Smooth Film Surface Research Articles

Effects of terbium concentrations on the characteristics of Ga2O3 films

Abstract This study investigates the incorporation of Tb into Ga2O3 films and its influence on their structural, optical, and luminescent properties. Tb composition in Ga2O3 films was controlled by adjusting the Tb composition in the targets. X-ray diffraction analysis unveiled lattice expansion as Tb composition increased. Atomic force microscopy images depicted consistently smooth film surfaces across varying Tb compositions. Optical transmission spectra demonstrated high transmittance and direct bandgap transitions, with no notable alteration observed in the bandgap concerning Tb composition. Photoluminescence spectra exhibited characteristic Tb ion emission peaks, with intensities initially increasing before reaching a plateau, attributed to a balance between increased luminescent centers and deteriorated crystal quality. This study significantly enhances our understanding of Tb doping effects in Ga2O3 films and offers valuable insights for their application in optoelectronics.

Phase-selective fabrication of Cu-based films by magnetic field-assisted sparking process for improved photocatalytic dye degradation and CO2 reduction

Copper-based films (Cu2(OH)3NO3, Cu2O, and CuO) were successfully synthesized using a sparking process under an external magnetic field, without requiring an annealing process. We thoroughly investigate the impact of magnetic field orientation on the structural, morphological, and optical properties of the films, along with their performance in photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue (MB) and carbon dioxide (CO2) reduction. Field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) images reveal that the CuEB(S) sample displays secondary particles forming spherical, dense clusters, whereas the CuEB(N) sample exhibits larger, loosely packed clusters. In contrast, the cluster-like structures disperse in the CuEB(P) sample, resulting in a smoother film surface aligned with the parallel magnetic flux direction. Upon close observation, rice-shaped particles of varying sizes (26.3–60.3 nm) were found stacked together. This study presents a facile method to selectively fabricate films comprising single-phase Cu2(OH)3NO3, a CuO/Cu2O composite, or a combination of all phases by manipulating the external magnetic field orientation during the sparking process. All synthesized materials exhibit photocatalytic activity, with the heterojunction composed of CuO, Cu2O, and Cu2(OH)3NO3 demonstrating superior performance. This heterostructure achieved up to a 180 % enhancement in MB degradation and approximately doubled the CO2-to-CO conversion rate to 16.09 μmol g–¹ h–¹ compared to the sample prepared without a magnetic field.

Optimization of parameters for the preparation of AlN powder/thin films by tris(N,N,N’,N’-tetramethylethylenediamine) al(III) chloride precursor

The single source precursor tris(N,N,N’,N’-tetramethylethylenediamine)Al(III)Cl3 has been synthesized by the reaction of N,N,N’,N’-tetramethylethylenediamine (TMEDA) with AlCl3 in 3:1 molar ratio in ethanol. The precursor is stable for long periods of time and cleanly generated aluminum nitride upon pyrolysis. The pyrolysis process was optimized by varying parameters such as temperature, pressure, and the flow rate of gases (N2 and Ar). Thin films of AlN were prepared by spin coating the precursor onto Si(100) and quartz substrates followed by pyrolysis under optimized CVD conditions obtained from bulk pyrolysis. Pyrolyzed powders and films were characterized with a variety of techniques. X-ray diffraction (XRD) showed 8.5 nm grain size with a dominant 220 orientation. UV-Vis spectroscopy indicated a band gap for the AlN films of ∼5.7 eV, which is close to bulk AlN (6.1 eV). FESEM showed a smooth and homogeneous film surface and EDAX showed a 1.4:1 ratio of Al:N, respectively.

Role of surface roughness in determining surface energy and magnetic properties of Fe80Ce20 films during thermal processing on Si(100) and glass substrates

In this study, Fe80Ce20 films were deposited on Si(100) and glass substrates using sputtering in a high-vacuum environment and subsequently heat-treated in a vacuum annealing furnace. The films, with thicknesses ranging from 10 nm to 50 nm, were annealed at temperatures of 100 °C, 200 °C, and 300 °C. The objective was to investigate the effects of film thickness and annealing temperature on the structural, surface energy, and magnetic properties of the material. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis confirmed the crystalline nature of both Si(100)/Fe80Ce20 and Glass/Fe80Ce20 films. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) revealed a smooth film surface that became rougher after annealing. Contact angle measurements indicated hydrophilic properties, with the highest surface energy observed in the as-deposited films due to a higher density of defects and grain boundaries. The hysteresis loop demonstrated exceptional soft magnetic properties and a high saturation magnetization (Ms) of approximately 2000 emu/cm³. Annealing at 100 °C altered the magnetic domain structure from a striped labyrinthine configuration to an aligned pattern. At higher annealing temperatures, the films exhibited grain growth, increased surface roughness, and new grain formation. Following annealing, the grains in the Fe80Ce20 films became larger, surface roughness increased, and the water contact angle increased, rendering the films more hydrophobic. The as-deposited films displayed the highest surface energy due to the high density of defects and grain boundaries. Increased surface roughness led to more grain boundary defects and irregularities, which served as pinning points for magnetic domain walls, thus increasing coercivity (Hc). Rough surfaces induced local stress fields, increased magnetic anisotropy, and decreased saturation magnetization. Thermal perturbations from higher annealing temperatures further disrupted the alignment of the magnetic moments, leading to a reduction in saturation magnetization.

Preparation and characterization of ZnS/metal/ZnS transparent conductive multilayer films with different metal layers

ZnS/metal/ZnS transparent conductive multilayer films were deposited on quartz glass by pulsed laser deposition at room temperature with Au, Ag and Cu as the metal layers, and annealed in air at 100, 200 and 300℃ for 1 h. XRD patterns show that β -ZnS(111) diffraction peak of ZnS/Au/ZnS is stronger and sharper than the other two samples, indicating that its crystalline quality is the best. SEM images show the good structural homogeneity of the samples with smooth and compact film surfaces. When the annealing temperature increases from 100 to 300℃, the sheet resistance decreases first and then increases, while the carrier concentration changes in the opposite trend. The maximum transmittance (~85%) for ZnS/Au/ZnS in the visible light region is observed when the sample is annealed at 200℃. The figure of merit is calculated, and the best sample suitable for transparent conductive electrode is determined.

Cassava starch‐based film infused with biogenic selenium nanoparticles (bio‐SeNPs) to reduce foodborne pathogens

SummaryThe urgent investigation of antimicrobial films is imperative to mitigate the proliferation of pathogens in food, extending product shelf life and ensuring food safety, crucial aspects for public health and the sustainability of the global food system. We developed cassava starch‐based films containing 1% and 2% biogenic selenium nanoparticles (Bio‐SeNPs) produced by enterocin MF5 to assess antimicrobial activity. The addition of Bio‐SeNPs altered the luminosity and gave a reddish hue to the films. UV–visible, FTIR, and thermogram analyses revealed intermolecular interactions between the starch and Bio‐SeNPs. Scanning electron microscopy showed a smooth and homogeneous surface of the nanocomposite films. Water vapour permeability ranged from 9.4 to 0.68 g mm h−1 m−2 kPa−1, lower than control values. Swelling values were higher in the film containing 1% Bio‐SeNPs, and water vapour transmission was lower. The films exhibited MICs of 5.5 μL mL−1 for Listeria spp., 10.9 μL mL−1 for Salmonella spp., and 250 μL mL−1 for Escherichia coli. Antimicrobial activity ranged from 1.5–1.9 log and 1.6–2.0 log in liquid medium and dry film, respectively, after 24 h. The films were also applied to cherry tomatoes without altering their characteristics compared to the positive control. Our study demonstrated the high potential of using Bio‐SeNPs in biodegradable films to prevent food contamination.

Tailoring the opto-electronic properties of SnS thin films by indium doping and fabrication of heterojunction diodes

This study comprehensively investigates the effect of Indium (In) doping on the structural, morphological, and optoelectronic properties of tin mono-sulfide (SnS) thin films deposited using co-evaporation. X-ray diffraction studies identified the orthorhombic phase of SnS. Raman analysis confirmed the formation of SnS by co-evaporation. Morphological analysis revealed uniform coating of the films, a transition from rod-like to regular grain-like structures with increased In doping. A systematic reduction in Sn concentration, with the increase in In is observed in EDS, indicating the substitutional doping of In. The decrease in root mean square roughness with In incorporation suggests smoother film surfaces. The films demonstrated a pronounced improvement in optoelectronic properties, with a notable increase in the absorption coefficient and a bandgap reduction from 2.18 eV to 1.74 eV, resulting from In doping. A significant enhancement in electrical characteristics is observed, including a 140 % increase in conductivity and a systematic rise in carrier concentration with higher In doping levels. Heterojunction devices are fabricated with structure <FTO/Al:ZnO/In:SnS/Ag> having a series resistance of 29.9 Ω having an ideality factor of 2.8.

Sputter deposition of ZnO–AlN pseudo-binary amorphous alloys with tunable band gaps in the deep ultraviolet region

ZnO–AlN pseudo-binary amorphous alloys (a-ZAON hereinafter) with tunable band gaps in the deep ultraviolet (DUV) region have been synthesized using magnetron sputtering. The miscibility gap between ZnO and AlN has been overcome using room-temperature sputtering deposition, leveraging the rapid quenching abilities of sputtered particles to fabricate metastable but single-phase alloys. X-ray diffraction patterns and optical transmittance spectra revealed that the synthesized films with chemical composition ratios of [Zn]/([Zn] + [Al]) = 0.24–0.79 likely manifested as single-phase of a-ZAON films. Despite their amorphous structures, these films presented direct band gaps of 3.4–5.8 eV and thus high optical absorption coefficients (105 cm−1). Notably, the observed values adhered to Vegard’s law for crystalline ZnO–AlN systems, implying that the a-ZAON films were solid solution alloys with atomic-level mixing. Furthermore, atomic force microscopy analyses revealed smooth film surfaces with root-mean-square roughness of 0.8–0.9 nm. Overall, the wide-ranging band gap tunability, high absorption coefficients, amorphous structures, surface smoothness, and low synthesis temperatures of a-ZAON films position them as promising materials for use in DUV optoelectronic devices and power devices fabricated using large-scale glass and flexible substrates.

Photothermal Welding Strategy for Mechanical Stability and High Efficiency of ETL‐Free f‐PSCs

AbstractFlexible perovskite solar cells (f‐PSCs) have drawn widespread interest owing to their distinguished advantages in excellent flexibility and relatively low cost. However, the brittle grain boundaries (GBs) and defects in flexible perovskite film tremendously influence the power conversion efficiency (PCE) and mechanical flexibility of f‐PSCs. Herein, photothermal welding, a novel method, is used to improve the perovskite films quality and the PCE of f‐PSCs with a near‐infrared (NIR) dye (indocyanine green, ICG) and polycaprolactone (PCL) as additives. Due to the strong photothermal effect, ICG molecule not only can significantly enhance NIR light harvesting, but it also can weld GBs upon exposure to an NIR laser, which is conducive to the GBs connections and device flexibility. Meanwhile, the S═O bond of ICG and C═O bond of PCL can simultaneously coordinate with Pb2+ defects in perovskite. Furthermore, they can control crystal growth to form a smooth surface of perovskite film. Consequently, the unencapsulated PSCs based on ICG/PCL displays a high champion PCE of 20.62%, with 88.4% of the original PCE after being placed in dark conditions for 600 h. The f‐PSCs delivers a champion PCE of 19.55% and exhibits excellent mechanical stability, thus providing a meaningful scientific direction to fabricate high‐flexible f‐PSCs.

Non-halogenated solvent processed new Spiro-type hole transport material for efficient perovskite solar cells

Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) are the fastest developing solar cells and pull in a part of attention due to the prevalent advantages such as solution process, light weight, flexibility, and low cost. In common, Spiro-OMeTAD is the most used hole transport material (HTM) in PSCs. Thanks to its good merits, such as forming smooth surface films, matching energy levels with perovskites, and high tolerance with dopants. Therefore, Spiro-P was designed and synthesized by using an end group strategy (Propargyloxy). Additionally, the thermal, optical, and electrochemical properties of the new HTM and device performance were investigated. As a result, the Spiro-P HTM based device showed high power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 22.36% with an open circuit voltage (Voc ) of 1.102 V, a short-circuit density (Jsc ) of 26.20 mA/cm2 and a fill factor (FF) of 77.43%. This investigation shows that the new synthesized Spiro-P is a potential HTM to achieve good performance in the field of PSCs.

Physicochemical and thermal characterization of the edible shellac films incorporated with oleic acid to enhance flexibility, water barrier and retard aging

In this work, shellac plasticized with oleic acid was solvent cast to prepare the flexible and water-resistant film for packaging applications. The films were prepared with varying amounts of oleic acid and studied in detail for appearance, surface morphology, thermal, chemical, barrier, mechanical, and robustness. The surface morphology confirmed the smooth surface of films up to SH-OA20 (100:20 w/w; shellac: oleic acid). Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy confirmed that oleic acid reduced the hydrogen bonding of the shellac matrix to provide a plasticization effect. Also, the thermal analysis showed a reduction in the melting enthalpy. Moreover, the plasticized films had a better barrier to water vapor due to increased smoothness and reduction in brittleness. Adding oleic acid also increased the elongation at break up to 40 % without any changes in tensile strength. The flexibility of the films increased with the oleic acid content, making them resistant to burst, crumbling, bending, rolling, and stretching. Oleic acid also showed the retardation of aging and thermal aging of shellac. In the future, the long-term stability and migration of the films can be investigated.

Hydrogen-assisted chemical vapor deposition for heteroepitaxial growth of pure ε-Ga2O3 films

This study presents a novel approach to control the crystalline phase and surface morphology of substable ε-Ga2O3 thin films by regulating the hydrogen flow rate during chemical vapor deposition (CVD). The objective is to achieve high-quality and cost-effective heteroepitaxial pure-phase single-crystalline ε-Ga2O3 thin films on sapphire substrates. The crystalline phases and crystalline qualities of the thin films were determined by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Raman spectroscopy. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) results show that the surface of the ε-Ga2O3 films prepared by this method is flat and the minimum value of the surface roughness (RMS) is 4.130 nm. We explain the reason for the differences in the surface morphology of the films from the point of view of hydrogen passivation. Measurements by UV–Visible spectrophotometer, the UV cut-off edge is located at 250 nm and the optical band gap is about 4.9 eV. The experimental results show that with the increase of hydrogen flow rate, the content of β-Ga2O3 in the films and the surface roughness and maximum height of the contour (RZ) decreases, until a smooth surface of the pure-phase ε-Ga2O3 film is produced. The success of the chemical vapor deposition method for heterogeneous epitaxy of high-quality ε-Ga2O3 films on sapphire substrates greatly reduces the production cost and expensive investment in production equipment, which makes its application in high electron mobility transistors, piezoelectric resonators, and sun-blind detectors have great potential, and at the same time, this method provides ideas for the preparation of other metastable materials.

Solution-Processed Bilayered ZnO Electron Transport Layer for Efficient Inverted Non-Fullerene Organic Solar Cells

Organic solar cells (OSCs) are becoming increasingly popular in the scientific community because of their many desirable properties. These features include solution processability, low weight, low cost, and the ability to process on a wide scale using roll-to-roll technology. Enhancing the efficiency of photovoltaic systems, particularly high-performance OSCs, requires study into not only material design but also interface engineering. This study demonstrated that two different types of OSCs based on the PTB7-Th:IEICO-4F and PM6:Y6 active layers use a ZnO bilayer electron transport layer (ETL). The ZnO bilayer ETL comprises a ZnO nanoparticle (ZnO NP) and a ZnO layer created from a sol-gel. The effect of incorporating ZnO NPs into the electron transport layer (ETL) was studied; in particular, the effects on the electrical, optical, and morphological properties of the initial ZnO ETL were analyzed. The ability of ZnO films to carry charges is improved by the addition of ZnO nanoparticles (NPs), which increase their conductivity. The bilayer structure had better crystallinity and a smoother film surface than the single-layer sol-gel ZnO ETL. This led to a consistent and strong interfacial connection between the photoactive layer and the electron transport layer (ETL). Therefore, inverted organic solar cells (OSCs) with PTB7-Th:IEICO-4F and PM6:Y6 as photoactive layers exhibit improved power conversion efficiency and other photovoltaic properties when using the bilayer technique.

Vanadyl Sulfate Based Hole‐Transporting Layer Enables Efficient Organic Solar Cells

Comprehensive SummaryIt remains an urgent task to develop alternative hole‐transporting layer (HTL) materials beyond commonly used PEDOT:PSS to increase the shelf‐life of organic solar cells (OSCs). Inorganic metal oxide type materials, such as NiOx, CoOx and VOx, with suitable work functions have attracted numerous research attention recently. In this work, more abundant and easily accessible oxygenated salt, vanadyl sulfate (VOSO4) has been demonstrated to be excellent choice as HTL for OSCs. The VOSO4‐based HTL can be readily processed by spin‐coating from the precursor solution with subsequent thermal annealing and UVO treatment. As a consequence, a high power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 18.72% can be achieved for PM8:L8‐BO based OSCs with the VOSO4‐based HTL. High transmittance, smooth film surface, suitable energy level and high conductivity were revealed to contribute to the high OSC performance. More importantly, compared to device with PEDOT:PSS, VOSO4‐based OSCs exhibit improved stability when stored in the N2 filled glove box. After being stored for 600 h, VOSO4‐based device can retain 89% of its initial efficiency. Notably, VOSO4 can be used as general HTL in PM6:BTP‐BO‐4Cl and PM6:IT‐4F based OSCs, yielding high PCEs of 17.87% and 13.85%, respectively.

Crystal Growth Nucleation Induced by CsPb2Br5 2D for Efficient and Stable Perovskite Solar Cells

Crystallization is a crucial step in obtaining high‐quality perovskite films. A 2D seed‐induced method is proposed for fabricating perovskite solar cells (PSCs). CsPb2Br5 significantly reduces the formation energy of perovskite according to the density functional theory calculations. The creation of perovskites is facilitated by CsPb2Br5, which also helps to improve the conditions for perovskite formation. The creation of large perovskite particles is accelerated by using a 2D seed‐precursor solution, which also improves the performance of PbI2 thin films. However, excessive doping can cause dopants to precipitate on the smooth surface of PbI2 thin films, resulting in the formation of perovskite thin films with numerous cracks, ultimately reducing device efficiency. Through meticulous optimization, the perovskite thin film obtained from a precursor solution with 30% concentration identifies the longest charge lifetime. With a remarkable power conversion efficiency of 24.06% under one solar illumination, the champion gadget demonstrates extraordinary photovoltaic performance. These results offer important insights for the logical design and manufacture of perovskite materials and have the potential to significantly advance PSC technology.

The impact of ester groups on 1,8-naphthalimide electron transport material in organic solar cells

Recently, 1,8-naphthalimide (NI) molecules have emerged as a new category of organic electron transport materials (ETMs) employed in organic solar cells (OSCs). Among them, NI molecules with a "NI-π-NI" molecular structure commonly exhibit over aggregation in films owing to their planar molecular structures, which is unfavorable for solution-processed film fabrication in OSC devices. In this work, we successfully synthesized a new NI molecule named NDT-2, employing a strategy that incorporates a solubilizing ester group modification to induce twisted molecular planarity, thereby reducing intermolecular over-aggregation and optimizing quality of the film. Interestingly, the NDT-2 modified by ester groups as a π bridge exhibits an enlarged molecular dihedral angle, enhanced alcohol solubility, a smoother film surface morphology, and improved film forming quality. Ultimately, OSCs incorporating NDT-2 as the ETM achieved a notable power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 17.1%. This study introduces a design strategy that utilizes ester functional groups to improve film forming quality of ETM, offering valuable insights for the development of advanced, alcohol-soluble NI molecules as efficient ETMs in OSCs.

Effect of pH on the Properties of Potato Flour Film‐Forming Dispersions and the Resulting Films

AbstractBiodegradable films are considered an alternative to petroleum‐based plastics to solve environmental problems. In this study, potato flour films are prepared with dispersions at pH 3, 5, 7, 9, and 11. The film‐forming dispersion at pH 7 shows the highest apparent viscosity. Dispersions at alkaline conditions show a reduction in particle size, resulting in a smooth film surface. Films at alkaline conditions present a yellow appearance and have the lower transmittance. The film at pH 5 has the highest retrogradation enthalpy and glass transition temperature, while its moisture content and solubility are the lowest. The water contact angle increases from 33.33° to 93.67° with the increase in pH. However, pH has no significant effect on the water vapor permeability. The tensile strength and elongation at break increase slightly with the increase in pH. Overall, pH modifies the properties of potato flour films. Film with appropriate performance can be selected based on actual needs, such as the use of packaging materials for food preservation.

Influence of pomelo pericarp essential oil on the structural characteristics of gelatin-arrowroot tuber flour-based edible films.

The present study examined the comprehensive effects of incorporating pomelo pericarp essential oil (PEO) at varying concentrations (0.5, 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0%) into gelatin-arrowroot tuber flour (GEL-ATF) based edible films and evaluated the influence on various structural properties. ATF was prepared from Maranta arundinacea L. tubers using a carefully controlled method to ensure its quality and suitability as a polysaccharide base in film formulations. The results indicated that adding PEO to the GEL-ATF films decreased L, a, and b color values and increased opacity values, especially at higher PEO concentrations. Furthermore, the appearance of both GEL-ATF and GEL-ATF-PEO films exhibited similar characteristics. Incorporating PEO significantly reduced moisture content and water vapor permeability (WVP), indicating enhanced barrier properties against moisture. Additionally, an increase in PEO concentration resulted in decreased film solubility. A decrease in tensile strength (TS) but an increase in elongation at break (EAB) was observed in the GEL-ATF films with higher PEO concentrations (>1% PEO). Slight variations in thermal degradation patterns with increased PEO addition in GEL-ATF were noticed, while X-ray diffractometry (XRD) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) results of the tested films provided insights into structural and chemical modifications, indicating changes in crystallinity and molecular interactions upon increased PEO concentration in the film compositions. The microstructural observations confirmed that PEO incorporation led to smoother film surfaces, suggesting a more uniform matrix, which could enhance the film's barrier and mechanical properties. Furthermore, applying PEO into GLE-ATF films exhibited strong antimicrobial activity against Bacillus cereus ATCC 11778. Overall, the present study found that the higher PEO (>1%) concentrations significantly influenced the physical and mechanical properties of GEL-ATF-based edible films. This newly developed edible film could be an effective alternative to inedible polymers for sustainable food packaging solutions.

PEDOT:PSS versus Polyaniline: A Comparative Study of Conducting Polymers for Organic Electrochemical Transistors.

Organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs) based on conducting polymers have attracted significant attention in the field of biosensors. PEDOT:PSS and polyaniline (PANI) are representative conducting polymers used for OECTs. While there are many studies on PEDOT:PSS, there are not so many reports on PANI-based OECTs, and a detailed study to compare these two polymers has been desired. In this study, we investigated the fabrication conditions to produce the best performance in the OECTs using the above-mentioned two types of conducting polymers. The two main parameters were film thickness and film surface roughness. For PEDOT:PSS, the optimal conditions for fabricating thin films were a spin-coating rate of 3000 rpm and a DI water immersion time of 18 h. For PANI, the optimal conditions were a spin-coating rate of 3000 rpm and DI water immersion time of 5 s, and adding dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid (DBSA) was found to provide better OECT performances. The OECT performances based on PEDOT:PSS were superior to those based on PANI in terms of conductivity and transconductance, but PANI showed excellence in terms of film thickness and surface smoothness, leading to the good reproducibility of OECT performances.

Preparation of Fe–B/Epoxy Composite Films by the LbL-Assisted Composite Plating Method Using Epoxy-Coated Fe–B Ultrafine Particles

Metal-insulator composite films, including Fe-B ultrafine particles and insulating epoxy films, were synthesized by the layer-by-layer (LbL)-assisted composite plating method. In this method, charged magnetic ultrafine particles were attracted to the cathode by electrostatic force simultaneously with the deposition of insulating epoxy thin film. To suppress the oxidation of Fe-B ultrafine particles in the reaction aqueous solution for Fe-B/epoxy composite film deposition, Fe-B ultrafine particles were coated with epoxy by using the electroless plating method. It was clear that epoxy coating on Fe-B ultrafine particles effectively prevents oxidation. The film deposited using epoxy-coated Fe-B ultrafine particles exhibited a smoother film surface than those obtained using uncoated Fe-B ultrafine particles. However, the highest amount of Fe-B content obtained in the deposited film was approximately 36 vol.% using Fe-B ultrafine particles with a concentration of 1.0 g/L.