Final Adjustment Research Articles

Variability in Green-Ampt effective hydraulic conductivity under fallow conditions

Hydraulic conductivity of the soil matrix dynamically responds to changes in the surrounding environment. Therefore, infiltration parameters for the Green-Ampt equation should change for each storm event in continuous simulation models. This study focused on improving Water Erosion Prediction Project (WEPP) model estimates of runoff using over 220 plot-years of natural runoff plot data from 11 locations. By optimizing the effective Green-Ampt hydraulic conductivity, K e , for each event within the simulation, a method of correlating hydraulic conductivity on any given day to many other parameters was established. Factors with significant correlation to optimized values of K e fell into three distinct categories; (1) factors related to soil crusting and tillage; (2) factors related to event size; (3) factors related to antecedent moisture conditions. Equations were developed to represent the temporal variability of hydraulic conductivity for each group. The equation describing the decrease in hydraulic conductivity owing to crusting used an exponential decay function based primarily on cumulative rainfall kinetic energy since last tillage, a soil stability factor, and a crust factor. The relationship between hydraulic conductivity and event size was characterized using an exponential relationship with total rainfall kinetic energy. The final adjustment used the moisture content immediately below the infiltration zone to account for the influence of antecedent moisture conditions on optimized hydraulic conductivities. All three adjustments were incrementally incorporated into WEPP and each improved the average model efficiency.

The Topology of Limb Deceleration in Prehension Tasks.

Whether a subject uses a constant tau-dot strategy to decelerate a reach to grasp an object is typically determined by performing a linear regression of tau onto real time to contact. This method has the disadvantage of requiring an assumption (on the part of the experimenter) concerning the endpoint targeted by the subject. In the present contribution, an alternative, topological method is proposed that makes use of a phase-plane representation of the movement. In two experiments, experimentally obtained movement trajectories were evaluated, using this new method, and the results were found to support the constant tau-dot strategy. At the same time, however, an alternative model, associated with dynamical systems theory, was demonstrated to fit the data even better. It is argued that the topology of the phase plane suggests a softening spring description for a large part of the decelerative phase, followed by a final adjustment. Deterioration of the functionality of the adjustment made in this latter phase was observed when visual information was not available during movement execution.

Full-wave design and realization of multicoupled dual-mode circular waveguide filters

A new full-wave method for the design and realization of dual-mode circular waveguide filters is presented. The rigorous CAD is a combination of the mode-matching and the finite-element techniques, which permits obtaining the Generalized Scattering Matrix for all the blocks that compose the structure (rectangular slots, cross-irises, and screws). The finite thickness of the irises, the higher order mode interaction, as well as the coupling and tuning screws are rigorously taken into account. A systematic design process for the different elements is described. A full prediction of resonant out-of-band spurious modes is accomplished prior to the filter construction. Special attention is devoted to the circuital model in order to save a great deal of computational effort in the final adjustment. A four-pole elliptic circular waveguide cavity filter has been designed and constructed. The experimental filter results show excellent agreement with theory. >

On the Adjustment of Gross Flow Estimates for Classification Error With Application to Data from the Canadian Labour Force Survey

Abstract Gross flows represent transition counts between a finite number of states for individuals in a population from one point in time to the next. Such flows are important for researchers and policy analysts; for example, gross labour flows for understanding labour market dynamics. Unfortunately, the observed flows are typically subject to classification error. As a result, the problem of adjusting observed flows for classification error has received considerable attention. Currently, three methods for adjustment of classification error are available. All these methods use the key assumption of independent classification errors (ICE) in conjunction with interview-reinterview data. We first give modifications to two of the methods that ensure that margins of the adjusted flow table agree with the published “stocks” without requiring a final margin adjustment. We then propose e-response contamination models and procedures for studying the robustness of ICE under different scenarios of departures from ICE applicable for all the methods. Our empirical results, based on data from the Canadian Labour Force Survey, show that for many scenarios the ICE assumption is fairly robust. There are, however, situations where this is not the case. We thus suggest that users apply the proposed procedures to check the robustness of ICE under scenarios relevant for their own applications. Finally, we provide valid chi-squared tests for modeling flow tables adjusted for classification error under ICE so that the adjusted flows could be further smoothed under the model. These tests are also illustrated using data from the Canadian Labour Force Survey.

On the Adjustment of Gross Flow Estimates for Classification Error with Application to Data from the Canadian Labour Force Survey

Abstract Gross flows represent transition counts between a finite number of states for individuals in a population from one point in time to the next. Such flows are important for researchers and policy analysts; for example, gross labour flows for understanding labour market dynamics. Unfortunately, the observed flows are typically subject to classification error. As a result, the problem of adjusting observed flows for classification error has received considerable attention. Currently, three methods for adjustment of classification error are available. All these methods use the key assumption of independent classification errors (ICE) in conjunction with interview-reinterview data. We first give modifications to two of the methods that ensure that margins of the adjusted flow table agree with the published “stocks” without requiring a final margin adjustment. We then propose e-response contamination models and procedures for studying the robustness of ICE under different scenarios of departures from IC...

Correction of the Overprojected Nasal Tip

Our approach to decrease tip projection is presented. These techniques may be applied to the three degrees of overprojection, namely the relative, moderate, and ultraprojecting tip. We feel that our techniques will apply to all clinical situations where decrease in projection is desirable. Our concepts have emerged from review of previous techniques and have evolved over our past 1000 rhinoplasties. Excess nasal septum including the nasal spine area, redundancy in the feet of the medial crura, and soft tissue excess may all contribute to the overprojecting tip. However it is excess in the lower lateral cartilage complex, specifically in the medial crus, that requires the most surgical attention and alteration. Our technique in reducing the medial crus to decrease projection is patterned after the Universal Tip Technique described by Parkes and Kanodia. This endonasal technique utilizes a laterally based unipedicled lower lateral cartilage flap, which is freely rotational, but does not violate the continuity of the vestibular skin. With development of our laterally based unipedicle lower lateral cartilage flap, the number of millimeters desired to reduce the projection is removed from the medial crus and eliminated in the final adjustment of tip projection and, in this way, decreases tip projection. In the moderate case, approximately 3 mm of medial crus is excised. In the more severe or ultraprojecting tip, ≥5 is removed from the medial crus. In extreme overprojecting noses, excess soft tissue is addressed by excision of an ellipse of mucosa at the intercartilaginous incision at the septal angle. In the ultraprojecting tip, in addition to resection of redundant cephalic lower lateral cartilage and a ≥5-mm segment of medial crus, it may be necessary to also resect the lateralmost extension of the lower lateral cartilage, the feet of the medial crura, and alar bases. Septal modification, including an inferior strip resection of septum including the nasal spine, may also contribute to decreasing projection. We have found this technique to be effective and predictable over the last 10 years.

Regional-Scale Flows in Mountainous Terrain. Part I: A Numerical and Observational Comparison

This study uses observed data and a numerical simulation to examine the generation of thermally driven flows across the Colorado mountain barrier on meso-beta to meso-alpha scales. The observations were collected from remote surface observing systems at exposed mountaintop locations throughout the state of Colorado, over the summers of 1984-88, as part of the Rocky Mountain Peaks Experiment (ROMPEX). The data show the development of a recurrent circulation system across the Colorado mountain barrier, operating on a diurnal timescale. From the observations, the basic structure of the flow system appears as a daytime inflow toward the highest terrain, and a nocturnal outflow away from it. However, when examined in detail, the flow system exhibits more unusual behavior, especially west of the barrier crest. Here, winds in the early evening are occasionally observed to onset abruptly from an easterly direction, generally counter to the upper-level winds. Observations from ROMPEX for 26 August 1985 are used to provide comparison data for a numerical simulation with the Regional Atmospheric Modeling System (RAMS). This three-dimensional case study experiment is initialized with data from the National Meteorological Center and incorporates two-way interactive grid nesting. From the observed data and case study simulation, four distinct phases of the regional-scale circulation system have been identified. In the development phase, a deep mountain-plains solenoid is generated through terrain heating along the Front Range. This circulation system transforms in the late afternoon transition phase into a westward-propagating density current (WPDC). The third phase, called the 'density-current propagation phase,' occurs as the WPDC moves westward across the mountains, leaving in its wake strong southeasterly flow at the mountaintop level. This current appears to be the cause of the peculiar easterly component winds found in the ROMPEX mountaintop observations along the western slope. In the final late-night adjustment phase, the WPDC dissipates near the western edge of the Colorado mountains and steady southerly flow evolves over the high mountain terrain. This southerly flow is the steady response to the differential heating that develops between the low-lying plains and the intermountain region.

Optimal plans for monitoring the metrological characteristics of instruments in a mass-production environment

The performance of an automated system (conveyor type) for the final adjustment and testing of measuring devices is investigated, along with alternative plans of sample testing against a background of mass production of instruments, including the involvement of errors of the first and second kind (false alarm and false security) in testing.

Tightening the clinical trial

Randomized clinical trials adhere more closely to pre-agreed-on protocols than almost any other type of experiment; yet we can tighten up their analysis if we desire. If we convert the analysis into a randomization analysis—where the one set of data is analyzed many times—once as though each acceptable assignment has been employed, we can eliminate any dependence of the analysis on statistical or probabilistic assumptions. To do this effectively when many assignments could be acceptable, we can go to double randomization, in which a subset, usefully kept balanced, of acceptable assignments is selected (perhaps randomly) before data acquisition. If we have one covariate, adjustment for which answers a question that is at least as appropriate, we can easily build on this. Imperfect covariance adjustments can help almost as much as perfect ones. If it is appropriate to work with many covariate(s), it is often desirable to first construct a (few) compound covariate(s) and then work with it (them). Often we can base the coefficients in our compound covariate on the univariate regressions of response on single covariates. Doing this within each arm of the trial and pooling keeps the fitting of the final adjustment unbiased. Since we can prespecify how the compounds are to be calculated and fitted, we can do all this while retaining rigid prespecification. Prespecification, randomization, and intelligent use of covariates combined to make the resulting significance analysis of platinum standard quality. (If we want confidence statements, as we ordinarily should, it may make sense, for technical reasons, to plan for somewhat less than platinum standard quality.)

Use of a Silicone Sheet for Delayed Adjustable Strabismus Surgery

Adjustable strabismus surgery sometimes fails because of changes in the angle of deviation developing a few days after surgery. A thin silicone sheet placed between the muscle and sclera prevents postoperative adhesions between these tissues, allowing adjustment to be delayed for up to 11 days after surgery. Once the final adjustment is made, the silicone sheet is removed.

Pre‐ and postnatal development of the primary visual cortex of the common marmoset. II. Formation, remodelling, and elimination of synapses as overlapping processes

During ontogenesis changes in the numerical density of synapses are usually assumed to depend essentially on variations in the formation of synapses. Only the final adjustment to adult synapse densities is thought to include the elimination of synapses in some brain regions of certain species. Here, we focus attention on quantitative aspects of synapse elimination throughout development of area 17 of marmoset monkeys (Callithrix jacchus). Mature synapses, various precursor forms, and indicators of lysosomal degradation of synapses were quantitatively analysed by electron microscopy and morphometric methods. A total number of about 135 x 10(9) synapses was calculated for area 17 in each adult hemisphere corresponding to a volume density of 600 x 10(6) synapses/mm3. At 3 months of age, the respective values were 508 x 10(9)/area and 1,159 x 10(6)/mm3, while at birth these values were 69 x 10(9)/area and 328 x 10(6)/mm3. Consequently, at least three out of four synapses are eliminated between 3 months and adulthood. However, the real number of synapses being eliminated during development is probably much larger if the time course of lysosomal degradation is additionally taken into account. The frequency of lysosomes in presynaptic endings is highest before net-elimination of synapses occurs, i.e., between 1 and 3 months. This suggests that lysosomal degradation is not directly responsible for the majority of synapses removed during ontogenesis but apparently represents a second mechanism for synapse remodelling and elimination. Thus, it appears from this study that remodelling and elimination of synapses are quantitatively as important as their formation, and accompany synaptogenesis from its very onset onwards.

Determination of radiostrontium in environmental objects by extraction chromatography using tvex-DCH18C6

A new method for the rapid isolation of strontium radionuclides from environmental objects is described. The method is based on the selective extraction of strontium with a solution of dicyclohexyl-18-crown-6 in tetrachloroethane from nitric acid solution. The usage of this process in extraction chromatography permits to isolate strontium radionuclides with contamination coefficients not less than 102–103. A highly porous matrix of a copolymer of styrene and divinylbenzene is used as support. The method includes the following steps: nitric acid leaching of the sample calcined at 500–600°C with final adjustment to 1.5–2.0M HNO3; elution of nitric acid extract through the extraction chromatographic column; washing of the column with 1.5–2.0M HNO3; desorption of strontium with hot water, precipitation of strontium carbonate and measurement of β-activity of the precipitate.

Effects of mediodorsalis thalamic nucleus lesions on vigilance and attentive behaviour in cats

In this study performed on 10 cats we analysed the effects of limited lesions of nucleus medialis dorsalis of the thalamus (MD) on behaviour and on some specific electrocorticographic (ECoG) patterns, known from previous works to accompany various states of waking attentiveness. The animals were tested during 90 min in three distinct behavioural situations; a neutral one (NS) where they simply explored their environment and then usually went to sleep; a second one (FA) where they could watch a mouse (but not catch it), which favoured 'focussed' attentiveness accompanied by the development of rhythmic ECoG activities in the anterior frontoparietal cortex ('beta rhythms' at 40 Hz); a third one (EX) with a hidden mouse whose appearance the cat was waiting for ('expectancy') which rather than favouring the development of beta rhythms elicited the appearance of another rhythmic activity dominating in somatic area SI, 'mu rhythms' at 14 Hz. The duration of each waking behaviour and its ECoG concomitant as well as that of slow wave and of paradoxical sleep were compared in each cat before and after lesion. Our results showed that MD lesions situated in the posterior part of the nucleus tended to increase the time occupied by focussed attentive behaviour and the accompanying beta rhythms. On the other hand, anteriorly located MD lesions elicited a concomitant reduction of both manifestations, behavioural and electrocortical. No such contrasting effects could be systematically noticed for the durations of expectancy, of slow sleep and of paradoxical sleep. These findings were discussed considering previous data showing that at least two systems project upon MD, that play distinct--in a way even antagonistic--roles in focussed attention upon a target. Both originate from the ventral tegmental mesencephalic area; one reaches MD through the ventral striatum (nucleus accumbens), the other one through the amygdala. The MD nucleus thus receiving contrasting information may participate in a final adjustment of the attentive state of the animal to its environment.

Free-radical polymerization engineering—IV. Modelling homogeneous polymerization of ethylene: determination of model parameters and final adjustment of kinetic coefficients

A mathematical model for free-radical polymerization of ethylene was established in a previous paper. The present paper deals with the determination of kinetic parameters of this model by optimal fitting of experimental data obtained in a bench-scale CSTR. Overall polymerization rate coefficient and initiator micromixing time were previously determined. The other rate coefficients (transfer to polymer, intramolecular transfer β 2- and β 3-scission, transfer to solvent, to initiator and to chain transfer agents) are adjusted to represent best molecular-weight distribution and structural characters (short- and long-chain branching, double bonds). The obtained values agree with literature data. Simulations of the influence of pressure and temperature on polymer quality are presented. Starting from a standard set of parameters, a method is proposed to force the model to fit data obtained under new experimental conditions by a fine tuning of rate coefficients based on a sensitivity analysis. An example is presented which shows the practical interest of the method for application in the plant on a microcomputer.

Kidneys and fluids in pressure regulation. Small volume but large pressure changes.

The human body has multiple blood pressure control mechanisms, each of which serves a special and usually different role in pressure regulation. The nervous pressure controllers usually react within seconds and prevent major rapid changes in pressure when acute extraneous forces act on the circulatory system. Then, within minutes to hours, several intermediately acting pressure controllers become activated. Among the more important of these are the renin-angiotensin-vasoconstriction system and the shift of fluid volume between the blood and interstitial fluids. Finally, after several hours to days, the kidneys readjust body fluid volumes, especially the extracellular fluid and blood volumes, to bring the pressure to a very precise level. This final adjustment usually requires little change in body fluid volume for two reasons. First, the other pressure controllers often have already made most of the needed pressure adjustments. Second, the increase in fluid volume required to cause a major increase in blood pressure is usually surprisingly small; this is true because the whole body blood flow autoregulation mechanism causes a secondary increase in total peripheral resistance.

Treatment of rotation errors in the final adjustment of GPS baseline components

The significant coordinate difference changes of the same baselines, measured in different observing sessions, may be interpreted as the rotation around the station held fixed during the differenced processing, if the length changes of these baselines show random behavior. These rotation errors can significantly bias the final network adjustment based on redundant observing sessions and a relative approach. The Gauss-Helmert model with the estimation of the stochastic properties of the rotation errors is the most effective investigated approach. The standard deviation of the baseline length differences between those derived from a precise geodetic network and derived by Trimvec relative positioning software improved by a factor 2.4 after the final network adjustment using the introduced Gauss-Helmert model.

Settlement into Breeding Habitats by Barrow's Goldeneyes Bucephala islandica: Evidence for Temporary Oversaturation of Preferred Habitat

The paper describes spatio-temporal patterns of settlement into different habitats by territorial pairs of Barrow's Goldeneye at Lake Myvatn and River Laxai, Iceland, in spring. Locally, a preference for a habitat, as reflected by timing and rate of settlement and final density of pairs, could be predicted by density of potential food. Settlement followed a pattern which suggested preferred habitats were saturated. In rich habitats numbers of territorial pairs increased to a peak but decreased again before egglaying commenced. This decline could not be accounted for by a decline in food supply or redistribution of pairs due to ice break-up. This suggests that the decline represents a final adjustment of density after the habitat has become temporarily overcrowded. Territories were classified as either inshore or offshore, the latter being more costly to defend, smaller, set up later and eventually abandoned. Density of potential food was similar in both types of territory but inshore birds spent a lower proportion of time foraging.

A final adjustment for staff allocation under environmental uncertainty.

Through understanding the relationships between the previous day's (Sunday) demand and the remaining days' demand, a prediction model can be constructed. The staff level can be determined based on this prediction model. This model can also be applied in different hospital units or a staff environment other than hospitals.

簡易冠橋義歯，有床義歯製作法，ＷＡＸ ＢＩＴＥを直接用いる方法

Fifty years ago, dentists had always used modelling compound to take functional bite pattern as a method for making the occlusal surface of a crown in order to simplify the final occlusal adjustment. Therefore, the writer adopted the same method to fabricate crown bridge with inlay wax and to construct denture with paraffin wax. The results achieved the same simplification during occlusal adjustment procedure.

Electroforming to maintain external shape

SummaryAn interactive approach using the practical skill of the electroformer and a computer program which solves the Laplacian field for complex geometries is described. A number of 2D planar, views are assembled to assist in producing a suitable deflector system. Trial platings led to the final adjustment of the arrangements.