Filtration Time Research Articles

Kidney outcomes with SGLT2is for type 2 diabetes patients: does background treatment with metformin or RASis matter?

There is a lack of real-world evidence regarding the impact of concomitant metformin and renin-angiotensin system inhibitors (RASis) on sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitor (SGLT2i)-associated kidney outcomes. This study was aimed to investigate whether SGLT2i-associated kidney outcomes were modified by the concomitant use of metformin or RASis in patients with type 2 diabetes. SGLT2i users were identified from three electronic health record databases during May 2016 and December 2017 and categorized into those with and without concomitant use of metformin or RASis. Propensity score matching was performed to minimize baseline differences between groups. Study outcomes were mean estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) change and time to 30%, 40%, and 50% eGFR reductions. A meta-analysis was performed to combine the estimates across databases. After matching, there were 6,625 and 3,260 SGLT2i users with and without metformin, and 6,654 and 2,746 SGLT2i users with and without RASis, respectively. The eGFR dip was similar in SGLT2i users with and without metformin therapy, but was greater in SGLT2i users with RASis compared to those without RASis. Neither metformin nor RASi use had a significant effect on SGLT2i-associated eGFR reductions, as evidenced by the hazard ratios (95% CIs) of 30% eGFR reductions for SGLT2is with versus without metformin/RASis, namely 1.02 (0.87-1.20)/1.09 (0.92-1.31). Such findings were also observed in the outcomes of 40% and 50% eGFR reductions. Using metformin or RASis did not modify SGLT2i-associated kidney outcomes in type 2 diabetes.

Laundry Waste Filtration Performance at Ultra Low Pressure

Laundry waste pollution can be handled through the development of filtration with the Gravity Driven Membrane (GDM) method which is designed to follow the criteria of the unloading module design, low polarization control, cost-effective, separation process using thrust in the form of a strong pressure difference. This type of research was an experiment. This study aimed to determine the performance of laundry waste filtration at ultra low pressure using clean water permeability and detergent solution as standardization. GDM filtration performance was tested by measuring permeability at a pressure of 1-10 kPa with two repetitions and long-term filtration for 35 days at a pressure of 6 kPa, the sample was replaced every 7 days without membrane washing. The results showed that as the pressure increases and the filtration time increases, the permeability of laundry waste decreases, this phenomenon is caused by compaction and clogging of the membrane pores (fouling). Permeability decreases from 1 kPa to 10 kPa pressure, the same applies to repetition. Long-term filtration permeability decreased significantly from the first day to the eighth day of filtration respectively 707.9 , 151.7, 115.8, 104.4, 97.5, 107.1, 102.1 and 103. 0 L/m2.hour.bar. On the 9th to 35th day the decrease was stable, this was caused by fouling on the membrane which resulted in the membrane becoming more compact and saturated. GDM filtration can take place for 35 days without washing the membrane with a permeability from the first day of 707.9 and the 35th day of 5.5 L/m2.hour.bar. The best performance of this filtration process lasts until the 9th day

Flocculating and dewatering of lake sediment: An in-situ pilot study comparing synthetic polymers and biopolymers for restoring lake water quality and reusing phosphorus

Dredging of lake sediment is a method to remove accumulated phosphorus and nitrogen in lakes and thereby reducing the risk of eutrophication. After dredging, the sediment is dewatered to reduce the volume. It is important to get a high dry matter content and ensure that the filtrate does not contain harmful compounds so it can be returned to the lake. A pilot-scale belt filter and flexible intermediate bulk containers (FIBC) were used for dewatering lake sediment with the sediment treated with a synthetic polymer or three different biopolymers. The goal of the study was to retain the phosphorus in the filter cake while returning the filtrate to the lake with a minimal phosphorus content. Results showed dry matter content of up to 16 % in the dewatered sediment and the sediment retained 96–99 % of the phosphorus. Furthermore, nitrogen was reduced by 27–71 % in the filtrate water. Toxicity tests found low ecotoxicity for most biopolymer filtrates, whereas synthetic polymer showed the highest potential ecotoxicity. Consequently, biopolymers provided satisfactory results, proving more environmentally friendly despite requiring longer filtration time.

Simplified capture, extraction, and amplification of cellular DNA from water samples.

DNA analysis in water samples is attracting attention in various fields. However, conventional methods for DNA analysis require a work-intensive and time-consuming sample pre-treatment. In this study, a simplified pre-treatment method for analyzing DNA in water samples was evaluated. The process consists of filtration, DNA extraction, and amplification, which can be achieved within a short time. In the filtration process, two types of filters, firstly a tissue paper (Kimwipe) and then a glass filter (GF/F), were used in sequence. The first large pore size filter enabled a reduction in filtration time by removing large particulate matter impurities present in river water matrix. Cells spiked into 1 L of river water were recovered at more than 90% within approximately 5min filtration time. Also, DNA was extracted from the captured cells directly on the surface of the filter in only 5min. Thus, DNA collection and extraction from a water sample can be completed within about 10min. Furthermore, PCR amplification was performed directly from DNA-attached filter sections, which greatly reduced the number of required pre-treatment steps. Finally, we succeeded in establishing a simple and fast on-site pre-treatment system by using a hand-driven syringe filtration method. This pre-treatment system is expected to offer the possibility for the future establishment of a rapid and easy DNA analysis method applicable to various types of water samples.

Self-powered wearable electrical stimulation patch with integrated triboelectric nanogenerator for tendinopathy treatment

Tendinopathy is a common musculoskeletal disease for which researchers have proposed various treatments but with limited efficacy. Here, we propose a self-powered wearable electrical stimulation (ES) patch with an integrated triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) for tendinopathy treatment. The ES patch comprises a freeze-dried PVDF-TrFE/PA6 TENG and a pair of interdigital electrodes (IDTs). The bionically designed ES patch is attached directly to affected tendons. It undergoes deformation and friction during movement and generates pulsed electric output, which is then converted into an electric field via the IDTs to treat tendinopathy. In vitro experiments showed that the self-powered ES patch greatly increased mitochondrial function in degenerative tendon stem/progenitor cells (TSPCs) and promoted tenogenesis. In vivo experiments revealed that the ES patch significantly improved the gait motor function of tendinopathy rats, boosted collagen regeneration, and drastically reduced the degree of tissue inflammatory infiltration and recovery time. Our study demonstrated the great potential of wearable electrical stimulation patches for effectively treating tendinopathy.

Preparation of Preformed Submicron Crosslinked Polymer Coils for Conformance Control in Low-Permeability Reservoirs.

With the increasing development of low-permeability reservoirs, the significance of conformance control treatment has risen considerably. To address the conflict between injectability and plugging performance, as well as to enhance the deep migration capacity of conformance control agents, preformed submicron crosslinked polymer coils (SCPCs) have been manufactured using aqueous solution dispersion polymerization. Fourier transform infrared and scanning electron microscopy were employed to examine the chemical structure and micromorphology, while particle size distribution, zeta potential, rheological, and filtration properties were analyzed. The effectiveness of conformance control was confirmed through the parallel core displacement. The effective particle size of SCPCs was at a submicron level (500~800 nm). SCPCs exhibit a transitional threshold concentration between gel and sol states (0.25 wt%~0.5 wt%). SCPCs can efficiently block the 1.2 μm microporous filter membrane. The filtration time is up to 67.8 min. SCPCs can improve the water absorption rate of lower permeability cores from 21.21% to 57.89% with a permeability difference of 5. Therefore, SCPCs have good injectability, plugging performance, and deep migration capacity and can be used for conformance control in low-permeability reservoirs.

Effect of pressure in the filtration operation on the suspension to be purified of Furvina

The influence of pressure on the filtration operation of the Furvina suspension is studied. From the established suspension volume, the average amount of Furvina, alcohol, and carbon to be used is determined. The experiments were carried out in a range of initial pressure values of 44 139.65 Pa and 91 712.37 Pa to determine the filtrate volume and filtration time. The density of Furvina 0.73 g/ mL and the viscosity of the filtrate suspension of Furvina, 7.931x10-4 Pa.s, physical properties not previously determined and essential to determine the resistance of the filter medium (Rm) and the specific resistance of the cake (α) at different pressure values, are determined. It is concluded that the cake is compressible because its specific resistance (α) increases from 1.083x1012 m/kgto 2.15085x1012 m/kg with increasing pressure, which is demonstrated by the MANN-WHITNEY U analysis of variance, not having the same behavior on the filter media resistance (Rm). At pressures of 49033.26 Pa and 88259.87 Pa, the performance of the operation is 60.74 % and 74.34 % respectively, which shows an increase in performance for each batch and a decrease in the impact on the environment.

Graphene oxide dispersed mesoporous ZIF-8-encapsulated laccase for removal of toluidine blue with multiple enhanced stability.

The extensive use and discharge of toluidine blue have caused serious problems to the water environment. As a green biocatalyst, laccase has the ability to decolorize the dyes, but it is limited by poor reusability and low stability. Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are a good platform for enzyme immobilization. However, due to the weak dispersion of MOFs, the enzyme activity is inevitably inhibited. Herein, we proposed to use graphene oxide (GO) as the dispersion medium of mesoporous ZIF-8 to construct MZIF-8/GO bi-carrier for laccase (FL) immobilization. On account of the narrower bandgap energy of FL@MZIF-8/GO (4.07eV) than that of FL@MZIF-8 (4.69eV), electron transport was enhanced which later increased the catalytic activity of the immobilized enzyme. Meanwhile, the improved hydrophilicity characterized by contact angle and full infiltration time further promoted the efficiency of the enzymatic reaction. Benefiting from such regulatory effects of GO, the composite showed excellent storage stability and reusability, as well as multifaceted enhancements including pH, thermal, and solvent adaptation. On the basis of the characterized synergistic effect of adsorption and degradation, FL@MZIF-8/GO was successfully applied to the degradation of toluidine blue (TB) with a removal rate of 94.8%. Even in actual treated wastewater, the highest removal rate still reached more than 80%. Based on the inner mechanism analysis and the universality study, this material is expected to be widely used in the degradation of pollutants in real water under complex environmental conditions.

The role of microstructure of extracellular proteins in dewaterability of alkaline pretreatment sludge during bioleaching

Alkaline pre-treatment is known to enhance the acid production efficiency of sludge but adversely affects its dewatering performance. In this study, the improvement of sludge dewaterability by a novel bioleaching system with inoculating domesticated acidified sludge (AS) and its underlying mechanism were investigated. The results showed that although the addition of Fe2+ and the reduction of pH improved the dewatering performance of sludge, their effects were inferior to that of AS + Fe. The addition of AS and Fe2+ significantly reduced the specific resistance to filtration and capillary suction time of the sludge by 98.6 % and 95.5 %, respectively. This improvement in dewatering performance was achieved through the combined actions of bio-acidification, bio-oxidation, and bio-flocculation. Remarkably, under alkaline pH, microorganisms in AS remained active, leading to the formation of iron-based bioflocculants, along with a rapid pH decrease. These bioflocculants, in combination with protein (PN) in tightly bound extracellular polymeric substances (TB-EPS) through amide bonding, transformed TB-EPS from extractable to non-extractable form, reducing PN content from 12.1 mg g−1DS to 5.09 mg g−1DS and altering the protein's secondary structure. Consequently, the gel-like TB-EPS matrix effectively broke down, releasing cellular water and significantly enhancing sludge dewaterability.

Delayed Gadolinium Leakage in Ocular Structures on Brain MR Imaging: Prevalence and Associated Factors.

Gadolinium leakage in ocular structures (GLOS) is characterized by hyperintense signal in the chambers of the eye on FLAIR and has been reported in association with blood-ocular barrier breakdown in patients with ischemic strokes. The underlying mechanism of GLOS remains poorly understood; however, some studies suggest it may be part of a physiologic excretion pathway of gadolinium. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of GLOS in an unselected patient population. A retrospective analysis was conducted on 439 patients who underwent brain MR imaging within 7 days of receiving a gadolinium-based contrast agent injection for a prior MR imaging study. Clinical, imaging, and laboratory data were collected. Descriptive and logistic regression analyses were performed. GLOS was observed in 26 of 439 patients (6%). The occurrence of GLOS varied with time, with 3 (12%), 14 (54%), 8 (31%), and 1 (4%) patient showing GLOS within 24, 25-72, 73-120, and >120 hours after gadolinium-based contrast agent injection, respectively. Patients with GLOS were older (median age: 72 versus 55 years, P = .001) and had higher median serum creatinine levels (73 versus 64 µmol/L, P = .005) and a lower median estimated glomerular filtration rate (84 versus 101 mL/min/1.73 m2, P < .001). A shorter median time interval between gadolinium-based contrast agent injection and the index brain MR imaging was observed in the group positive for GLOS (62 versus 91 hours, P = .003). Multivariable regression analysis identified the estimated glomerular filtration rate (OR = 0.970; 95% CI, 0.049-0.992; P = .008) and time interval since gadolinium-based contrast agent injection (OR = 0.987; 95% CI, 0.977-0.997; P = .012) as independent factors associated with GLOS. GLOS was observed in only a small percentage of patients receiving gadolinium-based contrast agent within 7 days before brain MR imaging. This phenomenon was noted in patients with normal findings on brain MR imaging and those with various CNS pathologies, and it was associated with lower estimated glomerular filtration rates and shorter time intervals after gadolinium-based contrast agent injection. While GLOS may be a physiologic gadolinium-based contrast agent excretion pathway, the presence of ocular disease was not formally evaluated in the included population. Awareness of GLOS is nonetheless useful for appropriate radiologic interpretation.

Interfacial microstructure evolution and mechanical properties of carbon fiber reinforced Al-matrix composites fabricated by a pressureless infiltration process

In this study, unidirectional carbon fiber reinforced aluminum-matrix (CF/Al) composites were successfully fabricated by using a pressureless infiltration process to infiltrate Ni-coated CFs with Al. The evolution of the interfacial microstructure was investigated. The results showed that the Al–Ni reaction provided the main driving force for infiltration of Al melt into CF bundles by the significantly improving wettability. As the infiltration time increased from 0 min to 8 min, the infiltration behavior gradually improved with fewer defects and better fiber dispersion. Furthermore, the Al–Ni intermetallic compounds (IMCs) transformed from the large-sized primary Al3Ni phase to fine Al3Ni phase with eutectic structure, and were uniformly distributed around the CFs, which was beneficial for transferring the load and preventing the crack propagation. However, the harmful Al4C3 phase grew up at the interface. The ultimate tensile strength (UTS) of the CF/Al composites with the optimal infiltration time of 6 min was 135 ± 4 MPa, which was 121.3 % higher than that of the Al matrix.

Development of formalin detection system on wet noodles and tengkawang seed fat (shorea sp.) as a natural preservative solution

The emergence of public anxiety about the durability of foods containing preservatives or synthetic substances that are harmful to the human body is already very worrying. Some traders who understand the dangers of synthetic preservatives in food, prefer to use natural food preservatives. However, few traders also use formalin as a preservative in their food products, where formalin is commonly used to preserve corpses and kill germs. For this reason, a formalin content detection system has been developed as a synthetic preservative and tengkawang seed fat (Shorea.sp) as a natural preservative using filter paper as a test medium. The detection results that have been carried out obtained a tool accuracy of 96.25%. Spectrophotometric tests are performed to validate the designed tool. From the results of characterization using a spectrophotometer, the average ppm price is half times different from the ppm calculation results mathematically. This is because at the time of filtration, there are remnants of formalin content that are not carried into the filtrate. In addition, it was also obtained from the results of observations where wet noodles containing tengkawang seed fat (Shorea.sp) can last for 3 days at room temperature (25 ̊C).

A hydrophilic near dissolved organic matter microfiltration (NDOM MF) membrane prepared using multifunctional porogen synthesized via metal-free atom transfer radical polymerization for highly efficient microplastic removal

Microplastic (MP) pollution has emerged as a global concern. One of the practical alternatives is a microfiltration (MF) process using MF membranes with a high MP removal rate and high water permeability simultaneously. In this study, we developed a highly permeable PVC-based MF membrane capable of effectively separating MP by using amphiphilic PVC, which can serve as a pore-forming agent during phase separation and as a hydrophilic modifier after solidification. We developed a new organic photocatalyst under UV light to synthesize amphiphilic PVC via metal-free atom transfer radical polymerization. With 3 wt% amphiphilic PVC, the mean pore size increased to 0.86 µm, which was 3 times larger than the control PVC membrane (0.25 µm). Furthermore, the modified PVC (m-PVC) membrane reduced the contact angle of the membrane from 80.6° to 58.3°, indicating a significant improvement in the hydrophilicity of the membrane. The larger pores and increased hydrophilic properties made the m-PVC membrane 15 times more permeable than the control, while still maintaining a removal rate of approximately 99.9 % in a water filtration test with a 1 µm bead solution. The modified PVC membrane also operated consistently under varying pH conditions. Lastly, the m-PVC membrane exhibited a 12 times lower transmembrane pressure than the control during the constant flux filtration test, resulting in a 5 times lower specific filtration energy despite a 2 times longer filtration time. We hope this study could contribute to creating a new trend in MP removal utilizing a highly porous MF membrane, which is cut out for highly efficient removal of particulate pollutants and high water permeability simultaneously.

Effect of sintering aid combined vacuum infiltration on the properties of Al2O3-based ceramics via binder jetting

Binder Jetting (BJ) technology enables cost-effective and efficient fabrication of complex Al2O3-based ceramic components. However, in the process of manufacturing Al2O3-based ceramics using BJ, issues such as high sintering temperatures and relatively low sintered strength and relative density are encountered. In this study, we investigated the MnO2 sintering aid in combination with TiO2 sol-gel vacuum infiltration to introduce a MnO-TiO2-Al2O3 ternary sintering system, which could reduce the sintering temperature and enhance the strength and relative density of Al2O3-based ceramics. Through single-factor and response surface experiments, the effects of MnO2 addition, green body sintering temperature, infiltration time, and infiltration vacuum level on the properties and reinforcement mechanism of BJ Al2O3-based ceramics were studied. The research results revealed that with 10% MnO2 addition, a sintering temperature of 1450 °C, infiltration time of 60 s, and infiltration vacuum level of 24 KPa, the bending strength and sintered relative density of Al2O3-based ceramics reached 113.79 MPa and 78.13%, respectively. The bending strength was 48 times higher than that of the Al2O3 ceramic samples without sintering aid composite infiltration treatment, and the sintered relative density was improved by 41.85%.

Improvement of the estimation of the infiltration function in surface irrigation systems.

Surface irrigation systems are widely used on the North China Plain. The design of surface irrigation systems can be improved by developing simulation models including the advanced trajectory, recession trajectory, and infiltration time. Therefore, the objectives of this study were as follows: (1) to evaluate different models to simulate the advanced and recession trajectories, (2) to propose a new method that reduces the required observation data for estimating the infiltration time, and (3) to evaluate the accuracy of the proposed infiltration function based on the modified infiltration time function. Field experiments were conducted. The results indicated that the power function can represent the advanced and recession trajectories well. A modified function that describes the infiltration time has a high correlation and accuracy with the measured data and can be used to estimate the infiltration time. The proposed infiltration function based on the modified infiltration time function is accurate and can be used to estimate the infiltration function.

Influence of wettability and initial metal composition on infiltration process of carbon refractory material: The evolutional model of molten metal infiltration into a 3D real microstructure acquired using X-ray computed tomography

An evolutional model of molten metal infiltration in refractory material with the 3D pore structure acquired by X-ray computed tomography was developed and tested. It assumes isothermal infiltration with various wettability of the phases present in the material and selective dissolution of the carbon phases. An elaborated model was used to analyze the influence of different initial molten metal compositions and various wetting conditions on the evolution of the infiltration process. The initial carbon concentration in the molten metal does not alter the evolution of the infiltration process much; however, it affects the amount of carbon that dissolves in the molten metal. It was found that contact angles have much significant influence on the evolution of the infiltration front. Transition from the non-wetted to wetted pore surface significantly increases the infiltration time and changes the total flux of molten metal.

Abstract 16577: Unraveling T-cell and Macrophage Chemokine Crosstalk in Immunotherapy-Induced Myocarditis

Introduction: Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) are monoclonal antibodies that activate immunity against tumor cells but can cause immune related adverse events such as myocarditis, a rare but serious side effect with up to 40% mortality. Hypothesis: Macrophages contribute to recruitment of cytotoxic T-cell subsets to the heart in the setting of ICI, causing myocarditis. Methods: To study the role of macrophage depletion on ICI myocarditis, we treated MRL/Pdcd1-/- mice with liposomal clodronate. To identify timing of immune infiltration, we performed serial single cell T-cell receptor and RNA sequencing of CD45+ cells from the hearts/blood of MRL/Pdcd1-/- myocarditis mice at 1, 2, and 4 weeks of age. We treated MRL mice with anti-PD1/CTLA4 to induce myocarditis and assessed if anti-CXCR3 could decrease effector CD8+ T-cell cardiac infiltration and mitigate myocarditis. We studied the effects of in vitro CXCR3 blockade on CXCR3+ T-cell migration in a transwell assay. Results: Serial single-cell TCR sequencing/scRNA-seq of immune cells from MRL/ Pdcd1-/- vs. MRL control hearts showed infiltration of CXCL9/10+ macrophages ( Fig. 1, A ) along with progressive clonal expansion of CXCR3+ effector CD8+ T-cells in the heart starting at 2 weeks of age, prior to clinical onset of myocarditis. Macrophage depletion with liposomal clodronate reduced myocarditis and improved survival in MRL/ Pdcd1-/- mice ( Fig. 1, B-C) . CXCR3 blockade with anti-CXCR3 antibody reduced myocarditis, decreased CXCR3+ CD8+ T-cell infiltration, and improved survival in mice treated with anti-CTLA4/anti-PD1 antibodies (Fig. 1, D-E) . CXCR3 blockade in transwell assay also reduced migration of CD8+CXCR3+ T-cells towards the macrophage compartment (Fig. 1, F) . Conclusions: CXCL9/10+ macrophages likely play a critical role in development of ICI myocarditis through the recruitment of CXCR3+ effector T-cells into the heart, making this pathway an attractive therapeutic target.

Efficient PFOA removal from drinking water by a dual-functional mixed-matrix-composite nanofiltration membrane

Drinking water contamination by per- and polyfluorinated alkyl substances (PFAS) is a global concern. Nanofiltration is a promising PFAS removal technology due to its scalability and cost-effectiveness. However, nanofiltration cannot typically reduce PFAS concentrations below current drinking water recommendations. To enhance PFAS removal, we developed mixed-matrix-composite nanofiltration (MMCNF) membranes—an active nanofiltration layer on porous adsorptive support that synergetically combines filtration and adsorption. We synthesized MMCNF membranes comprising thin polyelectrolyte multilayer films deposited on thick (~400 µm) polyethersulfone supports incorporating β-cyclodextrin microparticles. These membranes achieved near complete removal (>99.9%) of model PFAS (PFOA: perfluorooctanoic acid) for significantly longer filtration times compared to a control membrane without β-cyclodextrin, but otherwise identical. The spent MMCNF membrane was regenerated using ethanol, and high PFOA removal performance was regained during three filtration cycles. Perfluorooctanoic acid was concentrated 38-fold in the ethanol eluent. Further concentration by evaporation is straightforward and can enable eluent recycling and effective PFAS removal.

Influence of Some Key Parameters on the Efficiency of Flocculation–Solidification–Filter Press Combined Method for Sustainable Treatment of Waste Mud Slurry

The flocculation–solidification–filter-press combined method is a new type of method for treating waste slurry that combines flocculation and chemical curing with a mechanical filter press. Among these processes, the mechanical filter-press process is key to the efficient disposal of waste engineering slurries by the flocculation–solidification–filter-press combined method. In the mechanical filter-press process, parameters including the initial thickness of filtration mud, the magnitude of filtration pressure, and the duration of press filtration have important impacts on the dewatering and strength after subsequent curing. In this work, a series of laboratory tests were conducted to study the influence of filter-press parameters on flocculated–solidified mud by measuring the properties of treated and cured mud. The test results showed that the initial mud bag thickness is an important factor in the mud treatment effect. As the initial mud bag thickness increases, the greater the water content of the mud at the end of the filter-press process after applying the same amount of time and the same amount of pressure, the lower the post-conservation strength will be. The increase in filtration pressure and filtration time within a certain range can reduce the water content of the mud brick after filtration and significantly improve its shear strength. In the actual process of filtering in the project, the thickness of the initial mud bag should be no more than 140 mm, the filtration pressure is about 0.35 MPa, and the filtration time is suitable for 2 min.

Pemanfaatan Limbah Faba (Fly Ash Bottom Ash) Pltu Karangkandri Sebagai Adsorben Pengolahan Limbah Batik Di Desa Kutawaru Cilacap

In this modern era, many technologies are increasingly advanced and industrial developments are increasing, resulting in waste that can contaminate water. The purpose of this study was to determine the best adsorbents from fly ash and bottom ash and to determine the effect of filtration time on the decrease in content, color, BOD5, COD, TSS and pH in the Cilacap batik fabric industrial wastewater treatment process. The steps taken in this study were to find the best filtration time from variations of 60, 120, 180 minutes on fly ash and bottom ash adsorbents and to determine the best adsorbents from fly ash and bottom ash. The results of the color, BOD5, COD, TSS and pH tests showed that the most optimum adsorbent was fly ash, which produced the highest percentage reduction in color content at 60 minutes filtration time of 34.1%, the highest percentage reduction in BOD5 levels at 180 minutes of 69, 5%, the highest percent reduction in COD levels at 120 minutes was 71.5%, the highest percent reduction in TSS levels at 180 minutes was 69.1% and a neutral pH was produced. Analysis of the results of the most optimum time is the filtration time of 180 minutes where the results of filtration using bottom ash adsorbents show the highest percentage reduction in BOD5, COD, TSS levels of 55.4%, 55.3%, 20.4%.