanding nature of their roles in community pharmacies and their critical importance to patient safety, healthcare professionals, including pharmacists, are often not covered by the Resilience Scale. Therefore, the aim of the study was to develop and validate a resilience scale specifically tailored for pharmacists working in community pharmacies. Methods. The study involved the development and validation of a scale aimed at assessing psychological resilience among community pharmacists. The domains and items of the scale were considered from the aspect of review-ing the available literature. Content validation by subject matter experts and subsequent computation of the content validity index ensured the scale?s content validity. Face validity assessment ensured alignment with the in-tended construct. The final scale was distributed to a sample of 504 community pharmacists, after which the scale was analyzed using statistical methods such as factor analysis, multiple regression, and reliability analysis. Additionally, test-retest reliability analysis was performed on 80 community pharmacists. Results. During the brainstorming sessions and focus groups, 95 items were generated within five domains - Confidence, Agility, Coping with stress, Interpersonal relations, and Developmental thinking. Following expert review and rigorous content and face validity analyses, 30 items with Content Validity Index and Face Validity Index values surpassing 0.80 were retained. The scale exhibited strong internal consistency, with Cronbach?s alpha exceeding 0.9. Factor analysis confirmed the five-factor structure, with each component displaying high factor loadings and significant variable loadings on only one component. Conclusion. The Resilience Scale emerged as a promising tool for assessing community pharmacists? resilience, demonstrating robust psychometric properties. The study contributed validity evidence concerning content and internal structure, thereby enhancing the scale?s credibility in evaluating resilience domains within the pharmacy profession.

The development of the Zero-Sum Beliefs between Nature and Humanity Scale

Environmental decisions and policies are often depicted as having win-lose trade-offs with humanity's ability to thrive. These zero-sum beliefs about the relationship between nature and humanity (ZSB-NH) have significant implications for how individuals behave concerning our natural environment. However, no measure exists to operationalise this construct. The aim of this paper thus is to develop and validate a scale that can reliably measure people's zero-sum beliefs about the human-environment relationship. This research provides a theoretical approach to the measurement of ZSB-NH, in which three studies (total N = 1921) assess the factor structure, reliability, and validity of the scale. In Australian samples, our initial pool of items was tested and refined into a final 6-item scale, and confirmatory factor analysis was conducted twice in two subsequent studies to assess construct validity. The final scale demonstrated excellent internal reliability across all three studies, while convergent, discriminant, and concurrent validity was also supported. Unexpectedly, zero-sum beliefs in human relationships were found to be unrelated to the ZSB-NH. The predictive utility of ZSB-NH was also demonstrated, where hierarchical multiple regression analyses show the ZSB-NH accounts for unique variance in human pro-social intentions and pro-environmental behaviours, with medium effect sizes. Overall, the ZSB-NH promises to be a useful empirical tool when concerned with understanding barriers to supporting human pro-social and pro-environmental actions.

Teachers' digital competences: a scale construction and validation study.

Improving teachers' digital competences is sine qua non for effective teaching and learning in today's digital society. However, there is a limited number of comprehensive and reliable scales to measure teachers' digital competences. Regarding this, the present study aimed to develop and validate a comprehensive scale to assess teachers' digital competences. Building on previous studies, a draft scale developed and piloted with a sample of teachers from all educational levels. The procedures of Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) were followed to refine the scale, resulting in a five-point Likert scale with 36 items loaded onto four factors. The final scale was called as Teachers' Digital Competences Scale (TDC-S). Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was employed to validate the four-factor structure. Reliability analysis was performed using Cronbach's alpha (α), McDonald's omega (ω), and Composite Reliability (CR), indicating high psychometric properties. Convergent and discriminant validity analyses were also performed to assess the validity of the latent structures in TDC-S. The findings suggest that the TDC-S is a valid and reliable instrument for assessing teachers' digital competences at all grade levels from primary to high schools. It can be used to inform teacher training and development programs, and to identify teacher candidates who need additional assistance regarding improving their digital competences.

The Technology in Caring Questionnaire: Development and Psychometric Properties.

We developed the Technology in Caring Questionnaire (TCQ) to assess the use of technology-based strategies by dementia caregivers. One hundred caregivers completed a survey that included TCQ items along with measures of technology proficiency and patient and caregiver-centered outcomes. The final 34-item TCQ scale had adequate to excellent internal consistency (raw Cronbach alpha = 0.75; standardized Cronbach alpha = 0.95; Guttman lambda-6 = 0.97). TCQ scores demonstrated modest convergent associations with scores from measures of smartphone ( r = 0.265, P < 0.01) and computer proficiency ( r = 0.230, P < 0.05) but a strong association with overall technology experience scores ( r = 0.578, P < 0.001). Elevated TCQ scores were associated with reduced informant-reported cognitive symptoms ( B = -0.003, P < 0.05), increased ability of caregivers to find support and information ( B = 0.03, P < 0.001), and increased direct care strain ( B = 0.03, P < 0.05), after controlling for dementia severity and demographics. The TCQ has good psychometric properties for the assessment of technology-based care strategies among dementia caregivers. Findings imply that the use of technologies may aid in symptom management and finding support and information but may also increase caregiver strain.

Development and testing of the Perceived Wellbeing in Outdoor Shared Spaces (PWOSS) scale

Accessible and high quality shared outdoor open spaces, both built and natural, can be particularly beneficial for health and wellbeing. The design and quality of shared outdoor spaces are often modifiable and the health and wellbeing-promoting potential of such spaces can, therefore, be enhanced. However, optimal modification of shared outdoor spaces requires a greater understanding of perceptions and experiences. Citizen Science projects can be particularly valuable for capturing experiences of wellbeing in different environments and shared outdoor spaces, although suitable validated scales are lacking. This paper aims to develop and conduct psychometric testing on the Perceived Wellbeing in Shared Outdoor Spaces (PWOSS) Scale. The study involves three key phases of scale development and evaluation: (i) identifying suitable domains and generating initial items for the PWOSS Scale; (ii) pre-testing the PWOSS Scale and conducting item reduction analysis and factor extraction to refine the scale items using a sample of potential users from Edinburgh, Scotland (n=137); and (iii) evaluating the PWOSS Scale by testing for dimensionality, reliability and validity. The final PWOSS Scale consisted of nine-items. The factor analysis indicated a two-factor solution (positive and negative wellbeing. The results of the three phases suggest the PWOSS Scale is a valid and reliable scale that can aid our understanding of the link between wellbeing and shared outdoor spaces and environments. The PWOSS Scale offers significant value to Citizen Science projects and to urban planning and public health practitioners interested in modifying and adapting shared outdoor spaces to increase wellbeing.

Scale to Measure the Attitude of Fish Farmers Towards the APART Project in Assam

A scale was constructed and standardized to measure the attitude of fish farmers towards scientific technologies demonstrated by “Assam Agribusiness and Rural Transformation Project (APART)” from May 2021 to September 2022 in APART-fishery operated districts of Assam using the ‘Scale Product Method’. Sixty-five (65) experts responded unbiased to the 50 attitude statements related to recommended technologies of fish farming by the project. On the basis of scale values and Q values, only 28 statements were incorporated in the final attitude scale. When administered in a non-sample area, the reliability coefficient of the whole test was 0.90 using Rulon’s formula. Moreover, when the constructed attitude scale was administered among 180 APART beneficiaries during July, 2022 to September, 2022, majority i.e. 87.22 per cent of the respondents had most favourable attitude towards technologies demonstrated by APART project which is depicts the impact of the development programme. This attitude scale can be applied practically for measuring the attitude of fish farmers under similar programmes which will aid policy-makers in right decision-making.

Validation of a Mathematics Teaching Assessment Scale for K-12 Basic Education: A Confirmatory Factor Analysis Approach

Mathematics teaching in the K-12 Basic Education Curriculum encourages educators to adopt student-centered approaches and emphasize the development of 21st-century skills. Assessing the pedagogical practices of mathematics teachers using a specific tool validated through quantitative approaches is essential to ensure the effectiveness and quality of mathematics instruction. While previous research has focused on instrument validation in various areas, including self-efficacy of math teachers, mathematics teachers’ anxiety, and online education, existing classroom observation tools have limitations, particularly in assessing public school teachers' performance specifically intended for mathematics teachers. This study aimed to validate a mathematics teaching assessment scale. The scale, constructed based on the Department of Education's classroom observation tool, initially comprised 22 items across four constructs: Mastery of the K-12 Mathematics, Teaching Methodologies, ICT Integration, and Assessment of Learning. The scale was validated through content validation, reliability testing, inter-item correlation, confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), convergent validity, and discriminant validity. A total of 687 mathematics teachers from four public schools in each of the five municipalities of the National Capital Region participated. Content validity was established by eight experts using the Scale Content Validity Index and Item-Content Validity Index, with indices exceeding 0.833, indicating validity. Each construct demonstrated desirable reliability indices based on Cronbach's alpha and composite reliability coefficients. Confirmatory Factor Analysis removed six indicators, resulting in a final scale of 16 items across four constructs. The validated instrument can effectively evaluate mathematics teachers' classroom teaching, focusing on 21st-century skills and student-centered approaches.

Development and Validation of a Cultural and Linguistic Diversity Scale to Measure Pre-service EFL Teachers’ Self-Efficacy Beliefs

The study aims to develop and validate an affordable and generalizable survey design tool to measure pre-service EFL teachers’ self-efficacy beliefs about cultural and linguistic diversity. It is significant as there are relatively low number of studies aiming to measure such beliefs in today’s changing demographic conditions which are beyond its limits especially in some countries due to the massive flow of migrants. Most of these studies are qualitative which are not cost-effective and flexible. In this study, exploratory sequential mixed method was conducted. Initially, qualitative research design was employed. Findings were used to develop a valid and reliable survey design tool in a second quantitative phase in which data was gathered quantitatively to reduce the number of the variables to a few values representing self-efficacy beliefs and determine the latent components in the scale. Final version of the scale included 20 items across five factors after Exploratory Factor Analysis through principal axis factoring and Confirmatory Factor Analysis through maximum likelihood analysis. Findings supported that a set of 20 items in the final scale form was statistically valid and reliable in measuring pre-service EFL teachers’ self-efficacy beliefs about teaching in culturally and linguistically diverse student groups.