Fin Rays Research Articles

Redescription of Hyphessobrycon cachimbensis (Characiformes: Characidae) with the description of a new congener from the Serra do Cachimbo, Brazil

Abstract The Serra do Cachimbo is a highland area at the southeastern portion of the Amazon Forest drained by the headwaters of tributaries of rios Xingu and Tapajós. It is known as an area of high level of endemism of fish, low species diversity, and very few taxa with broad distribution in the other parts of the Amazon. Despite its biogeographical importance, there are still many poorly sampled areas. Four expeditions to the region yielded in the rediscovery of a poorly known, endemic species, Hyphessobrycon cachimbensis, and the discovery of a similar, allopatric undescribed congener, frequently misidentified as H. cachimbensis. We provided the redescription of H. cachimbensis and the description of the new species. Both can be differentiated from most congeners by having a conspicuous longitudinal dark stripe on body and anal-fin base convex in males, due to thicker musculature insertion in the region. Other diagnostic features are mostly related to counts of scales and fin rays.

The Grumpy dwarfgoby, a new species of Sueviota (Teleostei, Gobiidae) from the Red Sea.

A new gobiid species is described from ten specimens, 9.2 - 16.7 mm SL, collected from the Saudi Arabian Red Sea. The new species is most similar to Sueviotapyrios from the Gulf of Aqaba in the northern Red Sea. It differs from S.pyrios by having no large red spots on the dorsal and caudal fin elements, no elongate spines in the first dorsal fin, a shorter pelvic fin that does not reach the anus, branched pectoral fin rays, and a projecting lower jaw. The new species is further distinguished from all its congeners by a complete lack of cephalic sensory canals and pores. Specimens were found in small caves and overhangs at depths between 10 and 53 meters.

Experimental Study on the Effects of Crossbeam Parameters in a Fin Ray Robotic Gripper in the Field of Horticulture Applications

Experimental Study on the Effects of Crossbeam Parameters in a Fin Ray Robotic Gripper in the Field of Horticulture Applications

Ontogeny of vertebral column and fin development, and detection of deformations in hatchery-reared European Flounder (Platichthys flesus) during early life stage

Understanding the skeletal development and deformations for aquaculture candidate fish species is vital for successful aquaculture practices. Developmental abnormalities at early life stages may reduce fish viability, growth, and wellbeing. This study was carried out to investigate the skeletal ontogeny and skeletal deformities of the European flounder (Platichthys flesus) at early life stage. Artificially produced European flounder larvae (n = 270) were randomly selected at a regular interval (30 fish at each sampling) from hatching to 50 days post-hatch (dph) and their skeletal ontogeny and skeletal deformations were evaluated by using bone and cartilage staining techniques. The average length of fish was 2.71 ± 0.04 mm at 0 dph and reached 19.76 ± 1.7 mm at 50 dph. The notochord began to form at 10 dph and finished flexion at 30 dph. Hypural rays appeared between 10 and 15 dph, followed by appearance of tail fin rays. Urostyle developed at 30 dph and began to ossify at 40 dph. Meristic characters showed an interspecific variation. At least one type of deformation was observed on 23.3% of larvae, and a total of 13 different deformations were identified. The most common deformation was the deformed vertebra which was observed 13 times followed by deformed dorsal fin ray, deformed caudal fin ray, and deformed neural arch and/or spine. Skeletal development during the early life stage of European flounder under culture conditions could be useful for future culture attempts and for early detection of skeletal deformations.

Analysis of Contact Force and Shape Change on Grasping a Square Object Using an Actual Fin Ray Soft Gripper.

The Fin Ray-type soft gripper (FRSG) is a typical soft gripper structure and applies the deformation characteristics of the Fin Ray structure. This structure functions to stabilize the grasping of an object by passive deformation due to external forces. To analyze the performance of detailed force without compromising the actual FRSG characteristics, it is effective to incorporate multiple force sensors into the grasping object without installing them inside the Fin Ray structure. Since the grasping characteristics of the FRSG are greatly affected by the arrangement of the crossbeams, it is also important to understand the correspondence between the forces and the geometry. In addition, the grasping characteristics of an angular object have not been verified in actual equipment. Therefore, in this study, a contact force measurement device with 16 force sensors built into the grasping object and a structural deformation measurement device using camera images were used to analyze the correspondence between force and structural deformation on an actual FRSG. In the experiment, we analyzed the influence of the crossbeam arrangement on the grasping force and the grasping conditions of the square (0°) and rectangular (45°) shapes, and state that an ideal grasp in a square-shaped (45°) grasp is possible if each crossbeam in the FRSG is arranged at a different angle.

The Early Allometric Growth and Osteological Ontogeny of Pot-Bellied Seahorse (Hippocampus abdominalis, L. 1827) under Mass-Scale Captive Breeding Conditions in North China

Seahorses are valuable species for their use in traditional Chinese medicine, as well as for the aquarium trade as ornamentals and curiosities. To balance market demand and reduce pressure on wild populations, many countries have undertaken commercial seahorse cultivation. Skeletal development plays a crucial role in fish fry culture, affecting external morphology, feeding, and movement. This study investigated the ontogeny allometry, timing, and progression of skeletal development in H. abdominalis from DAB (day after birth) 1 to DAB 100 under mass-scale captive breeding conditions in north China. The results of this study revealed the growth rate was significantly increased between DAB 30 and DAB 54. Allometry analysis revealed that in the early stage, the head, trunk, and tail demonstrated almost isometric growth. However, in the later stage, the head and trunk exhibited negative isometric growth, whereas the tail displayed positive isometric growth. Skeletal staining results showed that newborn seahorses do not have ossified bones until DAB 11 (SL 28.14 ± 2.94 mm). Ossification was primarily observed in the jaw region and the tubular nasal structure of the cranium, which indicated the importance of the early development of feeding organs. The initial formation of ossified vertebral columns was observed at DAB 13 (SL 26.48 ± 0.63 mm), with the complete ossification of all vertebrae occurring by DAB 45 (SL 54.87 ± 4.70 mm). Furthermore, the cranium, rings, and plates were all fully ossified by DAB 30. Ossification of the fins began at DAB 23 (SL 31.27 ± 4.05 mm). However, neither of them were fully ossified by DAB 100. The pelvic fin and the complete structure of the caudal fin were not observed, possibly because of caudal fin ray structure degeneration within the pouch. In addition, no skeletal deformities were observed in all the tested samples. The results of this study provide valuable information on the developmental biology of H. abdominalis, enriching our understanding of their growth and offering insights for optimizing fish fry breeding technologies.

Glyptothorax heokheei, a new species of catfish (Teleostei: Sisoridae) from the Brahmaputra River drainage, Arunachal Pradesh, Northeast India.

Glyptothorax heokheei, a new species of sisorid catfish is described from the Brahmaputra River drainage in India. It can be distinguished from all congeners, exceptG. dikrongensis,G. indicus,G. rugimentumandG. obliquimaculatus, in having the unculiferous striae of thoracic adhesive apparatus extending anteriorly onto gular region.Glyptothorax heokheeiis distinguished fromG. dikrongensisandG. obliquimaculatusin having a slender body at the anus, more serrations on posterior margin of pectoral-fin spine, greater number of branched anal fin rays, and the extremity of dorsoposterior margin of adipose fin uniformly convex (vs. sharply angular). It differs fromG. rugimentumin having a chevron-shaped (vs. rhomboidal) thoracic adhesive apparatus, more serrations on posterior margin of pectoral-fin spine, and lacking vertical bars on body.Glyptothorax heokheeidiffers fromG. indicusin having a shorter post-adipose distance, smaller interorbital width, more serrations on posterior margin of pectoral-fin spine and nasal barbel not reaching (vs. reaching) anterior margin of eye.Glyptothorax heokheeiis the fifth species ofthe genuspossessing unculiferous ridges of thoracic adhesive apparatus extending anteriorly onto the gular region.

Оброблена кістка та ріг із Тіри-Білгорода римського та ранньомодерного часу (матеріали розкопок 2020—2021 рр.)

In 2020—2021, during excavations in the Civil Courtyard of the Akkerman Fortress, a collection of 26 bone items was collected, which are being published in the following article. The objects come from the layers and complexes mainly of the Modern (16th — 18th centuries) and Roman times and according to their functional purpose belong to several categories. The household items and the items for games (buckle fragments of knife handles, hookah mouthpieces, gambling or divination astragals, and a button), weapon products (rings for pulling back the bowstring), and work tools, facing plates, blanks and production waste are singled out. Items made of bone and horns are one of the main categories of material for the reconstruction of various aspects of the economy, everyday life and spiritual life of the ancient population. The analysed bone and horn objects are a small part of the collection of bone artefacts from the Tyras-Bilhorod excavations of the antique and modern periods, but they provide insight into the production of specialised crafts and manufacturing of bone products in individual households. Despite the small number of finds, the collection includes such categories of material as raw materials, blanks, production waste and finished items, which is one of the signs of the bone-cutting production presence directly on the territory of the city. Characterising the raw material base of the bone-cutting production, we should point out that the material for manufacturing was bones and horns of animals that were bred or obtained by the inhabitants of the city — a horse, a domestic bull, a sheep, a European deer and roe deer, as well as bone rays of the pectoral fins of sturgeon. During production, the peculiarities of the structure of bone raw materials were taken into account, which made it possible to use the shape of the bone/horn the best possible way to manufacture a specific object/tool. Certain types of bone objects existed in a rather wide chronological range (astragals for the game, plates — covers of knife handles etc.) The obtained results are important for the reconstruction of the bone-cutting and complement the existing ideas about the daily life of the inhabitants of Tyras-Bilhorod in the Roman and Modern times.

IDENTIFIKASI MORFOMETRIK DAN MERSITIK BETTA BURDIGALA ASAL PERAIRAN BANGKA SELATAN SEBAGAI DASAR PENGEMBANGAN AKUAKULTUR

Betta burdigala is a type of endemic fish from Bangka Island. The Betta burdigala on Bangka Island is threatened with extinction, with Critically Endangered (CR) status. The decline in the Betta burdigala fish population is caused by habitat degradation and environmental damage. The existence of Betta burdigala fish has never been reported in waters other than Bangka Island. This research aimed to described the morphometric and meristic characteristics of Betta burdigala fish from South Bangka waters as a basis for the conservation and development of aquaculture. The method used in this research is observation, with direct measurement, and observation of morphometric and meristic characters as well as literature studies to identify the morphology of Burdigala betta. The results of this research showed that the morphological characters of Betta burdigala have a mixed form. The shape of the tail fin of the Betta burdigala is round (spherical).. This type of fish's mouth is terminal (located in the anterior middle of the head). The type of scales it has is cosmoid shaped. The average morphometric characters measured were TL(28.25mm), SL(22.05mm), HL(6.15mm), ED(1.5mm), IW(1.6mm), BD(3.8mm), PDL(1.3mm), DBL(7.6mm), DFH(5.8mm), PAL(9.2mm), ABL(10.85), CPD(3.25mm), LUCL(5mm), LMCL(4 .5mm), LCLL(4.1mm). The average meristic character of the Betta burdigala fish is that the dorsal fin rays have the formula D.XIV, the anal fin rays have the formula A.XXV. The caudal fin radius has the formula C.XIII.

Effects of antagonistic muscle actuation on the bilaminar structure of ray-finned fish in propulsion

In this study, the effects of antagonistic muscle actuation on the propulsion of a bilaminar-structure fish fin ray were investigated using a two-dimensional computational flow–structure interaction (FSI) model. The structure and material properties of the model were based on the realistic biological data of the sunfish fin. The effect of muscle actuation was modelled using root displacement offset between the two hemitrichs. Parametric FSI simulations were conducted by assuming a sinusoidal function of the offset over a cycle and varying the amplitude and phase difference between the actuations and pitching/plunging motions. The results show that the phase of muscle actuation is a critical factor affecting its effects. Three performance regions can be identified with different phase ranges, including a thrust-favour region, an efficiency-favour region and a thrust-efficiency-unfavour region. In each region, the relationships among the root actuations, fin-ray kinematics, vortex dynamics and resulting performance are studied and discussed. Furthermore, a strong positive correlation between the trailing–leading amplitude ratio and thrust coefficient as well as a negative relationship between the efficiency and angle of attack at the centre of mass of the fin ray are observed.

Morphometric and meristic traits of giant sea catfish <em>Arius gigas</em> (boulenger 1911) from new Calabar river and Degema River, Rivers State, Nigeria

Morphometric and meristic characters of the Arius gigas species were examined from two study areas (New Calabar and Degema Rivers) for a period of six months in Rivers State, Nigeria. Total of 200 individuals, 100 from each study site, were examined and analyzed. A majority of the values for external morphometric parameters of A. gigas were higher in the New Calabar River than those from Degema River population, with no significant differences exist (p<0.05) across the morphometric parameters except for pre-orbital length, post-orbital length and eye length. The meristic characters revealed variations in the mean values of dorsal fin spine (8.55±0.11 and 7.07±0.38), pectoral fin ray (5.96±0.06 and 4.23±0.26), and pelvic fin ray (14.99±1.21 and 7.51±0.52) in the study. A significant difference was noted in the number of dorsal fin spine (p< 0.05) between the two populations. The mean percentage of the Length of caudal peduncle (LoCP),1st and 2nd dorsal fin (DF), length of interdorsal fin (LoIDF) and length of adipose fin (LoAF) of A. gigas in the New Calabar River were significantly higher (p<0.05) than Degema River. Growth variability for standard length and all external parameters displayed allometric growth of A. gigas from Degema River. Further studies are recommended to corroborate the findings of the two populations using molecular markers for making conservation plans for exploitable A gigas species.

Bistable Stopper Design and Force Prediction for Precision and Power Grasps of Soft Robotic Fingers for Industrial Manipulation

Abstract This article aims at presenting a detailed and practical comparison between three designs of robotic soft fingers for industrial grippers. While the soft finger based on the fin ray effect (FRE) shown here has been proposed long ago, few works in the literature have studied its reliance on the presence of the crossbeams or its precision grasp performance compared to its power grasps. Aiming at addressing these gaps, two novel designs are proposed and compared to FRE fingers in this article. First, the three designs are presented. One of these fingers, named PacomeFlex, embeds changeable grasping modes by relying on two sets of kinematic structures with a bistable stopper design. Then, finite element analyses (FEA) are conducted to simulate power and precision grasps of the three fingers followed by the estimation of the grasp forces produced. These FEA are then used to train neural networks capable of predicting these grasp forces. Finally, the grasp strength and pullout resistance of the fingers are experimentally measured, and experimental results are shown to be in good accordance with the FEA and neural network models. As will also be shown, the PacomeFlex finger introduced in this work provides a noticeably higher performance level than all other fingers with respect to typical metrics in soft grasping.

Sexual dimorphism, length-weight relationship, and condition factor of Hampala ampalong (Bleeker, 1852) from Kalong Floodplain, Ogan Komering Ilir Regency

Sumatra hampala or kebarau fish, Hampala ampalong (Bleeker, 1852) is one of the fish species found in Kalong Floodplain in the Ogan Komering Ilir Regency, South Sumatra, Indonesia. This study aimed to determine sexual dimorphism, length-weight relationship and condition factor of H. ampalong. The study method used was direct observation with purposive sampling technique. The total fish obtained consisted of 12 male and 12 female. The results showed that almost all morphometric characters of female were longer than male except for head length which determined that male longer than female. The head length of male was 2.28 ± 1.04 while the head length of female was 2.27 ± 0.85 it could be assumed that the sexual dimorphism seen from the difference in head length. While the meristic characteristics there was no difference between male and female; dorsal fin spine and rays (I. 7-8), ventral fin rays (6-8), pectoral fin rays (13), anal fin rays (6-9) and caudal fin rays (18). The length-weight relationship of male obtained a linear regression equation y = 0.0092x3.0418 with R2 = 89.45%, the value of b obtained was 3.0418 which means that the growth pattern of male was isometric (b=3), while the linear model regression equation of female fish y = 0.0238x2.6975 with R2 = 76.74%, the value of b obtained was 2.6975 which indicates that the growth pattern of female includes negative allometric (b<3). The value of the relative condition factor of male and female were K>1 which means the value of fish condition were in good.

Revision of the Schistura cincticauda species group (Teleostei, Nemacheilidae) using molecular and morphological markers

To approach the taxonomy of large and complex animal groups it is of advantage to focus on species groups with shared derived character state. We investigate the composition, morphological characteristics and relationships of and within the Schistura cincticauda species group, whose members are small freshwater fishes that inhabit streams and rivers in eastern Myanmar and western and southern Thailand. A phylogenetic analysis using molecular genetic markers demonstrated the monophyly of this group; a combined genetic and morphological analysis revealed the inclusion of at least twelve species. They share the presence of a pair of black marks on the lower lip, one on each side of the median interruption (these marks may be reduced to few melanophores or even missing in some individuals). Additionally, all species share a small body size (max. 60 mm SL), an incomplete lateral line reaching at most to vertical through anal-fin base, and the absence of sexual dimorphism. Each of the 12 species is diagnosed by a unique combination of character states in fin ray numbers, anus position, presence/absence of an axillary pelvic lobe, and colour pattern. The distribution areas of several species overlap and five cases of syntopic occurrence are known. Five unnamed species are described herein.

Strong and tough glass composites with a partially segmented micro-architecture

Inspired by the composition of “hard” fin rays and “soft” collagen and the non-segmented and segmented composite structure of fish fins, we propose a partially segmented laminated structure design concept to overcome the brittleness of hard materials. Here, laminated glass composites with a partially segmented micro-architecture are fabricated using a laser engraving approach and a mechanical evaluation of the structure is performed. It is found that the involvement of segmentation enables an incremental cracking mechanism by restraining cracks in segments and a tablet sliding mechanism, thereby producing an unusual combination of strength and toughness. The strength of the partially segmented glass composite is controlled by the depth of segmentation, while the enhancement of toughness is controlled by a superposition of the cracking and sliding mechanisms. The balanced zone involving these mechanisms enables simultaneous improvement of strength and toughness. Additionally, the strength and toughness of partially segmented glass composite can be tuned by varying segment thickness and changing the interlayer materials.

Position and Attitude Tracking Control of a Biomimetic Underwater Vehicle via Deep Reinforcement Learning

This article addresses a deep reinforcement learning (DRL) control method of position and attitude tracking for a biomimetic underwater vehicle (BUV). The BUV is actuated by two biomimetic propulsors. Each propulsor has a thick and flexible fin, which is manipulated by 12 short fin rays and can undulate in multiple wave patterns for propulsion. To achieve position and attitude tracking control on the BUV, a periodic dynamics-reparameterized soft actor-critic (SAC) algorithm is proposed. In detail, the algorithm uses the DRL method of SAC to train the controller by interacting with a simulated BUV, which is based on the propulsion model of the undulatory fin. Considering that the simulated environment may be inaccurate when compared with the real environment, some specially designed tricks are proposed. Simulations and experiments are conducted to prove the effectiveness and robustness of the proposed controller.

Non-destructive fruit firmness evaluation using a soft gripper and vision-based tactile sensing

As fruit firmness is a crucial characteristic associated with the maturity level, its accurate estimation is of great importance to post-harvest processing and wholesale in the industry. Benefiting from the advances of soft robotics, a soft gripper with simultaneous compliant deformation and tactile sensing is proposed in this study for the fruit firmness classification. The gripper design inspired by the fin ray effect can achieve active deformation, which helps simplify the actuation system and improve the delicate manipulation capability. Finite element modelling, along with experimental tests, is first utilized to validate the gripper’s feasibility in compliant and safe fruit grasping, and respiratory tests are then conducted to further demonstrate the non-destructive nature. Moreover, fruit–gripper interaction is captured by visual sensors and then processed using an attention-based CNN–LSTM algorithm to predict firmness information. Tomatoes and nectarines are chosen as the sample fruit for experimental validation. R2 values of their firmness prediction are 0.795 and 0.753, and the accuracy of maturity grading is 84.6% and 81.5%, respectively. In general, the soft gripper provides a promising solution for both safe grasping and non-destructive firmness evaluation, and it is expected to be integrated into automated production lines to pack fruit based on different firmness levels.

Age estimates derived from hard parts of swordfish Xiphias gladius from the north-western Mediterranean Sea.

Accurate age estimates for fish are critical for properly understanding stock dynamics and health; this is particularly true for larger billfishes. Here we determined the most accurate aging estimation methods for swordfish (Xiphias gladius). We compared age estimates obtained from fin-ray sections, otolith sections, whole otoliths, and vertebrae collected from 87 swordfish off the east coast of Corsica. Age estimates from otolith sections were most consistently estimated across different readers (lowest average percentage error), followed by fin-ray sections, third vertebrae, and whole otoliths. When the age estimates from the otolith sections were compared with the other three age sclerochronological methods, we found the average percentage error to be lowest between the otolith section and fin-ray methods. However, age estimates from fin rays proved most useful for estimating swordfish younger than 6 years, as the fin ray-based age diverged from that of the otolith sections as the swordfish aged. Combining fin ray and otolith section techniques, we estimated the growth parameters of 1-12-year-old females (L∞ = 259.412, k = 0.113, t0 = -2.499) and 1-7-year-old males (L∞ = 175.543, k = 0.202, t0 = -2.239). We found that females grew significantly faster than males after 3 years and remained larger thereafter. Our calculated growth rates for this region of the north-western Mediterranean Sea were lower than those of the Atlantic, Pacific, and eastern Mediterranean Sea swordfish populations, and similar to growth rates recorded for the western Mediterranean Sea populations. Our study provides critical knowledge on biological-related parameters to serve as a guide for preserving the swordfish population in the Mediterranean Sea.

Morphological, histological and phylogenetic identification of three species of Myxobolus (Myxosporea: Myxobolidae) infecting different carp lineages in China.

The global cultivation of common carp Cyprinus carpio is developed primarily for either food or recreational purposes and myxosporean infections causing significant economic losses are regularly troublesome for carp farmers. However, most myxosporean species are poorly characterized, making it difficult to correctly elaborate on their parasitism mode and determine pathogenicity. Here, based on an integrative approach, we supplemented fundamental information on three Myxobolus species infecting different carp lineages in China. Myxobolus elliptoides Wu et Chen, 1987; Nine new species of Myxosporida from freshwater fish of Wuhu lake, Hubei, China. Acta Hydrobiologica Sinica, 11, 161 formed yellowish pseudocysts in the anal fin of common carp and were observed with ellipsoidal myxospores and two polar capsules of distinct dimensions. The dermal tissue within the fin ray was regarded as the type site for growing plasmodia of M. elliptoides. Myxobolus basilamellaris Lom et Molnar, 1983; Myxobolus basilamellaris sp. n. (myxozoa, Myxosporea), a parasite of the gills of common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.). Folia Parasitologica, 30, 1 aggregated ellipsoidal myxospores at the base of the gill filaments of koi carp juvenile, causing significant tissue damage. Myxobolus artus Achmerov, 1960, enwrapped in diffuse pseudocysts, was observed throughout the trunk muscle of mirror carp. Its oblate myxospores were asymmetrical and contained two unequal-sized polar capsules. According to the localization of large plasmodia, inter- and intramuscular preferences were displayed by M. artus. For precise species identification, we provided the SSU rDNA sequences for each species of Myxobolus. Among them, M. elliptoides was molecularly characterized for the first time, showing the highest 94.21% identity to Thelohanellus sinensis (KY469292). Phylogenetically, the affinity of both M. artus and M. basilamellaris to their conspecific species derived from different carp lineages was highly supported. Moreover, the intermixed cluster of Myxobolus species, including M. elliptoides, with those of Thelohanellus species provided evidence for querying the monophyletic evolution history of these taxa. This work updates the appreciation of the concerned species and enhances our understanding of the parasite fauna of common carp.

Topiramate promotes osteogenic differentiation through AMPK-dependent phosphorylation of Smad1/5/9

Topiramate [2,3:4,5-bis-o-(1-methylethylidene) β-D-fructo-pyranose sulfamate; TPM] is one of the most used new-generation antiepileptic drugs. It has been reported to regulate the differentiation of human bone cells. However, the molecular mechanism of TPM in osteoblast differentiation is not fully elucidated. In the present study, we examined the effect of TPM on osteogenic differentiation of C3H10T1/2, MC3T3-E1, primary mouse calvarial cells, and primary bone marrow stem cells (BMSCs). Primary cells were isolated from mice calvaria and bone marrow respectively. Expression of the osteogenic gene was determined by RT-PCR. The osteogenic protein levels were measured by Western blot analysis. Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) staining experiment was performed to evaluate ALP activity. Alizarin red s (ARS) staining was performed to measure zebrafish caudal fin regeneration. Treatment of TPM up-regulated the osteogenic genes including distal-less homeobox 5 (Dlx5) and runt-related transcription factor 2 (Runx2). In addition, TPM also increased the Dlx5 and Runx2 protein levels, Smad1/5/9 phosphorylation, and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity. Furthermore, TPM activated AMPK, and inhibition of AMPK decreased TPM-induced osteogenic differentiation. In the zebrafish model, osteogenic effect of TPM was identified. TPM was increased amputated caudal fin rays of zebrafish. These results demonstrate that TPM enhances osteogenic differentiation via AMPK-mediated Smad1/5/9 phosphorylation.