Flow Filtration Research Articles

Hydrogeological investigation of the Paine Aquifer considering baseline conditions from 1970 and long - term analysis from 1990 to 2020

Groundwater resources are vital for meeting the world's freshwater needs, providing the primary source of drinking water for nearly half the global population, and are particularly important for agriculture and industry in dry regions. The Paine Basin, situated south of Santiago, Chile, has been heavily affected by an extended mega-drought, influencing water availability for various uses. Yet, comprehensive hydrogeological studies to understand the aquifer system and establish a baseline for future actions in the basin to better manage water resources have been lacking. Therefore, this study investigates the aquifer's conditions in 1970, considered closest to its undisturbed state. It uses water table and chemical data to discern groundwater flow directions and the relationship between the river and the aquifer. Subsequent temporal analyses using Mann-Kendall tests and Theil-Sen slope estimation on DGA well-level data aim to statistically verify the significance of water level declines. The findings confirm an east-to-west groundwater flow, corroborated by chemical signatures linking the Paine waters to the Maipo River, suggesting river recharge from the aquifer during that era. However, recent trends indicate a significant drop in water levels since the mega-drought began in 2010, not aligning with the increase in groundwater extractions starting in 2005. The above highlights that additional water sources, such as river infiltration or irrigation return flow, need to be considered to explain water level variability, which highlights the hydrology of the basin. Finally, trend analysis over the last 30 years indicates that hydrodynamic conditions have changed since the initial conditions were considered in 1970.

Waterflooding optimization based on the CRM and solving the linear programming problem

Among the many technologies for increasing the efficiency of oil field development using waterflooding, the least economically expensive include hydrodynamic methods for increasing oil recovery, based on changing the directions of filtration flows. Thus, one of the key tasks of increasing the efficiency of waterflooding at a late stage of development is to reduce the volume of ineffective injection. The article discusses the problem of redistributing volumes of injected water between injection wells for a given total injection volume in order to increase oil production. An analytical relationship is proposed for assessing injection efficiency, based on known displacement characteristics and calculated well interference coefficients based on CRMP. The optimization problem is formulated as a linear programming problem. Using the example of a fragment of an oil deposit, the possibility of assessing the injectivity of injection wells is shown, which makes it possible to increase the predicted oil production by changing the direction of filtration flows in the formation. As a result of applying the developed algorithm, the predicted increase in cumulative oil production amounted to 19683 m³ (9.5%) over 15 years. Keywords: waterflooding optimization; capacitive-resistive model; CRM; linear programming; injection efficiency; interwell connectivity.

Renal macrophages monitor and remove particles from urine to prevent tubule obstruction

When the filtrate of the glomerulus flows through the renal tubular system, various microscopic sediment particles, including mineral crystals, are generated. Dislodging these particles is critical to ensuring the free flow of filtrate, whereas failure to remove them will result in kidney stone formation and obstruction. However, the underlying mechanism for the clearance is unclear. Here, using high-resolution microscopy, we found that the juxtatubular macrophages in the renal medulla constitutively formed transepithelial protrusions and "sampled" urine contents. They efficiently sequestered and phagocytosed intraluminal sediment particles and occasionally transmigrated to the tubule lumen to escort the excretion of urine particles. Mice with decreased renal macrophage numbers were prone to developing various intratubular sediments, including kidney stones. Mechanistically, the transepithelial behaviors of medulla macrophages required integrin β1-mediated ligation to the tubular epithelium. These findings indicate that medulla macrophages sample urine content and remove intratubular particles to keep the tubular system unobstructed.

ABOUT SOME PROBLEMS OF WATERFLOODING IN CARBONATE RESERVOIRS

The features of waterflooding of carbonate (fractured-porous) rocks, caused by the interaction of the system of fractures with the matrix (blocks) of the rock, are considered. It is shown that the slower propagation of the pressure pulse in the rock matrix in comparison with the propagation of this pulse along the fracture system of the formation leads to compression of the rock blocks in the near-wellbore zone of the injection well, as a result of which stress concentration occurs at the ends of vertical fractures, which increases the likelihood of these fractures growing into the roof of the productive formation. It is shown that in order to prevent the development of this process, the growth rate of water injection pressure should be limited in accordance with the time of liquid pressure equalization in the pore space of the rock matrix and in the fracture system. When developing production wells drilled in fractured porous media, in order to prevent the development of the process of closing fractures in the bottomhole zones of these wells, the drawdown reduction rate must also be limited in a similar way. It is noted that when applying technologies for non-stationary flooding of productive reservoirs, the main factor determining their effectiveness is the change in the direction of filtration flows in the reservoir. This leads to the activation of filtration processes in the stagnant zones of the formation and the intensification of the processes of capillary impregnation of low-permeability interlayers with water from more flooded highpermeability interlayers.At the same time, it is important to take into account that when changing the direction of filtration flows at a late stage of development of carbonate reservoirs, in order to prevent reimpregnation of hydrophobic rock blocks with oil, it is more expedient to change the operating modes of production rather than injection wells. It is shown that water flooding of hydrophobic carbonate reservoirs results in incomplete water displacement of oil as a wetting phase from rock blocks. To reduce the residual oil saturation of rock blocks, it is advisable to increase the displacement pressure gradient in the reservoir in combination with a change in the direction of filtration flows in it.

Assessment of the determination of groundwater pollution parameters from destroyed ameliorative structures, tail storage and flooded landfills

As a result of the damage to the structures of the supporting front and the destruction of the protective screens on the reclamation systems, tailings storage facilities, and landfills due to military operations, processes of flooding and pollution of water resources are taking place on the territory of Ukraine. This issue requires an assessment and forecast of the further development of events at the damaged buildings. An integral component of such an assessment is the methodology of approaches to the filtration calculations of the consumption of polluted water through a closed protective screen using the analysis of migration due to the aquifer. In this work, the issues of the theoretical approach to the determination of head loss and filtration through a protective screen for the assessment and further forecast of groundwater pollution by filtration flow from tailings, landfills, and reclamation canals due to their flooding due to military actions are considered. Approaches to the determination of pressure loss through a shielded structure in the event of various types of damage and at various stages of water filtration from channels are given. According to the proposed formulas, the loss of water from the main channel of the Ingulets irrigation system and the filtration coefficient of the damaged lining due to the destruction of the dam of the Kakhovskaya Hydro Electric Station were determined. The results of the research will be useful in making management decisions regarding the protection of water bodies from pollution and in the restoration of damaged structures.

Activated Carbon Electrodes Obtained from Crude Glycerol for Capacitive Deionization Desalination

The freshwater demand increases over the years to attend agriculture, industry, and human consumption demand. Water desalination by capacitive deionization (CDI) would be an interesting strategy to provide freshwater for populations suffering of water scarcity in arid and semi-arid regions in which brackish groundwater is available. CDI is an electrochemical technique based on the removal of ions using carbon electrodes. Besides low-cost, activated carbons (AC) produced from renewable sources are also desired due to sustainability demands. In parallel, appropriate routes for disposal or reuse of crude glycerol from biodiesel plants are also a major current concern (10 kg of biodiesel generates ~1.0 kg of glycerol). So, considering the water-waste nexus concept, in this work we proposed the use of crude glycerol as precursor to obtain a new sustainable activated carbon (PGAC), which was employed as an electrode for CDI desalination of brackish water. The crude glycerol is firstly converted to polyglycerol, which is carbonized and then chemically activated. The best desalination performance using the PGAC electrodes was achieved using membrane CDI configuration, applying 1.6 V, providing a stable salt adsorption capacity (SAC) of 27.1 mg of NaCl removed per g of PGAC over 50 desalination cycles. At this condition, co-ion repulsion is minimized and the charging efficiency (QE ) remained close to 100%. The high values of SAC and QE , along with the low cost of PGAC electrode, led to a very low specific energy consumption (2.6 J per mg of NaCl removed), compared to other values reported in literature, making it a potential candidate for use in CDI desalination. In order to further improve the desalination performance, a new cell architecture was proposed, named percolation flow cell (PFC). The PFC cell combines the fast mass transfer rates of the flow-through cell (FTC) configuration and longer residence time of flow-by cells (FBC), in which the flow velocity and electric current fields are perpendicular. Taking advantage of the beneficial aspects of the FBC and FTC designs, the desalination carried out using the PFC was enhanced by 170 %, providing a remarkable water desalination rate of 1661 mg g-1 day-1 at 1.0 mA cm-2 and single pass operation (7.0 mL min-1). Despite these advantages, the high pressure drop (0.12 bar cm-1) imposes a challenging issue for the effective application of PFE cells.

Experimental characterization of multiscale solidification in thermoset CFRP during gelation for flow and stress modeling

Two types of flow mechanisms consisting of unidirectionally arrayed fibers and uncured thermoset resin exist in prepreg materials. These mechanisms are percolation flow where resin flows out of the gaps between fibers, and shear flow where resin and fibers flow together. Based on our previous study, we assumed that percolation flow is controlled by the rheology of the matrix resin, whereas shear flow is controlled by the rheology of prepreg. Based on this assumption, we experimentally evaluated the ‘multiscale’ solidification (solidification of matrix resin and that of prepreg) process using dynamic mechanical analysis during gelation. The solidification of matrix resin was examined by observing the development of loss angle, which provides a continuous description of the solidification process. On the other hand, the solidification of prepreg was characterized by analyzing the relationship between the shear storage modulus of prepreg and that of the matrix resin. Finally, we examined the difference in the solidification process between prepreg and matrix resin during gelation.

БИОПОЛИМЕРЛІК ЖҮЙЕГЕ НЕГІЗДЕЛГЕН АҒЫНДЫ АУЫТҚУ ТЕХНОЛОГИЯСЫН ҚОЛДАНУДЫ ТАЛДАУ

Annotation. At present, many oil fields are on the third and fourth stages of development, which are characterized by significant volumes of associated water production and low degree of depletion of oil reserves from individual sections of the deposit. The volume of oil produced from the deposits is constantly decreased. This is due to the influence on the operation of wells of complex geological structures of productive formations, and fluid compositions that manifest themselves in production processes. In dense reservoirs with high geological heterogeneity, separate undeveloped areas and areas that are not covered by flooding remain in the development process. In these conditions, in order to increase the efficiency of flooding systems, the task is to maximize the coverage of reservoirs by exposure, which can be achieved by introducing water into low-permeable oil-saturated intervals. In this case, the elastic-capillary-cyclic method and the method of changing the direction of filtration fluid flows in the reservoir have significant possibilities, both in area and in the section. In this case, the elastic-capillary-cyclic method and the method of changing the direction of filtration fluid flows in the reservoir have significant possibilities, both in area and in section. One of the most effective and promising methods of stabilizing oil production is physics-chemical technology based on the application of injection of polymer compositions. This paper provides an analysis of the application of the technology of redistribution of filtration flows in a multilayer field. This technology used a biopolymer-based chemical composition. To study the effect of the biopolymer system on the oil production process, an analysis of changes in the technological parameters of the reacting production wells was carried out. The article provides an assessment of the technological effectiveness of methods for changing the direction of filtration flows in the reservoir based on the analysis of the results of the use of biopolymer compositions at one of Mangystau deposits. Keywords: Well, oil deposit, influence on the formation, flow-deflecting technology, filtration flow, polymer composition, biopolymer system, efficiency

Biotransport in human phonation: Porous vocal fold tissue and fluid–structure interaction

Human phonation involves the flow-induced vibrations of the vocal folds (VFs) that result from the interaction with airflow through the larynx. Most voice dysfunctions correspond with the fluid–structure interaction (FSI) features as well as the local changes in perfusion within the VF tissue. This study aims to develop a multiphysics computational framework to simulate the interstitial fluid flow dynamics in vibrating VFs using a biphasic description of the tissue and FSI methodology. The integration of FSI and a permeable VF model presents a novel approach to capture phonation physics' complexity and investigate VF tissue's porous nature. The glottal airflow is modeled by the unsteady, incompressible Navier–Stokes equations, and the Brinkman equation is employed to simulate the flow through the saturated porous medium of the VFs. The computational model provides a prediction of tissue deformation metrics and pulsatile glottal flow, in addition to the interstitial fluid velocity and flow circulation within the porous structure. Furthermore, the model is used to characterize the effects of variation in subglottal lung pressure and VF permeability coefficient by conducting parametric studies. Subsequent investigations to quantify the relationships between these input variables, flow perfusion, pore pressure, and vibration amplitude are presented. A linear relationship is found between the vibration amplitude, pore pressure, and filtration flow with subglottal pressure, whereas a nonlinear dependence between the filtration velocity and VF permeability coefficient is detected. The outcomes highlight the importance of poroelasticity in phonation models.

Influence of supported filtration on channel safety (based on the example of Swanley channel)

The article examines the problem of destruction and deformation of the banks of the Swanley Canal under the influence of backed-up groundwater filtration. An analysis of the current state of the canal and the dynamics of changes in groundwater levels along the canal bed was carried out. A hydraulic calculation of filtration flow was carried out and a method was proposed to reduce the negative impact of groundwater levels on the integrity of the canal.

Transformation of Fresh Groundwater Composition over Time in the Republic of Tatarstan

The spatio-temporal variability of fresh groundwater composition was analyzed in four regions with different natural and technogenic conditions. The results obtained show no significant changes in the groundwater composition of the agricultural areas over the last 60 years. As for the industrial oil refinery zone, intense groundwater pollution was observed only in the nearby areas of sludge reservoirs and waste landfills. However, it did not extend further than 1.0–1.5 km in the direction of the filtration flows. This is partly due to the high buffer capacity of the geological environment. In the areas with intensive oil production, the composition of fresh groundwater changed most negatively over long distances. Depending on the temporal concentration gradients, the following four degrees of change in the groundwater composition were distinguished: extremely weak, weak, medium, and high. The latter two were typical of the central parts of the oil-bearing areas, with the groundwater mineralization in the upper part of the section reaching 10 g/L and the hardness of 70 mmol/L.

Planning for Drainage Development in Jakarta's Urban Settlements with The Concept of a Healthy City

The need for land use in Jakarta can be a factor causing the reduced function of infiltration and water flow, resulting in changes and problems in the drainage system. It is suspected that downstream areas such as Jakarta are unable to accommodate excess water, because there may be problems with the channels or drainage system. For this reason, it is necessary to plan a drainage system (drainage network) so that it can function optimally in accordance with Minimum Service Standards (SPM) to accommodate water flow discharge. which is normal, especially during the rainy season and there are high tides so that you don't experience inundation or flooding. This research aims to plan the construction of drainage that is optimal according to standards in Jakarta in order to raise public awareness of the importance of keeping the environment clean, not throwing garbage in the drainage canals and always keeping the drainage canals clean so that they can drain wastewater from settlements, rainwater and puddles smoothly.

Co-current filtrate flow in TFF perfusion processes: Decoupling transmembrane pressure from crossflow to improve product sieving.

Hollow fiber-based membrane filtration has emerged as the dominant technology for cell retention in perfusion processes yet significant challenges in alleviating filter fouling remain unsolved. In this work, the benefits of co-current filtrate flow applied to a tangential flow filtration (TFF) module to reduce or even completely remove Starling recirculation caused by the axial pressure drop within the module was studied by pressure characterization experiments and perfusion cell culture runs. Additionally, a novel concept to achieve alternating Starling flow within unidirectional TFF was investigated. Pressure profiles demonstrated that precise flow control can be achieved with both lab-scale and manufacturing-scale filters. TFF systems with co-current flow showed up to 40% higher product sieving compared to standard TFF. The decoupling of transmembrane pressure from crossflow velocity and filter characteristics in co-current TFF alleviates common challenges for hollow fiber-based systems such as limited crossflow rates and relatively short filter module lengths, both of which are currently used to avoid extensive pressure drop along the filtration module. Therefore, co-current filtrate flow in unidirectional TFF systems represents an interesting and scalable alternative to standard TFF or alternating TFF operation with additional possibilities to control Starling recirculation flow.

PS-IPS: Deploying Intrusion Prevention System with machine learning on programmable switch

Intrusion prevention is significant to avoid device damage and financial losses. Researchers have proposed various Intrusion Prevention Systems (IPS) to prevent malware, including traditional and SDN-based IPS. However, existing IPSs suffer from low throughput problems caused by detection and rule-installation delays. Here, we propose a programmable switch-base IPS (named PS-IPS), which utilizes the switch CPU and pipeline to detect malware. PS-IPS consists of four main components: (1) parser, (2) flow filter, (3) recirculation director, and (4) malware detector. According to the experiment, PS-IPS achieves a 183X throughput than the SDN-based IPS. The response time of PS-IPS is also reduced by 99.99%, showing that PS-IPS effectively prevents malware with a single programmable switch.

Assessing the results of work on strengthening the soils of the foundation of lock № 5 of the Volga-Don shipping canal and proposals for stabilizing the chamber position

The results of work to strengthen the soil foundation of the chamber of lock № 5 of the Volga-Don Shipping Canal, carried out in 2016–2017, are analyzed. The need to carry out work to strengthen the soil was caused by an increase in the intensity of sedimentation of the central sections of the lock chamber, which began in 2005. To stabilize the chamber position, the technology of two-component jet grouting is implemented. This technology assumes the formation of several longitudinal soil-cement walls in the soils of the lock chamber base, which would transfer the load from the weight of the chamber to the harder clay soils of the water-resistant layer. However, as a result of the work performed, the precipitation intensity has increased. Engineering-geological, hydrological and geophysical studies conducted in 2018–2020 recorded the absence of formed soil-cement elements in the soils of the chamber base. An analysis of the soil samples characteristics taken from the chamber base has showed that a layer of soils of 10–12 m thickness is composed of loess rocks, below which water-resistant clayey rocks lie. Initially, there were several confined and non-confined aquifers in the soils of the lock base, and the creation of a hydroelectric complex and the formation of a level difference between the upper and lower pools led to the formation of a filtration flow with a significant pressure gradient at the base of the chamber. An analysis of the properties and structure of loess soils has showed their predisposition to subsidence, transition to a floating state and liquefaction with an increase in water content. Under the conditions of weak water-saturated loess soils, the supply of a cement mixture into them under significant pressure did not lead to the formation of soil-cement elements. Thus, in accordance with the current regulatory documents, the technical condition of the gateway is defined as pre-emergency, and the security level is defined as unsatisfactory. Methods for reducing the intensity of the chamber sedimentation such as cutting through the loess layer with piles, physical and chemical strengthening of soils and water protection of the massif at the base of the chamber are considered and evaluated.

An experimental study for quantitative assessment of fatty infiltration and blood flow perfusion in quadriceps muscle of rats using IDEAL-IQ and BOLD-MRI for early diagnosis of sarcopenia

BackgroundSevere sarcopenia may result in severe disability. Early diagnosis is currently the key to enhancing the treatment of sarcopenia, and there is an urgent need for a highly sensitive and dependable tool to evaluate the course of early sarcopenia in clinical practice. This study aims to investigate longitudinally the early diagnosability of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-based fat infiltration and blood flow perfusion technology in sarcopenia progression. Methods48 Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly assigned into six groups that were based on different periods of dexamethasone (DEX) injection (0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10 days). Multimodal MRI was scanned to assess muscle mass. Grip strength and swimming exhaustion time of rats were measured to assess muscle strength and function. Immunofluorescence staining for CD31 was employed to assess skeletal muscle capillary formation, and western blot was used to detect vascular endothelial growth factor-A (VEGF-A) and muscle ring finger-1 (MuRF-1) protein expression. Subsequently, we analyzed the correlation between imaging and histopathologic parameters. A receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis was conducted to assess the effectiveness of quantitative MRI parameters for discriminating diagnosis in both pre- and post-modeling of DEX-induced sarcopenic rats. ResultsSignificant differences were found in PDFF, R2* and T2 values on day 2 of DEX-induction compared to the control group, occurring prior to the MRI-CSA values and limb grip strength on day 6 of induction and swimming exhaustion time on day 8 of induction. There is a strong correlation between MRI-CSA with HE-CSA values (r = 0.67; p < 0.001), oil red O (ORO) area with PDFF (r = 0.67; p < 0.001), microvascular density (MVD) (r = −0.79; p < 0.001) and VEGF-A (r = −0.73; p < 0.001) with R2*, MuRF-1 with MRI-CSA (r = −0.82; p < 0.001). The AUC of PDFF, R2*, and T2 values used for modeling evaluation are 0.81, 0.93, and 0.98, respectively. ConclusionImaging parameters PDFF, R2*, and T2 can be used to sensitively evaluate early pathological changes in sarcopenia. The successful construction of a sarcopenia rat model can be assessed when PDFF exceeds 1.25, R2* exceeds 53.85, and T2 exceeds 33.88.

Data-model comparisons of isotopic and hydrological variabilities of the karstic vadose zone above Villars Cave, SW-France based on 20 years' monitoring record

Because of the great heterogeneity of the limestone fissures, conduits, and reservoirs in karst areas, the understanding of the infiltration in caves and karst terrains is complicated. For example, the time delays observed between rainfall and the various flows into caves, such as shaft flow and seepage flow, exhibit significant variability. To better understand the infiltration above a typical shallow cave, Villars Cave, South-west France, we used both a very long monitoring (>20 years) isotopic data set of rainfall and dripping rates at two different cave gallery levels (14 m and 36 m below the surface, respectively) and a conceptual model (KarstFor) that mix water flows and isotopes. In order to determine the most appropriate reservoir and flow settings, we used one time-lapse electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) image made above the cave, which were incorporated into the KarstFor model. The modeled variations in storage water and infiltration flows are in a good agreement with the observed dripping discharge rates, indicating seasonal variability and various time delays between water excess ((Rainfall-Evapotranspiration) > 0) and drip rates in the different cave levels. The fact that the model strikingly simulates the small, but constant, isotopic difference of drip water δ18O (δ18Od) values between the upper and the lower galleries of Villars Cave, not only reinforces reliability in the model itself but also reveals the impact of multiple infiltration routes and karst reservoir dynamics on the δ18Od. On an inter-annual scale, the observed δ18Od values follow the variations of the water excess and of the cave temperature, which, in the period analyzed, show a marked trend, possibly induced by the climate variability patterns above the cave. Overall, these results are not only important to better understand the infiltration in karstic zones, but also to better interpret speleothem isotopic records widely used in paleo-climate studies.

Linear Stability of Filtration Flow of a Gas and Two Immiscible Liquids with Interfaces

The stability of the vertical flow that occurs when gas displaces oil from a reservoir is investigated. It is assumed that the oil and gas areas are separated by a layer saturated with water. This method of oil displacement, called water-alternating-gas injection, improves the oil recovery process. We consider the linear stability of two boundaries that are flat at the initial moment, separating, respectively, the areas of gas and water, as well as water and oil. The instability of the interfaces can result in gas and water fingers penetrating into the oil-saturated area and causing residual oil. Two cases of perturbation evolution are considered. In the first case, only the gas–water interface is perturbed at the initial moment, and in the second case, small perturbations of the same amplitude are present on both surfaces. It is shown that the interaction of perturbations at interfaces depends on the thickness of the water-saturated layer, perturbation wavelength, oil viscosity, pressure gradient and formation thickness. Calculations show that perturbations at the oil–water boundary grow much slower than perturbations at the gas–water boundary. It was found that, with other parameters fixed, there is a critical (or threshold) value of the thickness of the water-saturated layer, above which the development of perturbations at the gas–water boundary does not affect the development of perturbations at the water–oil boundary.

Optimization of air-conditioning load due to different thermal parameters for a residential building using different techniques

Better insulation or material with low thermal conductivity is a crucial factor in new construction and retrofitting existing structures where energy efficiency is the objective. Effective energy savings need the careful selection of construction materials to accomplish this. For this purpose, in this research work, a typical residential flat is taken into account. Using the hourly analysis program (HAP 4.90) software, the cooling and heating load is determined. Eight influencing factors, including building orientation (A), overall heat transfer coefficient of wall (B), roof insulation material (C), roof insulation thickness (D), heat transfer coefficient of glass (E), window to wall ratio (F), air infiltration flow rate (G), and bypass factor of air-conditioner (H) at three levels, are chosen to optimize the cooling and heating load. An orthogonal L27 layout is considered for the optimization, and the cooling and heating load has been determined for each experimental attempt. At first using Taguchi method, ANOVA analysis is done separately for each response variable and later using GRA and TOPSIS based Taguchi analysis, multi-objective optimization has been done, and the results are compared with each other. By determining each factor’s percentage contribution to the cooling and heating load, the ANOVA approach is also used to identify the primary components that have a major impact on the cooling and heating load. The outcome demonstrates that A3B2C2D3E1F1G1H1 is the best possible combination of all eight variables, and overall heat transfer coefficient of wall is the most influencing parameter for the residential buildings.

Experimental investigation of filter cake deposition under cross-flow and static filtration conditions

Effects of cross-flow velocity, filtration pressure, and solid concentration on filter cake properties are studied by using a new filtration setup that allows performing filtration tests under a wide range of operating conditions. The main feature of this setup is that pressure and cross-flow velocity are decoupled, so it was possible to independently investigate the effect of these variables on filter cake properties. Filtration tests have demonstrated that particle invasion into filter media pores occurs initially, leading to the formation of an external filter cake. The increased cross-flow velocity creates an erosive shear stress at the surface of the external cake, which limits cake growth, indirectly maintaining a high filtrate flow rate. This high filtrate rate imparts a considerable drag force onto suspended particles, driving a high count into the porous substrate where these particles could deposit. Increasing pressure amplifies this internal particle deposition, particularly where there is no or limited external filter cake to limit filtrate drag and screen particles at the cake surface. The effect of cross-flow velocity on pore blocking and filter cake structure is observed and demonstrated by CT scanning and scanning electronic microscopy.