Final Product Distribution Research Articles

A comparative study on the slow pyrolysis of Miscanthus (Miscanthus×giganteus Greef et Deu.) cultivated on agricultural and contaminated soils: Assessment of distribution of final products

This study aims to investigate the slow pyrolysis behavior of uncontaminated (MSC-I - reference) and heavy metals contaminated (MSC-R) samples with heavy metals from the tailings of a Pb-Zn-Cu flotation mine, consisting of whole stems of Miscanthus. Physicochemical properties of raw materials were investigated through instrumental characterization techniques (Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (AAS), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction (XRD)), while the pyrolysis process was monitored by simultaneous thermal analysis techniques (thermogravimetry (TG) – derivative thermogravimetry (DTG)), coupled with Mass spectrometry (MS), for evolved gas analysis. After determination of the lignocellulose content (cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin) and extractive of the MSC-I and MSC-R samples, it was found that Pb, Zn, Fe, and Mn in MSC-R lead to very fast decomposition of extractive fraction, which facilitates their distribution in formed bio-char, together with lignin char-participation, acting catalytically. It was established that a much greater fraction of extractives decomposition products and non-volatile heavy metals are incorporated in MSC-R bio-char increasing its yield (23 %), compared to MSC-I bio-char yield (21.5 %). It was identified that MSC-R has increased production of H2, CO, and CO2, while decreased production of CH4, influenced by Fe (Fe has a significant positive effect on CO2 evaluation during MSC-R pyrolysis, enhancing decarboxylation process). It was established that CH4 reforming reactions catalyzed by iron additionally affect methane reduction, and increase production of H2, compared to the reference sample. Isoconversional kinetic analysis showed that pyrolysis reactions profile was strongly conditioned by the presence of heavy metals, such as Cd, Pb, and Zn, because they affect the modification of biomass lignocellulosic structure. Also, it was found that small amounts of Cd present in MSC-R can increase pyrolysis activation energy of three pseudo-components, and inhibit their deoxygenation, thus increasing yield of bio-char.

Study on detailed reaction pathways of sulfur-containing alkali lignin during supercritical water gasification for hydrogen production

This work was focused on the evolution process of alkali lignin with a macromolecular structure in supercritical water gasification reactions. Using Quantum chemistry calculations and molecular dynamics simulations, the effects of different factors on the reaction process were studied, and the detailed pathways of main products were obtained. The results indicate that the presence of sulfur significantly inhibits the pyrolysis behavior of alkali lignin macromolecular structures. Sulfur significantly impacts the morphology of the intermediate molecular fragments of products containing 5–10 carbon atoms. Sulfur also has a significant inhibitory effect on the ring opening reaction of the benzene ring. Still, its effect on the final gas product distribution is not significant from a microscopic perspective. In addition, high temperature has a significant impact on improving the gasification efficiency of alkali lignin, while the scale of the reaction system has no significant effect on the distribution of gas products. This study will provide theoretical guidance for further improving the supercritical water gasification efficiency of lignin.

Thermal decomposition behaviors of adamantane and 1-methyladamantane in oxygen atmosphere: ReaxFF molecular dynamics simulation

High energy density fuels (HEDFs) have garnered considerable interest in the aerospace applications due to their high density and effective heat dissipation capabilities. However, there is still no clear understanding of the pyrolysis and oxidation mechanisms of HEDFs. In this work, a computational strategy based on ReaxFF molecular dynamics reveals dehydrogenation and ring-opening reaction events for adamantane and 1-methyladamantane. A comparative analysis of the initial decomposition behavior, intermediate reaction mechanism, and final product distribution demonstrates that the decay of the reactants is dependent on temperature and oxygen concentration. The main decomposition pathways of adamantane and 1-methyladamantane involve multi-step dehydrogenation and ring opening by the following reaction: i. C10H16 → C10H15 → C7H10 + C3H5, ii. C10H16 → C10H12, iii. C11H18 → C11H16, iv. C11H18 → C11H15 → C2H4 + C9H11. C7H10, C3H5, and C9H11 undergo further bond-breaking reactions to form linear hydrocarbon chains. At low temperatures, C10H16 and C11H18 exhibit a preference for reacting with OH and HO2, accounting for 15 %–35 % of the reactions. At high temperatures, the preferred reaction for C10H16 and C11H18 is with O2, accounting for 33 %–64 % of the reactions. The bridge carbon atom acts as the initial dehydrogenation site for both adamantane and 1-methyladamantane, as well as the active site for ring opening. The decomposition energy barrier for 1-methyladamantane (108.16–130.39 kJ/mol) is lower than that for adamantane (130.72–142.61 kJ/mol). Our findings shed light on the complicated interplay of oxidation of adamantane and 1-methyladamantane.

ВЫБОР МОДЕЛИ УПРАВЛЕНИЯ ЗАПАСАМИ В РОЗНИЧНОЙ ТОРГОВЛЕ

The organization of effective product distribution in retail trade is based on the choice of a flexible production program for the production of products, the correct distribution channel and coordination of the work of transport units and warehouse facilities at all stages of product promotion in the retail network. First of all, the effective interaction of transport and warehouse is achieved by choosing the appropriate inventory management strategy in warehouses in the finished product distribution system. The article discusses the issues of choosing an effective inventory management model for organizing a transit form of goods movement in retail trade. Using the example of organizing the delivery of alcoholic beverages from the wholesale warehouse of Siberian Vodka Company LLC in Kemerovo (SVK LLC) to the stores of the Begemag retail chain, the effective interaction of the transport and warehouse subsystem of commodity movement is analyzed. The uneven delivery of products to Begemag stores is shown, which is explained by uncoordinated actions between transport and warehouse departments. Based on statistical processing of information, a linear relationship is established between delivery times and consumption volumes in Begemag stores, which, in the future, is the basis for determining the projected volumes of product deliveries and time intervals between regular deliveries, reducing the level of insurance stocks in the warehouses of the retail chain and leveling the uneven volume of deliveries to the places of sale of goods. Using the example of four stores of the Begemag retail chain, the effectiveness of the application of the inventory management model considered in the article is shown, which allows to free up more than 2 million rubles per year due to coordinated interaction of departments of the transport and warehouse subsystem of commodity movement management.

Research on the Development of Agricultural Complex in Chinese Provinces Based on Input-Output Analysis

Chinese provinces and regions have huge differences in agricultural resource endowments and uneven levels of agricultural industry development, resulting in inconsistent influence of agricultural complexes on the economic development of China's provinces and regions. This paper uses the input-output model to divide the agricultural complex into four links: agricultural production input, production, agricultural product processing and final distribution of agricultural products. By estimating the GDP of agricultural complex in 30 provinces and cities in China in 2002, 2007, 2012 and 2017, the paper analyzes the structure composition and change trend of the agricultural complex's share of GDP and the four links of agricultural complex. On this basis, this paper uses the two indicators of agricultural resource abundance and agricultural product processing development to divide the agricultural complexes in 30 provinces and regions of China into four types: the first type is the area with rich agricultural resources and developed processing industry. The second category is the area with developed agricultural resources and backward processing industry. The third category is the area with poor agricultural resources and developed processing industry. The fourth category is the region with poor agricultural resources and backward processing industry, which provides a reference basis for the coordinated development of agricultural industries in various provinces and regions and complements each other's advantages.

Unveiling Fresh-Cut Lettuce Processing in Argentine Industries: Evaluating Salmonella Levels Using Predictive Microbiology Models

A survey was performed to gather information on the processing steps, conditions, and practices employed by industries processing ready-to-eat (RTE) leafy vegetables in Argentina. A total of seven industries participated in the survey. A cluster analysis of the data obtained was performed to identify homogeneous groups among the participating industries. The data collected were used as inputs of two predictive microbiology models to estimate Salmonella concentrations after chlorine washing, during storage and distribution of final products, and to rank the different practices according to the final estimated Salmonella levels. Six different clusters were identified by evaluating the parameters, methods, and controls applied in each processing step, evidencing a great variability among industries. The disinfectant agent applied by all participating industries was sodium hypochlorite, though concentrations and application times differed among industries from 50 to 200 ppm for 30 to 110 s. Simulations using predictive models indicated that the reductions in Salmonella in RTE leafy vegetables would vary in the range of 1.70–2.95 log CFU/g during chlorine-washing depending on chlorine concentrations applied, washing times, and vegetable cutting size, which varied from 9 to 16 cm2 among industries. Moreover, Salmonella would be able to grow in RTE leafy vegetables during storage and distribution, achieving levels of up to 2 log CFU/g, considering the storage and transportation temperatures and times reported by the industries, which vary from 4 to 14 °C and from 18 to 30 h. These results could be used to prioritize risk-based sampling programs by Food Official Control or determine more adequate process parameters to mitigate Salmonella in RTE leafy vegetables. Additionally, the information gathered in this study is useful for microbiological risk assessments.

Modified network kinetic model for coal pyrolysis with high-value products and low carbon emissions

Pyrolysis is a clean and efficient technology for the conversion of low-rank coal. Its key product is tar with high value. The complex composition of tar limits its further effective utilization. Although most kinetic models can provide the final distribution of three-phase products in coal pyrolysis, an effective prediction method for the specific composition of tar and gas has not yet been developed. Most numerical models serve to improve the total yield of volatile matter and cannot provide theoretical guidance for the improvement of tar quality or the reduction of carbon emission. Based on the basic assumptions of the CPD (Chemical Percolation Devolatilization) model for product molecules structure and generation mechanism, this paper proposed a more sophisticated method for dividing tar composition, which can achieve the division of light, medium, and heavy fractions of tar components according to boiling point. Light gas composition could be obtained with the combination of FG(Functional Group) submodel. The influence of pyrolysis final temperature, heating rate, and environmental pressure was explored for the yield and distribution of products of 18 coals. The simulation results showed that the total yield of tar was affected by both coal structure characteristics and operating parameters. Under conditions favorable for evaporation, such as low pressure and high temperature, the total yield of tar was positively correlated with the average aromatic core size in coal. Under other conditions, tar release was limited by its volatility. Coal with larger average aromatic core size corresponded to less tar yield instead. The pressure in the operating parameters had the most significant influence on the total yield of tar. The heavy fractions of tar are more sensitive to changes in operational parameters, making working conditions that increase the total yield of tar reduce tar quality. The overall carbon emission of pyrolysis is <1 kg CO2/kg tar, which is far lower than the 2–4 kg CO2/kg tar and 3–9 kg CO2/kg tar of direct and indirect liquefaction processes. Under the conditions of sufficient insulation time and no consideration of secondary reactions, the carbon emission of pyrolysis only depended on the content of carboxyl groups in the precursor functional groups. Therefore, the carbon emission intensity decreased with the increase of coal rank. For the optimization for total tar yield and tar quality, 1 atm pressure and 723–923 K temperature was optimal for low rank coals, while low temperature and heating rate with 10–20 atm pressure or high temperature and heating rate with 45–50 atm pressure were optimal for medium rank coals. For the optimization of light tar yield and tar quality, 6–9 atm pressure was optimal for low-rank coals, and 1–3 atm pressure was optimal for medium-rank coals.

Isoprene peroxy chemistry operates competitively in areas of East China

We validated the recently updated Caltech Isoprene Mechanism (CIM), which represents the complex dynamics of isoprene peroxy isomers through repetitive O2 addition and dissociation reactions, using a dataset synthesized from two field measurements taken place in both urban and rural areas of East China. The dataset covers a large span of nitric oxide (NO) levels ranging from tens of ppt characteristic of clean rural air to tens of ppb typically found in the polluted urban environment. An observationally constrained zero-dimensional box model that incorporates the CIM mechanism was constructed to simulate the daytime profiles of methacrolein (MACR) and methyl vinyl ketone (MVK), two major first-generation products that account for over half of the total carbon oxidation flow of isoprene. A closer agreement with the measurements was found compared with the traditional mechanism that prescribes a fixed yield of MACR and MVK across all NO levels. This result demonstrates that the isoprene peroxy dynamics operate competitively in the area and play a governing role in the final distribution of isoprene oxidation products. The atmospheric implication is that, with effective measures taken to reduce pollutant emissions in East China, the prevailing chemical regime at play has evolved and implementing the updated isoprene mechanism into regional models will have a profound impact on the predicted radical cycling and ozone production of the local atmosphere.

Modelling the influence of pressure inside particle with fractal structure on the tar distribution and Pareto optimal during pulverized coal fast pyrolysis

Pulverized coal fast pyrolysis is a coal conversion technology with high tar yield but low tar quality. Because of the small particle size and high heating rate, significant pressure exists inside the particles, affecting the final product distribution. This study established a cube media according to fractal law and generated coal particles with the same pore structure to calculate the internal pressure distribution. The pressure profile was further coupled with a tar generation mechanism to investigate the pressure effect on tar product. The single Shenfu coal particle pyrolysis was simulated in a drop tube furnace reactor model. The results showed that the total tar yield decreased, and the light fraction increased with the correction of internal particle pressure. Maximum deviation reached 28.86% and 23.09%. A particle size of 25 μm was beneficial to increase the tar yield, while carrier gas temperature of 973 K helped improve the tar quality.

Optimisation of the processing conditions of hydrolytic hydrogenation of cellulose using carbon nanofiber supported Ni catalysts

The synthesis of sorbitol from cellulose over Ni catalysts is a promising valorisation route in the biorefinery scenario, applying relatively simple preparation methods and earth-abundant metals. The overall selectivity, however, depends on the kinetic control of a complex reaction network, involving the hydrolysis of cellulose to monosaccharides via cello-oligomers, glucose hydrogenation into sorbitol and hydrogenolysis side-reactions of sugars and sorbitol to low molecular weight polyols. Therein, subtle changes in the catalyst composition and process conditions might have a strong impact on the final product distribution. Driven by these challenges, this work first-time provides novel insights into the hydrothermal hydrogenation of cellulose over a carbon nanofibre supported Ni catalyst (Ni/CNF). Firstly, the impact of the duration of a ball-milling pre-treatment step and the influences of the hydrothermal time and temperature were thoroughly analysed. The experimental results obtained highlighted the importance of process control to promote the first transformation of cellulose to glucose and its subsequent hydrogenation to sorbitol to minimise the extension of side reactions. Finally, an additional study was conducted to palliate the recalcitrant nature of cellulose by decreasing mass transfer limitations to a minimum extent. This was achieved by including an additional mix-milling of the amorphous cellulose produced in the first pre-treatment with the catalyst and increasing the H2 pressure of the hydrothermal hydrogenation process. This allowed attaining a sorbitol yield as high as 62% at 190 ºC using an initial H2 pressure of 8 MPa for 26 h, which is one of the best results reported in the literature.

Energy generation potentials from agricultural residues: The influence of techno-spatial restrictions on biomethane, electricity, and heat production

Agricultural biogas production is subject to various spatial restrictions including legislation, biomass availability, transport, and the distribution of final energy products. This study introduces a geographic information system (GIS)-based approach for a comprehensive techno-spatial assessment of the above-mentioned factors, which was tested for Switzerland. First, spatial criteria were identified based on an extensive literature review that was complemented by expert knowledge. Then, quantitative GIS-based methods were developed to identify suitable areas for biogas production. Finally, a location- allocation algorithm was used to estimate national production potentials of biogas, electricity, heat, and biomethane and to assess the relevance of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from biomass transport. Maximum production potentials for electricity, heat, and biomethane were found to be in the order of 6.3, 8.5, and 13.8 PJ per year, respectively. Heat utilization and biomethane injection are often limited to areas in proximity of settlements. Furthermore, biogas production potentials varied depending on legal, economic, and technological factors. Particularly the utilization of excess heat from combined heat and power (CHP) plants was found to react very sensitive to altering spatial constraints due to its dependency on local demand. Resulting emissions from biomass transport were in the order of 0.5–0.8 kgCO2-eq per gigajoule of produced biogas, which is negligible compared to benefits from agricultural biogas production. The modeling results therefore suggest that attention should rather be concentrated on biomass utilization, plant efficiency, and optimal energy utilization when aiming to optimize GHG efficiency. Overall, the findings support the strategic planning of practitioners and authorities for the future development of agricultural biogas production. Moreover, the presented methodology can be transferred to different spatial and technological contexts.

Tuning the electrocatalytic CO reduction on bilayer C3N via rotation, translation and metal intercalation

Owing to the crucial role of the CO reduction in the sustainable development and carbon neutrality, designing tunable electrocatalyst with high efficiency is the top priority for the controllable CO reduction reaction (CORR). Inspired by the interlayer van der Waals coupling modification, we have theoretically explored the tunable catalyst for the CO electrochemical reduction based on the bilayer C3N (b-C3N) via the rotation, translation and transition metal intercalation. Through careful computational screening, we found that rotational and/or translational intermodulation to the transitional metal intercalated b-C3N (TM/b-C3N) can tune its catalytic activity and selectivity efficiently and therefore control the reaction rates and final product distribution. The electronic analysis revealed the half-metallic characteristic of the TM intercalated b-C3N and found that the electrons transferring from the intercalated metal to the adsorbed molecules with the rotated (or translated) b-C3N acting as transferring bridge can further activate the catalyst surface. This study provides a new strategy to design novel CORR catalyst with tunable catalytic activities by mechanical operations, such as rotation, translation and intercalation, and will open a new door for the application of controllable COx reduction.

PENGEMBANGAN LEMBAR KERJA PESERTA DIDIK (LKPD) BERBASIS DISCOVERY LEARNING BERBANTUAN GEOGEBRA PADA GEOMETRI KELAS IV SD

The aims of study is to describe how to develop, the feasibility and student responses to the development of discovery learning-based LKPD integrated with Geogebra in Geometry grade IV elementary school. This research includes research and development (Research and Development). The model used is Borg and Gall, namely: (1) Data and Information collection, (2) Planning, (3) initial product development, (4) Initial Field Test, (5) Product Revision, (6) Main Field Test, (7) Product Revision (8) Operational Field Trial (9) Final Product Revision, (10) Dissemination and distribution. In this development research, the researcher limits from 10 steps to 5 steps. The subjects in this study were teachers and fourth grade students of SD Negeri 01 Pendopo. The result of this research isthe LKPD of Mathematics based on Discovery Learning assisted by Geogebra is valid based on expert judgment on three aspects of feasibility. Feasibility of material with validity 0.87, feasibility of language with validity 0.94, and feasibility of graphic 0.91. 99% student response, and 95% teacher response. These results indicate that the Geogebra-assisted Discovery Learning-based Mathematics LKPD is feasible and gets a very positive response from students.

An Empirical Study on Selection, Evaluation, and Management Strategies of Green Suppliers in Manufacturing Enterprises

Green supply chain management means integrating environmental awareness into supply chain management, including product design, raw material acquisition and selection, the manufacturing process, the distribution of final products to customers, and the management of end-of-life products. However, there are driving and unfavorable factors for manufacturing enterprises to choose green suppliers. Therefore, this study proposed a new IPA-DEMATEL model by integrating importance-performance analysis (IPA) and decision-making trial and evaluation laboratory (DEMATEL) to explore green suppliers' selection, evaluation, and management strategies.

Optimal condition for the production of heavy and superheavy neutron-rich isotopes with multinucleon transfer reaction

Production cross sections of multinucleon transfer reactions are systematically investigated in the framework of the improved DNS model combined with statistical GEMINI++ model. The calculated isotone distribution of final products in 20 reaction systems at collision energies above the Coulomb barrier are roughly in agreement with experimental data for a wide range of transfers, respectively, especially in the distribution trend. One founds that the combinations of actinide projectiles or larger neutron excess radioactive projectiles and 208Pb or 198Pt targets at energies near the Coulomb barrier can be considered for future experiments on the production of heavy neutron-rich nuclei.

Conversion of Alcohols on Stoichiometric and Reduced Rutile TiO2 (110): Point Defects Meet Bifunctionality in Oxide (Photo-)Chemistry

Oxidic (photo-)catalysts have the potential to play an important role to efficiently implement sustainable feedstocks and green energy sources into future energy technologies. They may be used not only for solar energy harvesting, but also for hydrogen production or being essential for the fabrication of fine chemicals. Therefore, it is crucial to develop a detailed understanding of how the atomistic environment of the catalyst can be designed in order to promote distinct reaction pathways to influence the final product distribution of chemical reactions. In this perspective article, we survey the surface (photo-)chemistry of methanol on rutile TiO2 surfaces and hybrid catalysts based thereon. Especially the role of the surface bifunctionality by Lewis acidic and basic sites combined with the strong impact of point defects such as reduced titanium sites (mainly Ti3+ interstitials) shall be illuminated. It is shown how the selective activation of either O–H, C–H or C–O bonds in the methanol molecule can be used to tune not only the overall conversion, but to switch between oxidative and reductive routes in favor of either deoxygenation, partial oxidation or C–C coupling reactions. Especially the latter ones are of particular interest to introduce methanol from green sources such as biomass as a sustainable feedstock into already existing petrochemical technologies.Graphical

ANALISA IMPLEMENTASI MANAJEMEN RANTAI PASOK BERBASIS ERP PADA SISTEM DISTRIBUSI PT SEMEN INDONESIA TBK

PT Semen Indonesia (Limited Company) is one of the largest companies in Indonesia that produces cement. The application of the ERP-based Supply Chain Management concept to the distribution system of PT Semen Indonesia is needed to fulfill the needs of end customers. This analysis aims to measure the performance of supply chain core processes in companies that have links ranging from the flow of raw materials from suppliers to the hands of final consumers, as well as ERP implementation in order to find out the positive and negative impacts of ERP implementation at PT Semen Indonesia in improving the distribution system. The research method used is qualitative by collecting related data and studies of documentation to map the ERP-based Supply Chain implementation at PT. Semen Indonesia, especially in the final product distribution process. The result achieved is to get a comparison between the positive and negative impacts of ERP implementation at PT Semen Indonesia in improving the distribution process. ERP implementation at PT Semen Gresik has a good impact on the effectiveness and efficiency of the distribution system improvement process, but also has consequences for the effectiveness and efficiency obtained. While the results of the analysis through business process modeling, the cement distribution process in the research object is included in the Supply Chain Operations Reference (SCOR) delivery process with the category of stocked product companies. Activities in the business process do not all follow the activities at SCOR, there is one activity that is not appropriate, namely providing proof of payment to customers, because the initial payment mechanism implemented by PT. Semen Indonesia.

Cluster Structure in the Agro-Industrial Complex of Uzbekistan and the Method of Product Distribution

The author of this article examined theoretical and practical approaches to final product distribution methodology and presented his perspective on how to handle this problem based on the job set for the cluster structure.

Physical Properties and the Reconstruction of Unstable Decahedral Silver Nanoparticles Synthesized Using Plasmon-Mediated Photochemical Process.

Plasmon-mediated shape transformation from quasi-spherical silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) to silver nanoprisms (AgNPrs) and decahedral silver nanoparticles (D-AgNPs) under irradiation of blue LEDs (λ = 456 ± 12 nm, 80 mW/cm2) was studied at temperatures ranging between 60, 40, 30, 20, 10, and 0 °C. It was found that reaction temperature affected transformation rates and influenced the morphology distribution of final products. The major products synthesized at temperatures between 60 °C and 0 °C were AgNPrs and D-AgNPs, respectively. The D-AgNPs synthesized at such low temperatures are unstable and become blunt when light irradiation is removed after the photochemical synthesis. These blunt nanoparticles with pentagonal multiple-twinned structures can be further used as the seeds to reconstruct complete D-AgNPs after irradiating blue LEDs at various bath temperatures. Our results showed that these rebuilt D-AgNPs are much more stable when at higher bath temperatures. Furthermore, the rebuilt D-AgNPs (edge lengths ~41 nm) can grow into larger D-AgNPs (edge lengths ~53 nm) after the irradiation of green LEDs. Surface-enhanced Raman spectra of CV in AgNP colloids showed that D-AgNP colloids have better SERS enhancements factors than AgNPrs.

Exploring Advances in SC Forecasting Methods: A Conceptual Review

The basis of Supply Chain Management (SCM) starts with accurate demand forecasting as harmonizing demand and supply is at the genesis of any operational plan. These forecasts determine every aspect of an organization from resource allocation to finished product distribution planning. Undeniably, if the demand forecasts are faulty this will have a negative impact on the Supply Chain (SC) therefore on the profits of the organization. This paper designs a conceptual review for factors involved in recent forecasting methodologies. Although the existing research has analyzed many theoretical perspectives of Supply Chain forecasting, there is a scarcity of research in overcoming the shortcomings of normal distribution because with the invention of Big Data Analytics (BDA), this traditional method is becoming weaker. The review infers that there is much to be learned about structuring a hierarchy to best forecast hybrid decision-making problems. Moreover, forecasting strategies of producers and retailer sellers play a pivotal role for consensus forecasts, meanwhile the role of forecast horizon and frequency cannot be neglected. The research focuses on reviewing the latest forecasting methods to help guide practitioners when carrying out long-term forecasting strategies.