Cartridge Filters Research Articles

A new cost effective, long life and low resistance filter cartridge for water treatment

Filtration processes constitute the major solution among water treatments, which appear always necessary nowadays to make water suitable for human consumption or domestic uses, due to the gradual deterioration of its quality as a consequence of environmental pollution and industrial processes. In this paper a new type of filtering cartridge is presented, aimed at overcoming the main inconveniences shown by usual commercial cartridges. These drawbacks have been highlighted in a previous experimental work conducted in the Laboratory of Environmental and Maritime Hydraulics (LIDAM) of University of Salerno and aimed at evaluating the head losses produced by the most common filtration cartridges, especially under progressive clog conditions. Head losses, in fact, are particularly undesirable for low-pressure plants, where they can inhibit the normal operation of the installed apparatus. The analysis of the experimental results permitted to reveal several features of the filtration process in commercial cartridges and draw up different remarks, which led, after further laboratory tests here presented, to the design of a new economic, non-toxic, low-resistance and long life-cycle filtration cartridge, proposed and described in this paper. This cartridge, is basically made of a central element in inert cotton wrapped in a cylindrical polypropylene support, similar to the commercial one but with the core protected by elements, such as white marble pebbles, effective microorganism ceramic cylinders and granular active coal, which, while ensuring a good hydraulic permeability, is capable of stopping much of the particles suspended in the fluid before they reach the cartridge causing its clogging. The new design permits, therefore, to significantly reduce, compared with the commercial cartridges, average head losses even for high clogging degrees, and to increase, as a consequence, the life cycle of the cartridges.

Measurement of effective filtration area of pleated bag filter for pulse-jet cleaning

A pleated filter cartridge is a potential component to reduce the installation space required for a bag house dust collection system. However, the optimal pleating method has not been suggested yet, and it has been dependent upon the manufacturer's know-how and experience. In this study, dimensionless parameter, α, which is the ratio of pleat height to pleat width, was introduced to determine the optimal pleat geometry of a pleated filter cartridge. Eight different pleated filters were prepared to determine the effect of α and pleat length, PL, on the filter cleaning efficiency. A lab-scale pulse-jet bag house system which could install four filter bags and to be capable of on-line filter cleaning, was used to perform the filtration tests. Based on experimental data, a pleated cartridge filter with α = 2.21 had the maximum effective filtration area, and filter cleaning efficiency. However, we observed a drastic decrease in filter cleaning efficiency for a filter with an α value higher than 2.21. Therefore, we found that the tested cartridge filter had the optimal filter pleating geometry at α = 2.21, which folds a filter medium as a ratio of pleat height to pleat width, 2.21. In addition, the effective filtration area of a pleated filter cartridge was measured by the relationship between the increase in pressure drop during each filtration cycle, and multiplication of dust concentration and elapsed time. The ratio of the effective filtration area and theoretical filtration area, β, depends on the filtration cycle and the α value at the initial stage; however, it only depends on the α value at a later stage.

Study of snow cover of functional zones of city territory

In cities the surface flow is one of the main sources of pollution for surface waters within urban development. Snow cover is an indicator of the atmospheric air pollution and sanitary state of populated areas. Using the examples of various urban functional zones, the evaluation of the snow cover state in modern conditions has been carried out. The analysis of the meltwater composition has shown that the metal ions are one of the main components of pollutants. In order to decrease the negative influence upon water bodies of surface waters of populated areas, a system of surface flow with compulsory afterpurification should be organized. A version of reconstruction for existing network of surface flow has been considered, with installation of local purification facilities including cartridge filters. A version with gabion structures has been considered for shallow parts of coastal zones. In this case rainwater and meltwater flow through spaces between gabions, without affecting aesthetic appearance of the territory. Seepage waters ensure the supply of groundwater.

An effective, simple and low-cost pretreatment for culture clarification in tetanus toxoid production

Chemically inactivated tetanus toxin (tetanus toxoid, TT), purified from cultures of a virulent Clostridium tetani strain, is the active pharmaceutical ingredient of anti-tetanus vaccines. Culture clarification for TT production and is usually performed by filtration-based techniques. Final clarification of the culture supernatant is achieved by passage through 0.2 µm pore size filtering membranes. Large particles removal (primary clarification) before final filtration (secondary clarification) reduces costs of the overall clarification process. With this aim, chitosan-induced particle aggregation was assessed as an alternative for primary clarification. Three chitosan variants were tested with similar results. Optimal clarification of culture supernatant was achieved by the addition of 8 mg chitosan per l of culture. Extrapolation analysis of filter sizing results indicate that 100 l of chitosan-treated supernatant can be finally filtered with a 0.6 m2 normal filtration cartridge of 0.45 + 0.2 µm pore size. The clarified material is compatible with current standard downstream processing techniques for TT purification. Thus, chitosan-induced particle aggregation is a suitable operation for primary clarification.

Removal of Nutrients, Sediment, and Heavy Metals by a Stormwater Treatment Train; a Medium-Density Residential Case Study in Southeast Queensland

Urban stormwater runoff from a medium-density residential development in southeast Queensland has been monitored in the field since November 2013. A treatment train installed on the site includes rainwater tanks collecting roofwater, 200-micron mesh baskets installed in grated gully pits, and two 850-mm-high media filtration cartridges installed in an underground 4-m3 vault. The site has been monitored over a 4.5-year period. Removal efficiencies were observed at this site for the regulated pollutants; the corresponding values for total suspended solids (TSS), total phosphorus (TP), and total nitrogen (TN) for the pit baskets were 61%, 28%, and 45%, respectively. The cartridge filters removed 78% of TSS, 59% of TP, 42% of TN, 40% of total copper, and 51% of total zinc. As the measured influent TSS and TP concentrations to the cartridge filters were low when compared to industry guidelines, the U.S. field dataset was truncated to anticipated guideline levels, confirming results at 90% for TSS and 76% for TP. The total gross pollutant generation rate from the medium-density residential catchment was observed to be 0.24 m3/Ha/year, with a corresponding air-dried mass of 142.5 kg/Ha/year. Less than 2% of the gross pollutant mass was anthropogenic. This paper concludes that the treatment train, and in particular the media filter, provides good removal of total copper and total zinc as well as TSS, TP, and TN from urban stormwater runoff, with higher inlet concentrations producing better performance. Field test data from 58 months of operation and standard maintenance suggests that breakthrough of TSS and TP has not occurred yet.

Strategy and consequence of intermittent segmented pulse-jet cleaning for long-box-shaped filter dust collector

This study investigated the influence of the intermittent segmented pulse-jet cleaning strategy for dust collectors on their filtration pressure drop, dust emission concentration, and detached dust migration. An experimental pulse-jet cleaning dust collector with 6 filter cartridges in line was designed. The intermittent segmented pulse-jet cleaning was simulated. The air volume, filtration pressure drop, and dust emission concentration were tested, and the resistance to airflow through the cartridge was calculated. The pulse-jet cleaning parameters, including positive and reverse cleaning orders, online and offline conditions, single-row and dual-row pulse-jet modes, and maximum allowable pressure drop, were analyzed. Re-capture (captured again by the just cleaned filter) and sec-capture (secondary captured by other filters) rates of the detached dust from the cleaned filter cartridge were defined and calculated. This study has demonstrated that the cleaning order has remarkable influence on the operation performance. The positive cleaning order leads to lower residual pressure drop, more uniform residual dust on the cartridges, and higher dust emission concentration during the cleaning affected stage. More obvious re-capture and sec-capture phenomena are found in the reverse cleaning order, with re-capture and sec-capture rates of 17.86% and 10.00%, respectively. This study is useful for optimizing the design of dust collector cleaning.

Porvair Filtration awarded supplier accreditation for India's NPCIL

Porvair Filtration Group has achieved accredited supplier status to the Nuclear Power Corporation of India Limited (NPCIL), after qualifying and supplying its polymeric filter cartridges.

Effective Purification of Water from Iron Ions and Potentially Pathogenic Microorganisms Using a Montmorillonite Composite Sorbent

The use of the developed composite sorbent based on the plant wastes (sunflower seed husks) and montmorillonite clay was shown to be highly effective for water purification from iron ions and potentially pathogenic microorganisms. It was shown experimentally that the developed composite sorbent at concentrations of up to 50 mg/L is capable of purifying water from iron ions under static and dynamic conditions. When a suspension of Escherichia coli was filtered at a rate of 10 mL/min, 1 g of the composite sorbent adsorbed 556 million E. coli colony-forming units (CFUs), showing that the sorbent is 1.7 times more effective than the complex sorbent of the replaceable Barrier-4 filter cartridge.

Nine phthalate metabolites in human urine for the comparison of health risk between population groups with different water consumptions

Phthalates are a group of high production volume chemicals widely detected in environment matrix and human specimens. Potential health risks due to the prevalence of their exposure through water consumption and the endocrine-disrupting activities have become an important issue. This work aims to compare the distributions of phthalate levels and potential health risks caused by phthalate exposure among three groups of participants ingesting different types of water. Here, a method with good performance was applied for the analysis of nine common phthalate metabolites in 125 human urine samples collected from Wuhan women. Seven analytes (mono‑ethyl, mono‑benzyl, mono‑n‑butyl, mono‑(2‑ethylhexyl), mono‑(2‑ethyl‑5‑oxohexyl), mono‑(2‑ethyl‑5‑hydroxyhexyl), and mono‑(2‑ethyl‑5‑carboxypentyl) phthalate) were detected in over 80% of the samples. By measuring urinary concentrations of phthalate monoesters, the exposure levels of respective parent phthalates, exposure patterns, the estimated daily intakes and accumulative risk assessments were investigated in three groups of participants consuming water from different sources (bottled water, filtered water and boiled tap water). The results showed that the exposure patterns of phthalates varied among the population groups with different water intakes, and the health risk was higher for people ingesting the boiled tap water than that of the groups consuming bottled water (purified water) and filtered water with filter cartridge containing activated carbon.

Evaluation of complex copper ore sorting: Effect of optical filtering on particle recognition

In mixed and multi-component mineral systems, the reflectance spectra of individual minerals interfere with the reflectance/absorbance features of other minerals and random spectra can form. This contradictory case causes difficulty in implementing ore sorting to certain minerals. Hence, filtering out certain wave lengths may prevent this situation which makes it difficult for an ore sorter to perform a selective and efficient separation. The scope of this study is to investigate the feasibility of the optical filtering to enhance the differences in the reflectance features of mineral grains, and to compare the possible separation performances of the ore sorters under the best filtered and unfiltered conditions.Within the experimental studies, a new experimental setup which runs its uniquely coded software was designed. Additionally, an adjustable filter cartridge apparatus was developed enabling to mount the wavelength specific filters in front of the conventional sensors which support universal f-mount type lenses. A representative sample batch consisting of 31 grains of complex copper ore was prepared. Filtered and unfiltered images of each grain in between 450 and 1650 nm wavelength range were acquired carefully with the designed experimental setup. Following the data extraction by imaging studies, each particle was weighed, ground, and analyzed to determine chemical compositions. Thus, the reflectance values and chemical analysis data of each particle with each filter were obtained. Principal component analysis (PCA), partial least square analysis (PLS) and stepwise multiple linear regression (SMLR) methods were used to evaluate the resulting data in order to establish meaningful relationships between dominant chemical contents and reflectance values of each individual particle. Hence, the effect of using optical filters in altering the differences among the reflectance values of complex copper ore grains has been determined. Following the determination of best filters and wave lengths, projected product qualities of a conjectural optical sorting operation integrated with optical filters have been analytically investigated. It was concluded that an alteration in the relationship between % sulphide content and reflectance values was observed over 1500 nm wavelengths in comparison to the unfiltered and other filtered conditions. Evaluation of the overall results showed that up to 73.30% of Au, 96.14% of Ag, and 86.24% of CuFeS2 in feed can be recovered when a long-pass 1500 nm filter was used.

Treatment of a pesticide industry wastewater mixture in a moving bed biofilm reactor followed by conventional and membrane processes for water reuse

The treatment of an industrial wastewater (Efmix) composed of sanitary wastewater (91.5%), pretreated wastewater from pesticide production (3.8%) and hazardous waste landfill leachate (4.7%) was investigated in a moving bed biofilm reactor (MBBR) at a hydraulic retention time of 6 h. Treated effluent was then mixed with surface water (EfMBBR + SW) in a 1:9 volumetric ratio and physicochemical processes (coagulation/flocculation, sedimentation, rapid sand filtration and cartridge filter) were applied in lab-scale to reproduce the industrial water treatment plant and verify the efficiency of the combined process for wastewater reclamation. During the 90 days of operation, the moving bed biofilm reactor was efficient and stable regarding the removal of organic matter (64–89% in terms of chemical oxygen demand) and ammonium nitrogen (89–98%). Even with a fluctuating inlet chemical oxygen demand (230–721 mg/L), values below 100 mg/L were always achieved after biological treatment. Ammonium nitrogen (1.3 ± 0.6 mg NH4+-N/L) and nitrate (20 ± 4 mg NO3⁻-N/L) concentrations in treated wastewater showed that nitrification took place without inhibition throughout the bioreactor operation. Advanced treatment results indicated that a microfiltration or ultrafiltration unit must be coupled to the existing conventional reverse osmosis pretreatment in the water treatment plant in order to improve water quality concerning SDI15, turbidity and color, and thus allow for total reclamation of the industrial complex wastewater. An integrated conventional-microfiltration/ultrafiltration system could achieve high turbidity (99.9%) and apparent color (96.7%) removal to produce high quality water for reverse osmosis, minimizing membrane fouling problems and, consequently, the operational costs.

Analysis of the performance of a novel dust collector combining cyclone separator and cartridge filter

The cyclone separator has a simple structure but cannot effectively separate respirable dust of smaller particle sizes. The cartridge filter has a high separation efficiency, but its pressure drop increases too rapidly, requiring frequent cleaning operations. To make up for these defects, a novel cartridge-filtering cyclone combining both cyclone separator and cartridge filter is presented. Its performance parameters, including pressure drop, overall separation efficiency, grading efficiency, and cleaning interval, were studied experimentally and compared with those of the common cyclone and cartridge filter. The cartridge-filtering cyclone first pre-separates the larger particles by swirling airflow, and then filters out the fine particles through the filter cartridges, thus slowing down the increasing rate of the pressure drop and forming denser dust layers attached to the surface of the filter cartridges. The experimental results show that the cartridge-filtering cyclone has a better dust removal effect. At an inlet flow rate of 50 m3/h, the separation efficiency of the cartridge-filtering is 99.86%, which is 15.32% and 0.05% higher than that of the common cyclone and cartridge filter, respectively. In particular, the cartridge-filtering cyclone has a preferable separation effect on fine particles, with a separation efficiency for 2.5 μm particles of 99.11%, which is 70.80% and 0.08% higher than that of the common cyclone and cartridge filter, respectively. Compared with the cartridge filter, the cleaning interval of the cartridge-filtering cyclone is extended and the total dust emission is reduced. Over the whole experimental period, the average cleaning interval and dust emission concentration of the cartridge-filtering cyclone are 1290.05 seconds and 12.06 mg/m3 respectively, while that of the cartridge filter are 805.32 seconds and 14.59 mg/m3, respectively.

PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF WATER TREATMENT PLANT USING FAILURE MODE AND EFFECT ANALYSIS METHOD AND PREVENTIVE MAINTENANCE SCHEDULING

The availability of pure water is a basic requirement of the Company,which is one of the main requirements for the production process in order for the Company to produce the cream.In order to meet the production needs ,the Company must have a Water Treatment Plant with good performance. A good Water Treatment Plant can produce a lot of pure water to meet the water requirements required by the Company. This research is needed to get a good Water Treatment Plant performance to improve the pure water of Company XYZ. This research uses FMEA (Failure Mode and Effects Analysis) method to classify which components require maintenance and scheduling . Scheduling in this research using RCM (Realibility Center Maintenance) method.
 In this research yield MTTRs and filter 0,48 hour,bag filter 0,68 hour, cartridge filter 1,22 hour.MTTF sanfilter 684 hours,bag filter 190.3hours,cartridge filter 236,8 hours.And MTBFs and filter with an average of 708 hours,bag filters with an average of 214.8 hours and a filter cartridge with an average of 260.8hours per year. In addition to MTTR, MTTF and MTBF other research is reliability (realibility) sand filter with value 0,178527412, bag filter with value 0,005394050, and cartridge filter with value 0,008884653.

Numerical study of the effects of cartridge shape on the reverse pulsed flow cleaning of pleated cartridge filters

Patchy cleaning is one of the principal factors resulting in the reduction of the efficiency and quality of reverse pulse-jet cleaning as well as the service lifetime of filtration units. To resolve the above issues, a new pleated cartridge shape was introduced in this study to improve the cleaning efficiency and quality of pleated filter cartridges. To calculate the transient flow and pressure fields for a simple filtration system with one filter cartridge in the reverse pulse-jet cleaning process, an unsteady computational fluid dynamics model was developed via the commercial computational fluid dynamics software of ANSYS CFX. The transient static pressure fields for filter cartridges under four different pleated cartridge shapes were studied. The conventional cylindrical cartridge was selected as the base-model of filter cartridge and contrasted with other three cartridge shapes. It was found that the convergent–divergent cartridge was able to effectively improve the cleaning performance without the increase of tank pressure. Different pleated cartridge shapes are expected to be able to redistribute the pressure drop across the porous media along the filter height and to improve the flow behavior after pulsing gas releasing from the nozzle. For convergent–divergent cartridge shape, the peak pressure on the inner surface of porous media has an obvious increase and the peak pressure arriving time is earlier than other cases. It shows that the reverse flow has much more competence to remove the dust powder or cake from the porous media. At the same time, the area-averaged pressure drop at the bottom section of the filter has an increase of 50% under the cartridge with a convergent–divergent shape compared to that with a cylindrical shape. It is considered to enhance the cleaning mechanical stress at the bottom section of the filter cartridge. The better cleaning performance was observed in the medium, with 150% increase compared to that with a cylindrical shape. Furthermore, the cleaning performance gets improved because the value enhances on the top section. The redistribution of pressure drop observed is mainly because the special geometric construction of pleated cartridges compresses the flow on the medium and produce higher pressure drop there. Further studies indicate that the improved cleaning performance was observable under the consideration of the tank pressure reduction and variation of media permeability during each cleaning phase, and the change of pleated cartridge shapes can also improve the cleaning performance when combined with other improvement methods.

Osmotic Effects during Filtration through Composite Membranes Formed in Water Treatment Processes

The objects of the study are spent composite membranes on the basis of cartridge filters made of fibrous propylene. The analysis of the thermodynamic equations of osmotic processes suggests that such membranes can have salt-retaining properties. Experimental data on the filtration of the feed water in the radial mode through a composite membrane are obtained. It is shown that the removal of ionic forms of iron and manganese in the entire range of hydrostatic pressures and a decrease in the concentration of cations of alkaline earth metals in the filtrate at a pressure above 0.16 MPa are observed. This unequivocally indicates that, even in dialysis cells, whose permeability is limited only by the acquired hydrolocking properties, osmotic effects of transmembrane diffusion transfer of truly dissolved salts occur.

Experimental study on the impact of electrostatic effect on the movement of charged particles

In this research, the Electrostatic-bag-precipitator (EBP) platform was made of the fully transparent organic glass materials, and the Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) device was used to carry out the direct test of the charged particles movement in the precipitator. The Electrical Low Pressure Impactor (ELPI+) was applied to test the charge amounts of the outlet of the electrostatic precipitator (ESP) part and the outlet of EBP simultaneously. It was found that the movement of charged particles was both affected by the electrostatic repulsion among the particles and the charged dust layer on the filter cartridges, and the effect was positively correlated with the charge amounts on the particles and the dust layer. The variation law of cumulative charge amounts of the dust layer under different voltages and during different time phases was analyzed indirectly and the corresponding function model was established, hoping to provide reference for the research on the high-efficient trapping technique of fine particles.

The Testing of Standard and Recyclable Filter Media to Eliminate Hydrogen Sulphide from Sewerage Systems

This article focuses on the subject of odours forming in sewage transfer chambers with displacement inlets, as well as the odours in their vicinity. It further covers the locations of odour formation, factors influencing the formation of hydrogen sulphide in wastewater, methods of removing hydrogen sulphide from wastewater, and laboratory testing of filtration media efficacy at various concentration levels of H2S. The laboratory testing of filtration media efficacy is performed for products normally used by sewerage system operators guaranteeing the elimination of hydrogen sulphide (activated carbon, natural minerals and gels), recyclable materials (paper) and secondary raw materials in the field of waste management (biochar—the final product of microwave pyrolysis). Odour generated by sewerage systems is a secondary issue faced by all sewerage system operators, who sustain considerable expense in corrective measures to address this problem. The most economical and widespread measure used by those operators is hydrogen sulphide removal by filtration (filtration materials). Filtration media are installed in special cartridges under sewage covers in locations where the irritating odour is formed. These filtration cartridges, designed solely to eliminate odour from the surroundings, show various degrees of efficacy in removing H2S.

Experimental Analysis of the Hydraulic Performance of Filtering Cartridges in Drinking Water Networks

Liquid treatment processes have been assuming increasing importance in recent decades with the progressive industrialization to ensure public health security for drinking water or to prevent economic damage when safeguarding important production processes. Major investments have been devoted to the research, study, and design of innovative products that are able to respond to the demands of the market, which currently offer several solutions, among which filtration treatment still represents a major one. This work focuses, in particular, on filtration of drinking water with filter cartridges, with the aim to test their hydraulic performance and, particularly, to evaluate the head losses that they produce when introduced into a hydraulic system. The local pressure drops, in fact, may compromise hydraulic plants already characterized by low pressures. What is more, this condition is increasingly likely in supplying networks due to the coexistence of several factors, such as water losses due to failures and inefficient maintenance, severe and prolonged droughts, and increased water demand related to social and economic development. In these systems, the insertion of filtration cartridges can make the pressure levels fall below the minimum limit recommended to ensure the smooth operation of domestic devices. More in detail, in the present study the behavior of seven different commercial filter cartridges was analyzed through a set of experiments conducted in a pilot circuit at the Laboratory of Environmental and Maritime Hydraulics (LIDAM), University of Salerno. These tests have been performed in different operating conditions, collecting pressure data through various pressure gauges. The analysis proved that for common values of operating flow rates in domestic plants the pressure drops in the filter can be of the order of some meters and provided some useful information for the choice of the proper cartridge in low-pressure distribution systems.

The ability of household pitcher-style water purifiers to remove microcystins depends on filtration rate and activated carbon source

Abstract Toxic cyanobacterial blooms are a global threat to human health due to contamination of drinking water. To ensure public safety, water treatment plants must have the capability to remove cyanotoxins from water. Recently, however, there have been several instances when microcystins, a common group of cyanotoxins, have been detected in tap water. This research investigated if commercially available pitcher-style water purifiers were able to remove microcystins from water. Microcystins were extracted from two naturally occurring blooms in Lake Erie, diluted to initial concentrations ranging from 1 to 5 μg/L, and then subjected to three purifier types. Results showed that the purifier with the fastest percolation rate (126 seconds/L) and a filter cartridge comprised solely of coconut-based activated carbon removed 50% or less of the microcystins, while the purifier with the slowest percolation rate (374 seconds/L) and a blend of activated carbon decreased microcystins to below detectable levels (<0.10 μg/L) in all experiments. Thus, pitcher-style purifiers with slow percolation rates and composed of a blend of active carbon can provide an additional layer of protection against microcystins; however, it is recommended that consumers switch water sources when cyanotoxins are confirmed to be in tap water.

Membrane‐Based SDS Depletion Ahead of Peptide and Protein Analysis by Mass Spectrometry

SDS interferes with both bottom-up and top-down MS analysis, requiring removal prior to detection. Filter-aided sample preparation (FASP) is favored for bottom-up proteomics (BUP) while acetone precipitation is popular for top-down proteomics (TDP). We recently demonstrated acetone precipitation in a membrane filter cartridge. Alternatively, our automated electrophoretic device, termed transmembrane electrophoresis (TME), depletes SDS for both TDP and BUP studies. Here TME is compared to these two alternative methods of SDS depletion in both BUP and TDP workflows. To do so, a modified FASP method is described applicable to the SDS purification and recovery of intact proteins, suitable for LC/MS. All three methods reliably deplete >99.8% SDS. TME provide higher sample yields (average 90%) than FASP (55%) or acetone precipitation (57%), translating into higher total protein identifications (973 vs 877 FASP or 890 acetone) and higher spectral matches (2.5 times) per protein. In a top down workflow, each SDS-depletion method yields high-quality MS spectra for intact proteins. These results show each of these membrane-based strategies is capable of depleting SDS with high sample recovery and high spectra quality for both BUP and TDP studies.