Filter Order Research Articles

Arousal but not valence: Music emotion categorization in normal hearing and cochlear implanted participants

Perceiving acoustic cues that convey music emotion is challenging for cochlear implant (CI) users. Emotional arousal (stimulating/relaxing) can be conveyed by temporal cues such as tempo, while emotional valence (positive/negative) can be conveyed by spectral information salient to pitch and harmony. It is however unclear the extent to which other temporal and spectral features convey emotional arousal and valence in music, respectively. In 23 normal-hearing participants, we varied the quality of temporal and spectral content using vocoders during a music emotion categorization task—musical excerpts conveyed joy (high arousal high valence), fear (high arousal low valence), serenity (low arousal high valence), and sorrow (low arousal low valence). Vocoder carriers (sinewave/noise) primarily modulated temporal information, and filter orders (low/high) primarily modulated spectral information. Improvement of temporal- (using sinewave carriers) and spectral content (using high filter order) both improved categorization. Vocoder results were compared to data from 25 CI users performing the same task with non-vocoded musical excerpts. The CI user data showed a similar pattern of errors as observed for the vocoded conditions in normal-hearing participants, suggesting that increasing the quality of temporal information, and not only spectral details, could prove beneficial for CI users’ music emotion perception.

Spurious Self-Suppression Method: Application to TM Cavity Filters

This article presents a new approach for improving spurious free bands in filters. The main idea is to control the coupling coefficients of the spurious resonances, in order to force them to cancel each other. This approach is completely different from the classical one where all couplings are minimized in order to excite spurious resonances as less as possible. In fact, in this approach, all spurious couplings are maximized except the central coupling that is instead minimized. This method is first explained in terms of equivalent circuits. Then, in order to show its applicability to real microwave filters, it is applied to the TM cavity filters and used to remove both spurious resonances due to higher order cavity modes and to TE10 mode of coupling irises. Design examples of fourth- and sixth-order TM cavity filters are presented. With respect to the classical TM cavity filter, where the first spurious appears around 11.4 GHz, the TM filters designed by exploiting the self-suppression method present spurious free bands up to 20.2 GHz (20 GHz for sixth-order filter), improving the filter response up to 2.2 times the center frequency of 9.2 GHz. Another advantage is that, in contrast to the classical spurious suppression method that does not allow responses with TZs in TM filters, the self-suppression method allows for a number of TZs equal to N-2 (N being the filter order) and it also allows a certain control of their position.

Speed Measurement for Incremental Position Encoder Using Period-Based Method With Sinc3 Filtering

Precise measurement of the rotor speed is mandatory for machine tool spindle drives and other drives having the same demands for the accuracy of speed stabilization. These drives commonly use incremental position encoders for speed measurement as a derivative of the position in time. Currently, the best practice is the implementation of constant elapse time methods, the accuracy of which is limited by the accuracy of the position encoder itself and the discreteness of time. However, it was noted that the constant elapse time method ignores all the data in-between the measurements. An analysis of the periods between pulses from the encoder led to the discovery that these periods have the properties of delta–sigma modulated signals. Thus, it was suggested to process the results of the period-based method with a sinc filter of a high order to obtain extra information from the incoming data. The proposed period-based method with sinc filtering (PBSF) uses third-order filter as the most commonly used type in the measuring equipment. The simulation model was developed to show the error distribution for competing methods, and the experimental results were obtained in the steady state and during acceleration of the drive. The comparison of the methods was performed with identical data at the input and the same measurement time. Both the simulation and experimental results showed that at high speeds the proposed period-based method with sinc3 filtering (PBS3F) provides a much smaller deviation from the actual value than the conventional constant elapsed time (CET) methods. The computational complexity was analyzed as well showing the possibility of method implementation using modern microcontrollers.

Analysis of higher order Microstrip Filter to Reduce Out-of-Band Emissions

In this paper a fifth order wide-band Chebyshev micro-strip filter is designed at 5.2 GHz frequency, where the spectrum contains white spaces. The fifth order is extended to 7th, 9th, 11th, and 13th order and simulated using HFSS EM simulator. Simulation results show that compared to 5th order, the higher order filters provide more and more reduction in out-of-band emissions in increasing order from 5th to 13th order filter. A 13th order filter is fabricated and tested for more reduction in the OOBE by using dumbbell shaped slots as defected ground plane structure. Five such slots are made in the ground plane for better results to reduce more OOBE. This 13th order filer with slots is fabricated and tested. The substrate chosen is FR4 with height 1.6 mm. Here we have given a mathematical treatment for emission mask for OOBE according to ITU recommendations. The designed filter’s transmission characteristics from port 1 to port 2 give good agreement with the recommendations.

Active Notch Filters of the Fourth Order with an Adjustable Delay Band and Uneven Amplitude–Frequency Response

Potential structural schemes of notch filters (NFs) of the fourth order are considered. Equations for the coefficients of their transfer functions are given. A graphical interpretation of the parameters of the amplitude–frequency response (AFR) of the proposed NF is presented. An implementation example of the fourth-order NF is studied and simulated in the MicroCap 12 environment, confirming the possibility of independent adjustment of AFR unevenness in the passband and in the stopband.

Design Procedure for Reduced Filter Size in a Buck Converter Using a Fourth-Order Resonance Filter

This article presents a novel design procedure for fourth order and fourth-order resonance (4thRes) output filters, for given buck converter specifications, making components selection a straightforward process. An accurate filter analysis is provided to predict the filter component currents and voltages in both frequency and time domains. Application of the analysis in a design study of a 20 MHz, 5.4 W buck converter shows that the 4thRes filter has the potential to reduce the output passive components for a wide duty cycle range. As compared with a second-order filter at <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">V</i> <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">IN</sub> = 6.6 V to <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">V</i> <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">OUT</sub> = 1.8 V, total inductance, inductor energy, capacitance, and capacitor energy are 58%, 35%, 45%, and 31% lower, respectively. Air-core printed circuit board (PCB) integrated solenoid inductors are considered for implementation and testing within a prototype converter to show the impact of these filters on the converter performance. The 4thRes filter achieved 3.7% and 3.6% higher full-load efficiency than the second- and fourth-order filters, respectively, and a better load transient performance.

Highly Selective Broadband mm-Wave Diplexer Design

This letter presents a novel broadband diplexer design that is capable of achieving highly stringent rejection characteristics through the use of singlets whose interconnecting irises are formulated as resonant slot irises. The combination of these two resonant-cavity types allows for a unique filtering solution with increased filter order, wide available bandwidth, low geometric complexity, and simple milling requirements, which can be suitably applied to millimeter-wave and submillimeter-wave applications. A prototype is fabricated for operation in the <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$W$ </tex-math></inline-formula> -band (75–110 GHz) in order to cover a 10% fractional bandwidth in each passband. Measurement of the prototype denotes highly accurate results and exemplifies the use of all resonator and coupling elements in order to support ten poles and four transmission zeros in an elegant diplexer solution.

Method to Detect and Isolate Brake Rotor Thickness Variation and Corrosion

Brake rotors are essential parts of the disc brake systems. Brake rotor thickness variation (RTV) and corrosion are among top failure modes for brake rotors, which may lead to brake judder and pulsation, steering wheel oscillations and chassis vibration. To improve customer satisfaction, vehicle serviceability and availability, it is necessary to develop an onboard fault detection and isolation solution. This study presents a methodology to monitor the state-of-health of brake rotor system to reduce costs associated with scheduled inspection for autonomous fleet or corrective maintenance. We converted the vehicle signals from time-domain to angle-domain and determined health indicators to estimate the RTV level of the rotors. Variance, envelope and order analysis of the brake circuit pressure, longitudinal acceleration and wheel speed sensor signals in angle-domain were promising health indicators to differentiate healthy and faulty rotors. A classification model was developed to fuse the health indicators and estimate the state-of-health of the rotors to report the most degraded rotor with corner isolation. Results showed that using this concept we were able to detect failure levels of 20 microns and larger and meet the customer requirement. Robustness analysis showed that the concept is robust to the noise factors of tire type, tire pressure and vehicle weight. The sensitivity analysis showed that the algorithm is sensitive to two of the calibration parameters (i.e., brake pedal position gradient (BPPG) threshold and the filter order used to derive BPPG) used to determine the brake event and enable the algorithm.

Optimal selection range of FCV power battery capacity considering the synergistic decay of dual power source lifespan

To explore a new method for the selection of power battery capacity range considering the synergistic decay of dual power source lifespan under the operating lifespan cycle of fuel cell vehicle (FCV). Based on the dual power source decay model and the proposed power-following energy management strategy (EMS) based on low-pass filtering, this paper analyses the influence of control parameters (proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) response speed, filter order) and design parameters (fuel cell rated power, power battery capacity) on the dual power source. The governing law is the power source decay rate, and based on this law, the synergy point of dual power source decay under variable control parameters and different power battery capacities is fitted, and the power battery capacity allowing dual power sources to synergistically decay under variable control parameters is summarized. The results show that under this strategy, when the capacity range of the power battery is 20–143 Ah, changing the control parameters in real time can make the dual power sources synergistically attenuate. Based on this capacity range, the PEMFC response speed and filter order corresponding to the dual power source decay synergy point obtained under the power battery capacity matching selection method can enable the dual power source synergistic decay to be verified by hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) simulation. The results show that at the end of the simulation, the dual power source decay rates can be synergistic.

Dispersion-less Kerr solitons in spectrally confined optical cavities

Solitons are self-reinforcing localized wave packets that manifest in the major areas of nonlinear science, from optics to biology and Bose–Einstein condensates. Recently, optically driven dissipative solitons have attracted great attention for the implementation of the chip-scale frequency combs that are decisive for communications, spectroscopy, neural computing, and quantum information processing. In the current understanding, the generation of temporal solitons involves the chromatic dispersion as a key enabling physical effect, acting either globally or locally on the cavity dynamics in a decisive way. Here, we report on a novel class of solitons, both theoretically and experimentally, which builds up in spectrally confined optical cavities when dispersion is practically absent, both globally and locally. Precisely, the interplay between the Kerr nonlinearity and spectral filtering results in an infinite hierarchy of eigenfunctions which, combined with optical gain, allow for the generation of stable dispersion-less dissipative solitons in a previously unexplored regime. When the filter order tends to infinity, we find an unexpected link between dissipative and conservative solitons, in the form of Nyquist-pulse-like solitons endowed with an ultra-flat spectrum. In contrast to the conventional dispersion-enabled nonlinear Schrödinger solitons, these dispersion-less Nyquist solitons build on a fully confined spectrum and their energy scaling is not constrained by the pulse duration. Dispersion-less soliton molecules and their deterministic transitioning to single solitons are also evidenced. These findings broaden the fundamental scope of the dissipative soliton paradigm and open new avenues for generating soliton pulses and frequency combs endowed with unprecedented temporal and spectral features.

АНАЛІЗ СТІЙКОСТІ СИСТЕМИ СТАБІЛІЗАЦІЇ НАПРУГИ НА НАКОПИЧУВАЛЬНОМУ КОНДЕНСАТОРІ ТРИФАЗНОГО ПАРАЛЕЛЬНОГО АКТИВНОГО ФІЛЬТРА

The object of the study is a three-phase shunt active power filter, which consists of a two-level voltage inverter, a capacitive storage device and a damping RL-link. Decomposition of the object of study according to the rate of motion of a dynamic system makes it possible to divide this system into two subsystems, interconnected by control. The influence of the dynamic characteristics of the low-pass filter, which acts as a subsystem of communication between the voltage stabilization circuit on the capacitor of the three-phase shunt active power filter and the circuits of compensating current, on the stability of the system is considered. The formation of the compensation current is carried out by forcing the introduction of sliding modes of the first order. The mathematical model of the voltage stabilization subsystem on the capacitor using the vector of the equivalent control under the assumption of the existence of a sliding mode in the formation of the compensation current was built. The analysis of the stability of the voltage stabilization system using a low-pass filter of the second order on the first approximation was performed. To do this, the characteristic equation of a closed system for which an interval characteristic polynomial was constructed, the Kharitonov theorem, and the Rauss-Hurwitz method for a family of these polynomials was used. To confirm the theoretical assumptions, a simulation model was built and the results of digital modeling were analyzed. References 9, figure 1.

Filter Design for Laser Inertial Navigation System Based on Improved Pigeon-Inspired Optimization

The laser gyroscope of Laser Inertial Navigation System (LINS) eliminates the influence of the locked zone with mechanical dither. The output information of laser gyroscopes must be filtered before use to eliminate vibration noise. Laser gyroscope filters are designed according to the instrument accuracy, calculation capacity, vibration frequency, system dynamic characteristics, and other indicators. In this paper, a pigeon-inspired optimization (PIO) method is proposed for use in filter design. The PIO method can flexibly design filters with excellent performance according to the indicator requirements. In the method, the constraints and indicators of the amplitude, phase and order of the LINS filter are firstly confirmed according to the application requirements; then, the objective function is established, and the parameters to be optimized of the PIO are set according to the order of the filter; finally, the PIO method is used to obtain filter parameters that can satisfy the constraints and achieve better performance. Referring to the idea of biological evolution mechanisms, we propose a new improved pigeon-inspired optimization method based on natural selection and Gaussian mutation (SMPIO), which can obtain more stable results and higher accuracy. In the SMPIO method, the particle swarm is firstly selected by natural selection, that is, the particles are sorted according to the fitness function, and some particles with poor fitness are replaced by those with better fitness; then, all particles are subjected to Gaussian mutation to obtain a better global optimum. SMPIO method can flexibly design filters according to the comprehensive requirements of laser gyro performance and navigation control indicators, which cannot be achieved by traditional filter design methods; the improvement based on natural selection and Gaussian mutation enables SMPIO to have faster convergence speed, and higher accuracy.

0.5 V Versatile Voltage- and Transconductance-Mode Analog Filter Using Differential Difference Transconductance Amplifier

In this work, a new versatile voltage- and transconductance-mode analog filter is proposed. The filter, without requiring resistors, employs three differential-difference transconductance amplifiers (DDTAs) and two grounded capacitors, which is suitable for integrated circuit implementation. Unlike previous works, the proposed filter topology provides: (1) high-input and low-output impedances for a voltage-mode (VM) analog filter, that is desirable in a cascade method of realizing higher order filters, and (2) high-input and high-output impedances for a transconductance-mode (TM) analog filter without any circuit modification. Moreover, a quadrature oscillator is obtained by simply adding a feedback connection. Both VM and TM filters provide five standard filtering responses such as low-pass, high-pass, band-pass, band-stop and all-pass responses into single topology. The natural frequency and the condition of oscillation can be electronically controlled. The circuit operates with 0.5 V supply voltage. It was designed and simulated in the Cadence program using 0.18 µm CMOS technology from TSMC.

Musical Emotion Categorization with Vocoders of Varying Temporal and Spectral Content.

While previous research investigating music emotion perception of cochlear implant (CI) users observed that temporal cues informing tempo largely convey emotional arousal (relaxing/stimulating), it remains unclear how other properties of the temporal content may contribute to the transmission of arousal features. Moreover, while detailed spectral information related to pitch and harmony in music - often not well perceived by CI users- reportedly conveys emotional valence (positive, negative), it remains unclear how the quality of spectral content contributes to valence perception. Therefore, the current study used vocoders to vary temporal and spectral content of music and tested music emotion categorization (joy, fear, serenity, sadness) in 23 normal-hearing participants. Vocoders were varied with two carriers (sinewave or noise; primarily modulating temporal information), and two filter orders (low or high; primarily modulating spectral information). Results indicated that emotion categorization was above-chance in vocoded excerpts but poorer than in a non-vocoded control condition. Among vocoded conditions, better temporal content (sinewave carriers) improved emotion categorization with a large effect while better spectral content (high filter order) improved it with a small effect. Arousal features were comparably transmitted in non-vocoded and vocoded conditions, indicating that lower temporal content successfully conveyed emotional arousal. Valence feature transmission steeply declined in vocoded conditions, revealing that valence perception was difficult for both lower and higher spectral content. The reliance on arousal information for emotion categorization of vocoded music suggests that efforts to refine temporal cues in the CI user signal may immediately benefit their music emotion perception.

SECOND-ORDER VISUAL MECHANISMS: REVIEW OF RESEARCH

The review is devoted to the analysis of studies aimed at studying second-order visual filters as a mechanism for preattentive grouping of local visual information by striate neurons (first-order filters). The development of ideas about possible mechanisms for combining primary visual features is analyzed, with the emphasis on studies of the properties of second-order filters. The questions of spatial organization and principles of interaction of filters of the first and second orders are considered. The results indicating the multichannel nature of the pooling mechanism and possible relationship between the frequency and orientation settings of the filters of the first and second order are described. A model for organizing filters of the second order is presented, possible neurophysiological correlates of these mechanisms are analyzed, role of the second-order mechanisms in visual perception is considered.

Quasi-Elliptical Stub-Based Multi-Resonance Waveguide Filters With Low Manufacturing Complexity for mm-Wave Applications

In this paper, the design and realization of quasi-elliptical waveguide filters with reduced manufacturing complexity are discussed. The filters are based on TE mode cavities, which are loaded with TM mode stubs. It is shown that dual-, triple- and quadruple-resonance segments are obtained by using up to three stubs loaded on the broad side of a TE mode cavity. The structures obtained can either be used as a stand-alone filter or even as a building block suitable for the realization of higher order filters. The multi-resonance blocks reveal several advantages in the mm-wave area: The manufacturing complexity is easy to handle and comparable to simple all-pole filters, which is especially important at high frequencies. Therefore, three prototypes are manufactured as proof of concept in the D-band (110 GHz–170 GHz). Moreover, the building blocks are able to produce <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$n-1$</tex-math></inline-formula> transmission zeros (TZs) with <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$n$</tex-math></inline-formula> being the number of resonances. Therefore, the blocks generate between one (dual-resonance) and up to three (quadruple-resonance) TZs. Advantageously, the filters can be cut in the E-plane in order to reduce the insertion loss and hence consist of only two components. Three examples are manufactured by high precision CNC milling and reveal good agreement to the simulation by obtaining unloaded Q-factors of up to 1000.

Acoustic Feedback Noise Cancellation in Hearing Aids Using Adaptive Filter

To enhance speech intelligibility for people with hearing loss, hearing aids will amplify speech using gains derived from evidence-based prescriptive methods, in addition to other advanced signal processing mechanisms. While the evidence supports the use of hearing aid signal processing for speech intelligibility, these signal processing adjustments can also be detrimental to hearing aid sound quality, with poor hearing aid sound quality cited as a barrier to device adoption. In general, an uncontrolled environment may contain degradation components like background noise, speech from other speakers etc. along with required speech components. In this paper, we implement adaptive filtering design for acoustic feedback noise cancellation in hearing aids. The adaptive filter architecture has been designed using normalized least mean square algorithm. By using adaptive filters both filter input coefficients are changeable during run-time and reduce noise in hearing aids. The proposed design is implemented in matlab and the simulations shows that the proposed architecture produces good quality of speech, accuracy, maintain stable steady state. The proposed design is validated with parameters like Noise Distortion, Perceptual Evaluation of Speech Quality, Signal to Noise Ratio, and Speech Distortion. The feedback canceller is implemented in MATLAB 9.4 simulink version release name of R2018a is used for validation with Echo Return Loss Enhancement (ERLE). The ERLE of the NMLS is reduced when the filter order is increases.Around 10% of the power spectrum density (PSD) is less when compared with existing designs.

Analysis Of The Effect Filter Order Number On Noise Canceller System Using STM32F4

Communication plays an important role in society. This can be seen in the amount of information that is spread, such as information in the form of sound, images, and videos. But communicating is not always easy. Due to the large number of sounds emitted from different sources, other sounds will be disturbed. The interference caused by noise can distort the information signal, leading a sine wave to integrate a minor noise signal. As a result, the receiver cannot differentiate the actual information signal and the added noise. This study proposed a noise-reduction system by analyzing the effect of the number of filter orders on the noise canceler system. The information signal will be processed using the STM32F4 noise canceller system, which will then be filtered using an adaptive filter with a Finite Impulse Response (FIR) structure and the Least Mean Square (LMS) algorithm. The test results show that the best SNR value is obtained at Order 40 of 5.3671 dB at a sound duration of 14 seconds, while the best PSNR value is obtained at Order 40 of 21.3557 at a sound duration of 9 seconds, and the higher the filter order value, the smaller the MSE value.

Velocity Tracking Control Algorithm for Semiactive Control of Building Frames

A new control algorithm called velocity tracking control (VTC) is presented for the semi-active control of partially observed building frames using magneto-rheological (MR) dampers. The novelty of the control algorithm relies on the use of special features of the semi active control using MR dampers in which the time history of voltage to be applied to the MR damper can be generated with the help of feedback information from the observed states only; it does not require the estimation of the full state from the measured ones which introduces some errors in the estimated control force generated in the MR damper. The algorithm is developed based on a physical reasoning, which is validated by the Lyapunov stability condition of the first order filter used in the modified Bouc-wen model that models the MR damper. The efficiency of the control algorithm is compared with the passive on control for a number of earthquakes. The response quantities of interest, for which percentage reductions in responses are compared, include the peak top floor displacement, peak inter-story drift and maximum base shear. The results of the study show that the proposed control algorithm provides the maximum percentage reduction in peak inter-story drift in comparison to passive on control. Further, the efficiency of the proposed control algorithm, defined by the percentage reduction of responses per unit control force, is found to be more as compared to the passive on control.

The Application of LQG Balanced Truncation Algorithm to the Digital Filter Design Problem

This paper presents a method for using a model reduction algorithm to design low-order digital filters. Designing an IIR digital filter that meets the specifications often leads to a high-order digital filter. To reduce the computation time and increase the response rate of the filter, we need to reduce the order of the high-order digital filter. Applying the LQG balanced truncation algorithm to reduce the demand for high-order digital filters shows that low-order filters can completely replace high-order digital filters. The simulation results show that the use of the LQG balanced truncation algorithm in order to reduce the filter order is correct and efficient.