Filtration Technology Research Articles

TREATMENT METHODS FOR BITUMEN POLLUTED WATER(BPW) - A REVIEW

This review is set to answer the question about current and alternative treatment methods available for treating Bitumen000. 12021Polluted Water (BPW). Bitumen is a complex form of hydrocarbon with a higher viscosity than crude oil preventing it from flowing under natural conditions. BPW is formed due to bitumen seepage from underground reservoirs causing contamination of land and waterbodies in areas where the deposit is untapped. Another wastewater from bitumen is the Bitumen Wastewater (BWW) which is formed from bitumen extraction and processing, though this review centered on bitumen-polluted water BPW, studies revealed that BWW exhibits similar characteristics of floatable solids, high levels of salt and taste, colour, hardness of water, high Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) and Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) levels, toxic metals: lead, cadmium and dissolved petroleum hydrocarbons: Benzene, Toluene, Ethylbenzene, Xylene (BTEX). It has been reported that these pollutants were recalcitrant, persistent in biodegradation, and required many years to denature. This review summarized treatment methods for bitumen polluted water and by extension BWW from five aspects, which contain flotation, filtration, coagulation, biological treatment, and combined technology. Further, it addressed modifying the existing Bitumen Polluted Water Treatment System (BPWTS) with the possibility of scaling it up to treat more volume of BPW to meet water treatment demand in the bitumen-rich areas.

The efficient separation of bioactive components from Eucommia ulmoides Oliver using membrane filtration technology and its mechanisms in preventing alcoholic liver disease

The efficient extraction and purification of active components from Eucommia ulmoides Oliver (EUO) are crucial for their utilization. The structure and properties of the prepared EUO leaf polysaccharides (ELPs) and extractum (ELE) were comprehensively characterized in this study, and the intervention mechanism of the EUO polysaccharides and extractum in alcoholic liver disease (ALD) were investigated. The yield of EUO extractum was 24.82 %, from which nine active components were identified. The yield of EUO leaf polysaccharides was 8.06 %, and the polysaccharides were fractionated into three components ELP1, ELP2, and ELP3 through ultrafiltration technology, with yields of 4.19 %, 1.26 %, and 2.59 %, respectively. Ultrafiltration significantly reduced protein content, enhanced polysaccharide homogeneity, and altered monosaccharide composition. ELP3 exhibited higher scavenging efficacy on •OH and ABTS•+ than ELP1 and ELP2, reaching 82.53 % and 88.41 % respectively. ELP3 and ELE intervention preserved liver integrity, mitigated lipid accumulation and inflammation, and regulated hepatic oxidative stress. Moreover, they maintained intestinal barrier function, suppressed harmful bacteria (Escherichia-Shigella, and UBA1819), and promoted beneficial bacteria (Dubosiella, Monoglobus, and Lachnospiraceae). Thirteen hallmark differential metabolites were identified, and KEGG pathway enrichment analysis suggested that ELP3 and ELE may ameliorate ALD through pathways like longevity regulation, choline metabolism in cancer, oxidative phosphorylation, and AMPK signaling pathway. This investigation holds significance in delineating the beneficial effects of ELP3 and ELE in ALD alleviation.

Advanced oxide-stabilized zirconia ceramics for flue gas filtration in air purification systems

Air pollution, largely driven by industrial activities and fossil fuel combustion, poses a critical threat to both the environment and public health. Addressing emissions, particularly from factories operating at extremely high temperatures, demands advanced filtration technologies capable of withstanding such severe conditions. Ceramic filters have emerged as a promising solution due to their superior thermal stability, chemical resistance, and mechanical durability. Among these, oxide-stabilized zirconia (OSZ) ceramics have garnered significant attention for their potential in high-temperature flue gas filtration. OSZ ceramics enhance the intrinsic properties of zirconia, such as its high melting point and mechanical strength, while stabilizing its phases to prevent performance-degrading phase transformations. This review comprehensively examines the role of phase transformations in ZrO2 materials, alongside the fabrication methods, structural characteristics, and advantages of ZrO2 ceramics in air filtration applications. The review examines various stabilizing agents used to maintain phase stability and optimize material performance under extreme conditions, highlighting the benefits of OSZ in flue gas filtration. Additionally, it covers recent advancements in OSZ synthesis and application, addressing critical limitations such as production challenges and the environmental impacts of large-scale use. The discussion emphasizes the move toward sustainable development in air filtration technologies. Finally, the review provides a forward-looking perspective on future research needs, aiming to further optimize OSZ ceramics for more effective and widespread industrial air pollution control, with a focus on improving performance, scalability, and environmental sustainability.

Pathogen validation of small- and large-scale recycled water plants utilizing various clarification and media filtration technologies.

Media filters are important in wastewater recycling schemes for pathogen removal. Filter selection depends on health targets and plant scale; however, there is a data gap concerning pathogen removal efficacy at full scale. This study compared the pathogen removal performance of two full-scale filtration technologies, including a small 17,000 m3/d pressurized media filtration (PMF) plant and a large 120,000 m3/d gravity filter in the form of dissolved air flotation filtration (DAFF). The preceding clarification processes were also assessed. Validation of protozoa and virus removal was estimated by dosing model organisms yeast and MS2 bacteriophage to demonstrate removal potential. The DAFF process (coagulation, flotation and filtration) was most efficient at removing bacteriophage with a mean log10 reduction value (LRV) of 2.90 (±0.64), compared with 0.98 (±0.37) achieved by coagulation, sedimentation and PMF. Yeast log10 reduction though both systems were similar measuring 3.80 (±1.06) through DAFF and 4.57 (±0.14) through coagulation, sedimentation and PMF. The DAFF process showed greater variability in MS2 and yeast removal, which was attributed to filtration. Energy and chemical usage were also evaluated, revealing trade-offs between these factors, treatment scale and pathogen LRVs, offering practical insights into the technological and economic aspects of designing fit-for-purpose recycled water schemes.

Emerging breakthroughs in membrane filtration techniques and their application in agricultural wastewater treatment: Reusability aspects

Freshwater resources are becoming limited and are rapidly getting polluted due to industrialization and urbanization. Water pollution is a pervasive global challenge both in terms of scarcity and quality. Among other sources, wastewater discharged through agricultural practices are major contributor to environmental pollution. The leading cause of contaminants is the runoff of fertilizers, herbicides, insecticides and animal waste into waterbodies. Conventional treatment methods efficiently remove large particles, organic matter, and nutrients but require extensive infrastructure and produce significant sludge. In contrast, membrane filtration offers superior purification and reuse potential by using semi-permeable membranes to selectively remove contaminants, including suspended solids and dissolved ions. This study examines membrane filtration principles and technologies, emphasizing their role in delivering high-quality effluent for discharge or reuse. The study identifies fertilizers, herbicides, and insecticides as major agricultural contaminants and highlights conventional techniques' ineffectiveness in achieving high purification levels. Membrane filtration effectively remediates a wide range of pollutants, but fouling remains a challenge, addressed by antifouling agents and advanced membrane materials in hybrid processes. The study concludes by highlighting the reusability aspect of membrane filtration in agricultural systems and the potential applications of reclaimed water. This study emphasizes the need for advanced membrane materials and integrated systems for effective utilisation of membrane filtration.

Sustainable Rain Solutions And Microbial Safety Research For Indian Water Crisis

Environmental Impact Awareness has always been the forefront of many surveys and solutions while trying to find the perfect know-it-all answer to the bigger question- “What do we have and What is getting depleted and finished?”. Water scarcity remains a pressing issue in arid and semi-arid regions of India, making rainwater harvesting a critical solution. This research investigates rainwater harvesting as a means to enhance water security, focusing on its benefits for water supply, flood risk reduction, and climate change mitigation. The paper outlines the stages of rainwater collection, transportation, and storage, emphasizing the technology required for active implementation while addressing sustainability concerns. Additionally, it reviews regulations such as the National Water Policy and microbial safety standards from the Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) to ensure safe water. Findings on microbial testing, filtration technology, and community engagement for water conservation demonstrate a dual approach to water protection and public health. This study argues that rainwater harvesting not only serves as a water source but also has implications for antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in both potable and agricultural water. Ultimately, this work supports rainwater harvesting as a vital strategy for climate resilience and sustainable development in water-scarce regions

Heat Pump Evaporation: an Alternative of Membrane Filtration System Aiming Pure Water Production

The daily electrical power generation and consumption in Hungary were analyzed, and a two-hour-long interval was specified for the 5000 MW excess power generation, and 1,500,000 MJ energy was identified as an excess. Two pure-water-producing systems (membrane-based system and heat pump evaporator) were compared to utilize this excess electrical energy at industrial scale. Heat pump evaporation was tested as an alternative method for pure water production because its role in pure water production hasn’t been discussed. Suspended-solid-free feed water was used for both systems. Lab-scale experiments proved that in the case of freshwater, the four-step membrane filtration technology can be replaced by a one-step heat pump evaporation, resulting in almost the same quality of pure water characterized by the conductivity; 2 and 4 μS/cm for membrane filtration and heat-pump evaporation, respectively. When using seawater at a lab-scale, the proposed membrane technology resulted in desalted water having a conductivity of 425 μS/cm; meanwhile, by heat pump evaporation, pure water could be attained, having a conductivity of 19 μS/cm. Considering the specific electric energy consumption at laboratory scale, the one-step heat pump evaporator surely exhibits an energy-saving method for pure water production; 6.12 MJ/L and 2.31 MJ/L were measured for membrane system and heat pump evaporator, respectively. Considering an industrial-scale make-up water demand, up-scaling calculations, including hydraulic calculations and pump selection producing the same amount of pure water, resulted in a reverse trend regarding specific electric energy consumption; 25.35 MJ/m3 and 14,850 MJ/m3 estimated for membrane system and heat-pump-evaporator, respectively. Both systems were analyzed in terms of environmental impacts. According to wastewater quality and their disposability, the wastewater of freshwater treatment can be drained into the sewage system, but in case of seawater crystallization of concentrated NaCl solutions is possible. Based on our analysis, the theoretically producible water quantity is more than physically attainable by the treatment technologies, thus more options shall be considered for the utilization of excess energy generation.

Nano Filtration Techniques in Waste Water Treatment

Nano filters, based on nanotechnology to improve filtration processes, offer sophisticated solutions for contaminant removal from liquids and gases. The filters in this group include polymeric membranes with a pore size of 1-100 nanometres, ceramic membranes that are tolerant to chemicals, and carbon nanotube and graphene-based filters with advancedpermeability and selectivity. Recently, differentiated nanomaterials have been developed to make composite membranes with improved performance and durability. However, NF have disadvantages such as membrane fouling and high production costs. In this respect, research is currently being done to come up with solutions to the challenges, optimize the integration of nanomaterials, and realize application possibilities in water treatment, air purification, and industrial processes. On the whole, NF stand as the radical improvement filtration technology has so far achieved, and further research is bound to make them more efficient and cheaper About 17–19 million people in the world lack access to clean water. It is estimated that about 3.4 million people die every year from water scarcity, sanitation, and hygiene-related problems out of which 99% of deaths occurin developing countries. In recent years, water contamination has become a global environmental concern. The paper providesinsights into advancements in wastewater treatment through nano-filters. The paper focuses on evaluating the effectiveness ofnanomembranes in removing containments such as inorganic salts, organic compounds, and heavy metals. Additionally, the paper gives information about performance based on a comparison of the tractional filters and RO in terms of flexibility, durability, efficiency, and cost-effectiveness. Furthermore, it explores the application of NF in industries such as textile, pharmaceuticals, and agriculture and evaluates the versatility and effectiveness in these sectors.

Quorum sensing on the activated performances of gravity-driven membrane (GDM) system at low temperatures: Ammonia removal and flux stabilization

Gravity-driven membrane (GDM) filtration technology offers a low-energy, low-maintenance solution for water purification due to its powerful bio-cake, but faces predicament in contaminant removal under low temperatures. Quorum sensing (QS), a microbial communication process mediated by signal molecules such as C6-HSL (N-Hexanoyl-L-homoserine lactone), has been shown to influence microbial behavior and enhance biofilm formation, with promising potential for consolidation of GDM operation at low temperature. This study investigates the application of C6-HSL to enhance ammonia nitrogen and organics removal in low-temperature GDM systems. C6-HSL was administered at varying dosages (0/50/250/500 nM/d) at 5 °C, with further experiments conducted at 25 °C to assess the impact of QS regulation on GDM performance under room temperature. The results demonstrated that the optimized presence of C6-HSL (500 nM/d) improved the removal efficiency of dissolved organic carbon, ammonia nitrogen, and raised the stable flux (increase ratios at low vs. room temperature: ∼19 % vs. ∼7 %, ∼38 % vs. ∼9 %, and ∼7.9 % vs. 0.4 %, respectively). Analysis of the biofouling layer’s structural characteristics, composition, and biological activity indicated that the increased C6-HSL effectively promoted microbial growth and migration/movement, increased the production of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) and soluble microbial products (SMP), and accelerated biofilm formation. The resulting thicker (∼172.98 vs. ∼119.21 μm), rougher (∼62.1 vs. ∼55.0 nm) cake layer, equipped with abundant channels for water penetration, contributed to increased contaminant degradation, but also stabilized the flux with slight growth (∼3.26 vs. ∼3.02 LMH) under low temperature. Notably, the enhancement effect of QS regulation was more pronounced at low temperature than at room temperature, attributing to the optimized release and diffusion of signal molecules and the more substantial stimulation of metabolic and enzymatic activity in nitrifying bacteria. This study provides valuable insights and technical support for decentralized water treatment in winter via reliable GDM process operation in challenging temperature conditions.

Influence of Aqueous Phase Salt and Oil Phase Surfactants and Viscosity on the Dynamic Interfacial Tension and Coalescence Timescales.

Liquid-liquid separation is a critically important process in the treatment of emulsions that can occur in our environment, such as oily stormwater, shipboard bilgewater, or off-shore oil spill treatment. Effective filtration systems, including coalescing filters, are essential for mitigating these environmental pollutants. Achieving this requires a comprehensive understanding of liquid-liquid interface dynamics influenced by additives and surfactants. Furthermore, understanding the impact of surfactants on emulsion stability in saline environments is vital for optimizing filtration processes and ensuring the protection of marine and freshwater ecosystems. In this work, these effects are highlighted using measurements performed across a range of droplet size, surfactant concentration, viscosity ratios, and saline presence. Dynamic IFT measurements are conducted using the pendant drop method for water in light mineral oil, with and without salt in the water phase. The effect of salt addition is also highlighted by using microfluidic coalescence experiments, in which it was found that the addition of salt increases the dimensionless drainage time below the critical micelle concentration. The second focus of this work is to study the effect of bulk phase viscosity on the stability. Dynamic IFT measurements are performed at both millimeter and micrometer scales using pendant drop experiments and microfluidic tensiometry, respectively, involving light and heavy mineral oils with varying SPAN80 surfactant concentrations. The surfactant diffusivity and interfacial adsorption and desorption rates are then extracted by fitting a surfactant diffusion and equation of state equations to the dynamic IFT measurements. The results of the IFT decay, surfactant diffusivity, and adsorption rates are compared at two different viscosity ratios. This study also compares the times required for IFT relaxation with the film drainage times in water-in-oil systems. The comparison aids in comprehending the impact of competing timescales during film drainage. The findings presented in this paper offer valuable insights into the design and optimization of liquid-liquid filtration systems, especially when operating under challenging environmental conditions, such as in saline environments. The principles explored here can be applied to improving industrial water treatment and in the design of advanced filtration technologies for chemical and petrochemical industries, particularly those involving flow, contributing to more sustainable and efficient practices in handling emulsified waste streams.

Facile Synthesis of Valsartan and Ribose Prodrug and Studying its Influence on the Pancreatic Lipase

Valsartan is a widely used drug that belongs to the type of angiotensin receptor blockers generally specified to control high blood pressure (hypertension) and heart failure. In the present work, a new ester prodrug utilizes ribose sugar as a carrier for the valsartan through an esterification reaction. The synthesized compound was characterized by the FT-IR and 1H NMR spectroscopic. The investigation furthermore involved measuring the activity of the lipase enzyme in the blood serum of individuals with high blood pressure and healthy individuals and purifying the lipase enzyme utilizing gel filtration technology. Besides, the investigation studied the kinetics of the lipase enzyme, the impact of various substrate concentrations, the impact of pH and optimal temperature on the enzyme's activity, and the impact of reaction time on the enzyme's effectiveness. It was found that the effectiveness of the lipase enzyme reduced with raising the concentration of the synthesized compound, and the sort of inhibition was determined as competitive.

Evaluation of Effluent Quality Trends Before and After Filtration Through the Composite Filter from Shirere Wastewater Treatment Plant to River Isiukhu in Kakamega County, Kenya

The current stabilization ponds as wastewater treatment practices in urban areas have proven insufficient with continued discharge of untreated wastes into water bodies. Their challenge comes from inappropriate system selection and maintenance, improper design, construction mistakes, physical damage and hydraulic overload. Appropriate infrastructural technologies for waste removal that can be adopted in the drainage channels of effluents into water bodies are scarce. This study incorporates a reactor based composite filter of pumice and sand as an innovative approach for removing residual waste in effluents discharged from Shirere Wastewater Treatment Plant into River Isiukhu, Kakamega Municipality. The objective of the study was to evaluate the trend of effluent quality from Shirere wastewater treatment plant upto river Isiukhu before and after installation of composite granular filter. Effluents, drinking water from Shirere WWTP, Shikoye stream, River Isiukhu and protected spring along Shikoye stream, were collected using presterilized water sampling containers for microbial quality analysis at MMUST and KACWASCO laboratories. The measurements were carried out using UV-VIS spectrophotometer at 752 nanometer wavelengths. Research design was experimental. The average reduction of COD in the mid-season of June to August was 42.2 ±4.6%, being the highest. Concomitantly, the BOD removal by the filter in the season of June to August was19.6±7% and 15.6 ±3.5% for September to November. The average rate of TSS removal in June to August was 19.3±4.5% followed by 16.6±3.8% in September to November and 11.6±7% in March to May. The average rate of Nitrate removal in June to August was 41.8±7.6% followed by 30.0±2.2% for March to May and 25±8.6% for September to November. Phosphates had an average rate of removal in June to August at 31.9±2.7% followed by 20.6±4.8% for September to November and 20.0 ±4.3% for March to May. Specifically, for the first season of March – May 2021 at 200 mm filtration depth were carried out at effluent flow rate of 0.0032 and volume, 0.234 Concentrations of most parameters were above NEMA standards, like COD was 322mg/l yet maximum should be 100 mg/l. Therefore, it was concluded that silica pumice composite filter performance was achieved by big variations in the concentrations of COD, BOD, TSS, Phosphates and Nitrates at Shirere WWTP after filtration which was attributed to effective removing capacity. The effluent concentrations from sampling sites S1-S3 and S5-S7 were found to be above the NEEMA standards implying the high risk of using Isiukhu water and catchment area. Thus, this study recommended that, the composite filter reduced concentrations of all the parameters (COD, BOD, TSS, PO3, NO3) significantly from Shirere WWTP along Shikoye stream up to the confluence of river Isiukhu. Most of the parameters after filtration were ranging within the required standards of NEMA. The requisite measure of adopting new technology of composite filtration should be sustained.

Microplastics in wastewater plants: A review of sources, characteristics, distribution and removal technologies

Microplastics (MPs) are widespread in everyday life, and since wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) serve as an important route for MPs to enter natural water bodies, a thorough understanding of the distribution and removal of MPs in wastewater treatment plants is of great importance. This article provides a comprehensive overview of the measured distribution of MPs and the current status of their removal in wastewater treatment plants. The main sources of MPs in wastewater treatment plants are personal care products in domestic wastewater, textile clothing and industrial wastewater made from plastics, textile factories and the friction of road tires. The MPs that entered the sewage treatment plant were predominantly in the form of fibers, fragments, granular MPs and other types of MPs. The size of MPs is divided into three categories: <0.5 mm, 0.5–1 mm and 1–5 mm. At all treatment stages in wastewater plants, 56.8–88.4 % of MPs are removed in primary treatment, but the primary sedimentation and degreasing stages remove most MPs. The efficiency of the activated sludge process for secondary treatment is inconsistent and is generally between 42.1 and 99.2 %. The coagulation, filtration and disinfection stages of tertiary treatment all have some MPs removal capacity. In addition, novel removal technologies are also described, such as modified filtration technology, membrane separation technology, electroflocculation, sol-gel and photocatalysis. These novel removal technologies can further limit the entry of microplastics into natural water bodies through sewage treatment plants and improved sewage treatment processes help reduce the risk of MPs entering the natural environment through sewage treatment plants. This article will provide reference for the distribution and removal of microplastics in various levels of WWTPs.

Innovative Approaches in Dedusting Systems for Industrial Pollution Control: Design and Efficiency Evaluation

This article investigates the application of dust removal systems for the control of suspended particles in industrial environments, focusing on advanced exhaust and filtration technologies. The research reviews sizing methodologies used in grain processing and metallurgy industries, addressing the challenges of mitigating health and safety risks in the workplace. Different technological solutions, such as bag filter systems and electrostatic precipitators, are analyzed with an emphasis on operational efficiency and compliance with international environmental standards.

Antibacterial bio pores as a river flow filter for the development of "Ndeso Park" water tourism

The realization of the full potential of natural resources in each village for the benefit of the local community has been observed as a significant challenge. The national village-owned enterprises program encourages villages to optimize the utilization of their existing natural and human resources with the objective of fostering their economic independence. The program entails the optimization of the national village-owned enterprises program in the tourism sector, specifically in the context of Taman Ndeso. The objective of this community service activity is to provide technological assistance and address the issue of river water filtration as a pool water source. The impetus for this activity is the declining tourism activities at Taman Ndeso due to the presence of turbid water in the pool, which was deemed unsuitable for use. The activity is realized through the construction of a water purification filtration system to produce clean and healthy water. The antibacterial biopores are applied as filtration technology. This technology is designed to capture bacteria from river water that flow into the pond. This research adopted the direct exploration method, which was divided into a number of stages, including planning and preparation, implementation, evaluation, and reporting. The research outcome manifests into the restoration of the Taman Ndeso water tourism pool, which will be capable of attracting tourists and reviving village income to the maximum extent possible, with the management of the village-owned business entity.

2D Materials for Potable Water Application: Basic Nanoarchitectonics and Recent Progresses.

Water polluted by toxic chemicals due to waste from chemical/pharmaceuticals and harmful microbes such as E. Coli bacteria causes several fatal diseases; and therefore, water filtration is crucial for accessing clean and safe water necessary for good health. Conventional water filtration technologies include activated carbon filters, reverse osmosis, and ultrafiltration. However, they face several challenges, including high energy consumption, fouling, limited selectivity, inefficiencies in removing certain contaminants, dimensional control of pores, and structural/chemical changes at higher thermal conditions and upon prolonged usage of water filter. Recently, the advent of 2D materials such as graphene, BN, MoS2, MXenes, and so on opens new avenues for advanced water filtration systems. This review delves into the nanoarchitectonics of 2D materials for water filtration applications. The current state of water filtration technologies is explored, the inherent challenges they face are outlines, and the unique properties and advantages of 2D materials are highlighted. Furthermore, the scope of this review is discussed, which encompasses the synthesis, characterization, and application of various 2D materials in water filtration, providing insights into future research directions and potential industrial applications.

Microwave absorption properties of one-step formed CNTs/Fe3O4-carbonyl iron superflexible buckypaper by directional pressure filtration

In order to realize the integration of structure and function of microwave-absorbing materials, carbon nanotubes/magnetic nanoparticle buckypaper (CNT/MNP BP) self-supporting, ultra-flexible, ultra-thin and ultra-light composites were prepared by composing CNTs with MNPs through directional pressure filtration technology. The BP composite, with a bulk density of 0.62 g/cm3 and a thickness of 0.21 mm, can be uninterruptedly tightly wound around a 4 mm diameter glass rod many times without structural damage. The microwave-absorbing properties and magnetic properties of the CNT/MNP composites with different compositions and contents were systematically analyzed. The CNT-Fe3O4 Buckypaper with 33.3 wt% Fe3O4 content (CF33.3 %) has the best electromagnetic wave absorption capability, with a minimum reflection loss value of −52.01 dB and an effective absorption bandwidth of 4.08 GHz. The VSM test shows that the saturation magnetization strength of CF33.3 % is 38.4 emu/g. The excellent electromagnetic wave absorption performance is attributed to the polarization and conduction losses of CNTs, natural resonance, exchange resonance and eddy current losses of MNPs, and multiple scattering and reflection within the porous network structure of the composites. The CNTs and MNPs has good dispersion in the buckypaper, where CNTs construct a superflexible skeleton besides an excellent conductive network. The self-supporting superflexible CNT/MNP BP composites have a good application prospect in the field of wearable electronic devices in the future.

A COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW ON GRAPHENE: HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT, PROPERTIES, APPLICATIONS, CHALLENGES AND FUTURE SCOPE

Graphene, due to its extraordinary properties is revolutionizing various fields. This paper explores some unusual characteristics of graphene such as mechanical properties, electrical and thermal conductance, and optical transparency. We will discuss its potential uses in various areas: super-strong composites for ultra-light and extra-durable materials and next-generation gadgets where graphene exposure might offer improved speeds. In addition, the possible applications of this nano-material in developing novel clear and flexible touch panels and advanced water filtration technologies are explored. But there are also problems with increasing output, maintaining the quality, and managing safety and health aspects despite its great potential. The paper also discusses the probable future impact of graphene on the sector of medicine, the usage of renewable energy, smart communities, and more. This analysis enhances the identification of graphene as a future wonder material by highlighting the state of research, the application of the material, and the opportunities as well as the challenges that the field has and will encounter.

АНАЛИЗ ПРОБЛЕМ, ВОЗНИКАЮЩИЕ ПРИ ЭКСПЛУАТАЦИИ ПЕСЧАНЫХ СКВАЖИН

The article considers the causes of the formation of mechanical impurities in deep pump wells and the consequences that it entails for the listed reasons. The impact of solid floating particles in the liquid on the well equipment and the importance of improving the filtration technology of sand- containing liquid to prevent it has been noted. As a method used in the fight against mechanical impurities, the advantages and disadvantages of the filter design, which washes the filter element without lifting the pumping equipment, and the V-shaped wire slotted grilles made of durable stainless steel located in the filter compartment are considered. In practical methods of combating mechanical impurities, the main directions of technology for equipping the bottom areas of wells with filters and the main criteria for combating the negative effects of mechanical impurities are indicated. Based on the special importance of the problem of reducing solid floating particles in the production of a gas-liquid mixture, several methods of insulating sand from impurities used in oil production are considered to protect deep pumping equipment. It is established that solving the problem of increasing the reliability of pumping equipment in the presence of solid float particles in the reservoir fluid requires an integrated approach to the selection of technical means. Analysis of the operability of existing filters in the intake of deep pumps showed that they have low efficiency in the fight against solid floating particles, including the need to periodically raise the pumping equipment for cleaning due to the adhesion of solid floating particles to the surface

In situ decorated Mn-FeOx amorphous oxides on filter felt by a polyphenol-assisted method for low-temperature NH3-SCR

The combination of dust filtration technology and selective catalytic reduction of nitrogen oxides can effectively reduce the energy consumption and footprint of the flue gas purification system. To fabricate the high efficiency and firmly bonded catalytic filter material, a novel polyphenol-assisted method was designed in this work for in situ decorating Mn-FeOx amorphous oxides onto the smooth polyphenylene sulfide (PPS) filter felt. The polyphenolic compounds are not only worked as the dispersant, but also the binder for Mn-FeOx catalysts to firmly anchor on PPS filter felts. The introduction of Fe3+ into catalyst precursors can increase the Mn4+ content, surface adsorbed oxygen, as well as surface acidity, which displays satisfactory denitration performance and SO2 tolerance at low temperatures. The Mn5Fe1-TA/PDA@PPS sample shows nearly 100 % NO conversion efficiency at 180 °C with only 10.11 % catalysts loading in the sulfur dioxide free flue gas. Furthermore, the green and efficient synthesis route makes the catalytic filter felts preserve the same gas permeability and thermal stability with the pristine PPS filter felt, which suggests that the Mn5Fe1-TA/PDA@PPS has great prospects for simultaneously removing of NOx and dust in practical applications.