Film Exhibition Research Articles

ВОСПИТАТЕЛЬНЫЙ ПОТЕНЦИАЛ ПРОЕКТА В ОБЛАСТИ КРЕАТИВНЫХ ИНДУСТРИЙ "КИНО ПОД КУПОЛОМ НЕБА"

The article discusses the educational potential of the project in thefield of creative industries “Cinema under the Sky”. Film screenings in cultural institutions are aimed at creating favorable conditions for the development and education of young people in the process of productive social and cultural activities. The concept of the project, which addresses the needs of residents of the Microdistrict “Volokno” in the Seimsky Administrative District of the city of Kursk, is based on the idea of holding cultural and leisure events dedicated to significant Russian holidays.

Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion from the Ground Up: Evaluating the Impact of a Community-Based DEI Intervention

This study presents an evaluation of a film screening and interactive panel created and presented in cooperation with multiple community stakeholders. This program, which we are labeling a diversity, equity, and inclusion (DEI) intervention, was designed to open channels of discourse with and about the local Somali population in a rural, predominantly White midwestern region to disrupt the pervasive and negative depictions of Somali Muslim immigrants that dominate mainstream media. Our goal for evaluating the intervention was to better understand its effectiveness in increasing understanding and empathy for the experiences of Somali immigrants and for increasing the potential for positive interactions between county social service employees and their Somali clients and neighbors. Our analysis showed the intervention effectively raised the largely White audience’s consciousness regarding their own perspectives and biases. This led to increased perspective-taking and feelings of connection, which can be key antecedents to increasing positive interactions.

Penggambaran Terorisme Dalam Film “Sayap - Sayap Patah”


 Film has become a familiar audio-visual communication medium enjoyed by people of all ages and social backgrounds. The film Sayap - Sayap Patah, which recently appeared on Indonesian film screens, has become a public concern and is trending on Twitter social media. This is because the story behind it tells about the terrorist atrocities that occurred in the film. Apart from that, the film shows the scene of the main terrorist mastermind to invite his colleagues to carry out their duties under the pretext of religious interests under the guise of politics. The purpose of this study is to explain the representation of terrorism in the film Sayap-Sayap Patah using semiotic analysis. This study uses descriptive qualitative approach with Roland Barthes semiotics to find out the depiction or representation of terrorism that occurs in the film sayap – sayap patah. The results of the research that can be taken are in this film that there are scenes that contain symbols and signs regarding representations depicting acts of terrorism both through scenes and dialogues which are analyzed using the semiotics of Roland Barthes' perspective, namely emphasizing the system of meaning of signs or symbols used in a film goes through two stages, namely the meaning of denotation and connotation where in the second stage, namely connotation, the sign works through myth (myth).
 Keywords: semiotics, film, terrorism

Solid Oxide Electrolysis Cells Fabrication: From Single Cells to Batch Production

Energy transition towards a net-zero emission scenario requires, primarily, a significant increase on the renewable energy production capabilities. However, the inherent intermittency of most common renewable sources, added to the limitations of full electrification in some important hard-to-abate sectors (heavy-duty transport, aviation, steel industry...), implies also the need of developing reliable solutions for energy conversion and storage. Here, hydrogen is gaining more and more popularity in the recent years as an effective solution as energy carrier, mostly for the decarbonization of the key industries and transport. Among the different technologies under development for power-to-hydrogen conversion, solid oxide electrolysis (SOE) outstands due to its high conversion efficiency, fuel flexibility (e.g. CO2 electrolysis) and possibility of working in reversible mode (the same device both as electrolyser and fuel cell).Currently behind competing low temperature electrolysis technologies (AEL, PEMEL) in terms of technology readiness, main challenges of SOE today relate to long-term degradation, heat management and design and reliable fabrication of large stacks and systems. Although many projects are lately flourishing in this line, the number of players able to demonstrate an upscaled fabrication of SOE stacks and systems is still limited. The work presented here represents the first step carried out at CENER for the future demonstration of a pilot fabrication line of SOE stacks, from the optimization of functional materials and inks to the fabrication of single cells and building of 2-10 kW stacks.In this study, a fabrication route for SOE planar cells (5x5 cm2) is proposed, including the optimization of every single step of the process: raw material pre-treatment, ink/slurry development, functional printing and sintering. Particular emphasis is placed on ensuring a reliable upscaling for batch production of cells and thus materials are processed in large quantities (~1 L/batch). In terms of functional materials, standard electrode and electrolytes are chosen in a first approach, viz. Ni-YSZ as hydrogen electrode, YSZ as electrolyte and LSM-YSZ as air electrode. For film deposition, tape casting and screen printing techniques are combined. The electrochemical characterization of the fabricated cells will be presented and compared with commercial ones, including degradation analysis.

(Invited) accelerating Polymer Discovery for Multifunctional Polymer Thin Films: High-Throughput Characterization

Identifying new formulations of polymers that have multiple highly tuned properties is a grand challenge of materials development. This is especially important in polymer thin film devices where several distinct transport properties must be controlled. For instance, solid-state battery electrolyte materials must be conductive to ions, but remain electronically insulating. In order to achieve the materials advances needed to transform the use of such polymer thin films, new paradigms of accelerated materials development are needed.In this talk, we discuss our recent efforts to accelerate the development of advanced polymer thin film materials for energy applications. A crucial feature of accelerating the discovery of high performing formulations and processing conditions is a rapid means to assess the properties of polymer films with spatial resolution commensurate with nanoscopic defects and throughput that can accommodate macroscopic devices. We initially focus on the challenge of verifying that films are electrically insulating. Maintaining electrical insulation across large films is a particularly insidious challenge as small “pin-hole” defects can result in an entire device failing. We explore an optical method to detect and characterize conductive defects based upon the electrochemiluminescence of luminol. In particular, when a voltage is applied to a conductive surface that is protected by a nominally insulating film, regions where the film is not present or is electrically conductive will result in the local generation of light. A major virtue of this approach is that the minimum detectable feature is not directly determined by the wavelength of light or the optical magnification in use, but rather the intensity of light generated per unit area on the surface. To explore this approach, we conduct an extensive series of optimization experiments to maximize the intensity of light generated by electrochemiluminescence by adjusting the timing, voltage, and solution properties. The result of this optimization is that lines narrower than 100 nm are readily detectable using this method. Finally, we present efforts to use this approach to screen centimeter-square areas to find and characterize nanoscale defects.Looking beyond the important task of characterizing films at high throughput, we conclude the talk with a discussion of how this approach fits in a broader materials discovery pipeline. In particular, recent years have seen a number of examples of autonomous experimentation systems that combine automation to perform experiments and machine learning to select experiments to vastly increased the speed at which knowledge is gained. The reported high-throughput analytical process is anticipated to form an important link in this process by providing a path to rapidly and effectively screening films for electrical properties.

P14 Blueberry muffin syndrome secondary to acute myeloid leukaemia: a learning point

Abstract A baby was initially referred at 6 weeks developing multiple erythematous, bruise-like and light-brown subdermal lumps over the head, face, arms, legs and buttocks. She had been born following breech presentation by elective C-section, which had been complicated by trauma and blood loss. No other clinical concerns were raised at this time. Nonaccidental injury was considered; however, subcutaneous fat necrosis of the newborn was the diagnosis made by paediatric team following slightly raised calcium and suggestive ultrasounds features. Newer lesions continued to arise in the same areas over 6 weeks, now with difficulty in feeding and irritability. One small cervical lymph node could be palpated. This was atypical for subcutaneous fat necrosis of the newborn and an urgent dermatological option was sought. On review, the lesions were clinically in keeping with an infiltrative process (blueberry muffin syndrome) and an urgent skin biopsy, blood film and TORCH screen were requested. A 4-mm punch biopsy confirmed leukaemia cutis with evidence of myeloid differentiation. MLL (KMT2A) rearrangement was detected, which was also subsequently found on a bone marrow sample. A peripheral blood film identified a population for NG2-positive myeloid blasts (6%), raising the possibility of infant acute myeloid leukaemia (AML). A TORCH screen did not highlight any congenital infections. The baby was promptly commenced on chemotherapy for AML. This case highlights how presentation can be atypical, the importance of reviewing possible diagnoses and considering an early biopsy to enable prompt treatment if required.

PERENCANAAN PUSAT SINEMATOGRAFI DI TENGGARONG DENGAN PENDEKATAN ARSITEKTUR METAFORA

Along with the development of the world of cinematography among young people in Tenggarong, where their activities include making films, short films, film screenings, and film competitions. However, there are no facilities or gathering places for them, so it is necessary to create a place or place that can provide facilities for the cinematographic community. The purpose of this research is to plan a Cinematography Center with a metaphorical architectural concept in the form of a building taken from the formation of a film camera, and to provide a forum for the activities of the cinematography community in Tenggarong including through production, training of various film works, exhibitions, various competitions and events. It is hoped that this plan will accommodate communities in Tenggarong who are interested in cinematography, both theoretically and practically, so that they can produce the best works that can compete nationally. By emphasizing the architectural style of concrete metaphors (tangible) in the planning of the building by taking the formation of a retro film camera that is transformed, it is hoped that it will be able to give the characteristics of a building that will be planned.

THE DICHOTOMY OF DOORS: AN ANALYSIS OF “C U SOON”

Media and Entertainment Industry (M&E) has numerous slices that combine into one whole. The M&E industry consists of movies, radio, music, advertising, artificial intelligence, internet, gaming etc.... It is one of the fastest-growing industries in India and the World in general. It is an industry shaped according to the needs and demands of the viewers or consumers. A contemporary consumer not only checks on their demand fulfilment but also keenly looks upon the layout in which the media presents itself to suit their tastes and preferences. This industry is also heavily weighed upon for its quality, culture, markets, and emotional and cognitive approaches.The COVID-19 Pandemic impacted the media and entertainment industry in multiple ways. The pandemic led to the temporary shutdown of movie theatres and production houses that in turn affected their box office collection. The pandemic led to the emergence of video entertainment platforms such as Amazon Prime, Netflix, Hulu etc…The paper highlights how the pandemic opened doors for experimentation in film production and making in Kerala. It analyses the Malayalam Film Industry‟s first computer screen film “C U SOON” directed by editor-turned-director Mahesh Narayanan.

Analisa Clustering untuk Mengelompokan Data Penayangan Film Bioskop Menggunakan Algoritma K-Means

The purpose of this study is one of the analyzes to obtain film screening data, the approach used in this study is the K-means algorithm using the parameter measure type Numerical Measure with Numerical Measure Euclidean Distance to get the best Davies Bouldin Index (DBI), with the intention of getting helps grouping datasets of film screenings at the Ramayana Cirebon XXI Cinema. Results from the evaluation of the Davies Bouldin Index (DBI) obtained is (K-2) with a Davies Bouldin Index (DBI) value of 0.864, because the value obtained is the smaller the Davies Bouldin Index (DBI) value, it shows the optimum performance of the resulting cluster.

Cinemeducation: A mixed methods study on learning through reflective thinking, perspective taking and emotional narratives.

Cinemeducation describes the use of film in medical education. The M23 Cinema (M23C) comprises a film screening and subsequent discussion with experts, affected persons and the audience. Previous research suggests that participating in cinemeducation may affect emotions and attitudes. This study aimed to establish a conceptual framework and explore when learning takes place, how learning occurs and what participants learn during the M23C. Informed by focused literature searches, discussions of the authors and the research results, a conceptual framework of the M23C was developed, comprising three dimensions (five distinct phases, learning methodology and potential impact). A mixed method study was undertaken, employing an exploratory sequential design. Initially, the qualitative component was conducted by interviewing everyone involved, comprising focus groups, expert interviews, a group interview and one narrative interview. All qualitative data were analysed using qualitative content analysis. The qualitative findings were used to inform the development of a survey among the participants of M23C evenings. The survey results were analysed descriptively. The findings generated by both data sets were integrated using the "following a thread" protocol and visualised by joint displays. In total, 15 participants in M23C courses, six members of the current and two of the former organising committee, two experts, two affected persons and the initiator of the M23C were included in the qualitative component (n= 28). A total of 503 participants responded to the survey. The qualitative data confirmed the relevance of the five phases and participants described reflective thinking, perspective taking and emotional narratives as the three dimensions of how they learned during the M23C. Participants reported a change in attitudes, enriching their knowledge, experiencing empathy and learning about other health professions. Our findings suggest that the M23C as a cinemeducation course provides a unique learning environment in the training of health professionals.

An Explainable Vision Transformer Model Based White Blood Cells Classification and Localization.

White blood cells (WBCs) are crucial components of the immune system that play a vital role in defending the body against infections and diseases. The identification of WBCs subtypes is useful in the detection of various diseases, such as infections, leukemia, and other hematological malignancies. The manual screening of blood films is time-consuming and subjective, leading to inconsistencies and errors. Convolutional neural networks (CNN)-based models can automate such classification processes, but are incapable of capturing long-range dependencies and global context. This paper proposes an explainable Vision Transformer (ViT) model for automatic WBCs detection from blood films. The proposed model uses a self-attention mechanism to extract features from input images. Our proposed model was trained and validated on a public dataset of 16,633 samples containing five different types of WBCs. As a result of experiments on the classification of five different types of WBCs, our model achieved an accuracy of 99.40%. Moreover, the model's examination of misclassified test samples revealed a correlation between incorrect predictions and the presence or absence of granules in the cell samples. To validate this observation, we divided the dataset into two classes, Granulocytes and Agranulocytes, and conducted a secondary training process. The resulting ViT model, trained for binary classification, achieved impressive performance metrics during the test phase, including an accuracy of 99.70%, recall of 99.54%, precision of 99.32%, and F-1 score of 99.43%. To ensure the reliability of the ViT model's, we employed the Score-CAM algorithm to visualize the pixel areas on which the model focuses during its predictions. Our proposed method is suitable for clinical use due to its explainable structure as well as its superior performance compared to similar studies in the literature. The classification and localization of WBCs with this model can facilitate the detection and reporting process for the pathologist.

Looking Out the Window(s): How US Film Exhibitors Survived the Early Years of the COVID-19 Pandemic. An Interview with Jackie Brenneman and Bryan Braunlich of the National Association of Theater Owners and The Cinema Foundation

Interview with Jackie Brenneman and Bryan Braunlich of the National Association of Theater Owners (NATO) and The Cinema Foundation, in which they discuss their organizations’ response to the COVID-19 pandemic in defense of US cinema owners. Brenneman recounts the first three years of the pandemic, including NATO’s initial understandings and activities during the early weeks of the pandemic’s spread to the US. She details NATO’s role in government support programs, distribution challenges, and evolving industry narratives surrounding exhibition, as well as her own experiences working to assist in exhibition’s recovery. Brenneman also reflects on the broader impact of the pandemic on the industry after three years of struggle and adaptation. With Braunlich, she explains the goals, initiatives, and trajectory of The Cinema Foundation, a cross-industry organization founded in the wake of the pandemic to advocate for stakeholders across the exhibition sector.

LOCAL FILM FESTIVAL CHARACTERISTICS: A CASE STUDY OF THE MERDEKA FILM FESTIVAL

Local cinema festival is an alternative form of entertainment for locals. Merdeka Film Festival in Solo, Central Java, is an annual event involving the youth community and local government institutions. This film festival offers entertainment in the form of film screenings on plugged screen (layar tancap). This research mainly seeks to investigate the production pattern of a local film festival. This research employs a descriptive qualitative approach that includes interviews with festival’s organizers and film festival experts. The results indicate that Merdeka Film Festival exhibits the characteristics of local film festival. Besides, the organizers must have a close relationship with the locals through the youth community and local government institutions in order for the film festival to operate smoothly.

Influence of Different Protected Environments and Reflector Material on Cultivated Oiti (Licania tomentosa[Benth.] Fritsch) Seedlings

Abstract Background Oiti (Licania tomentosa[Benth.] Fritsch) is an option for urban forestation and rural environments that require shading by plants, so studying the plant environment to obtain quality seedlings is essential. The present study aimed to evaluate oiti seedlings in different protected environments with or without reflective material on a cultivation bench. Methods The following protected environments were evaluated: an agricultural greenhouse covered with a low-density polyethylene film and a thermo-reflective screen with 42%/50% shading under the film; an agricultural screenhouse with an aluminized screen with 35% shading; an agricultural screenhouse with a black screen with 30% shading; and an agricultural screenhouse with a black screen with 18% shading. Production systems with and without photosynthetically active radiation-reflecting material (aluminized screen, Aluminet®) on the cultivation bench were assessed in each protected environment. Results There was no interaction between the environmental factors; however, the environments influenced height, stem diameter, root dry matter, and total biometric relationships and growth rates. The reflective material did not improve the quality of oiti seedlings. The ratio of shoot and root dry matter was, on average, 71% for the shoots and 29% for the roots. The photosynthetically active radiation received by oiti seedlings ranged from 600 to 1,100 μmol m−2s−1. Conclusions The greenhouse with 42%/50% shading screen under the film and the black screen with 30% shading were the best environments for the formation ofLicania tomentosaseedlings. The reflective material on the cultivation bench did not result in better quality oiti seedlings.

Factors influencing University of Papua New Guinea medical imaging science students considering rural radiography careers.

The aim of this research was to explore factors influencing students at the University of Papua New Guinea (UPNG) Bachelor of Medical Imaging Science (BMIS) choice to pursue rural radiography careers. A survey and focus groups of BMIS students at the UPNG were undertaken. The survey included questions related to sociodemographic variables including gender, age, education, rural background and previous employment; and Likert-type scale questions exploring motivation for rural practice, the promotion of radiography through rural practice and the influence of birthplace and incentives to practice. Focus groups comprising convenience samples of six students each from the second, third and fourth years of study explored the promotion of rural radiography, community-based training internships, the benefits of rural practice and the influence of undergraduate training on future rural practice. There were 54 responses (94.7%) to the survey with strong interest (88.9%) in rural radiography practice; 96.3% (n=52) agreed that undergraduate rural training would also act as a motivator. Rural training was a stronger incentive for females than for males (p=0.02). Not being trained in conventional non-digital film screen imaging at UPNG was a strong barrier to rural practice; while being able to give back to the community, increased professional responsibility, cheaper living, job satisfaction and cultural exchange were all viewed as positive aspects of rural practice. Most students reported a benefit to rural practice, while acknowledging a lack of contemporary imaging equipment in rural facilities. The study demonstrated that UPNG BMIS students would contemplate careers in rural practice and provides evidence to support dedicated undergraduate rural radiography placement. It also highlights the dichotomy in urban and rural services, which suggests the need for greater emphasis on conventional non-digital film screen radiography in the undergraduate program to best support graduates to work and, importantly, work effectively in rural communities. As most students were from rural areas these results must be tempered by the fact that students may simply be wanting to return home rather than reporting explicit rural intent. A more comprehensive study of the medical imaging profession in PNG should be undertaken to validate this study.

The Role of Transformational Leadership and Communication in Building Good Governance in Indonesia Film Censorship Institution

The Film Censorship Institute (LSF) is an institution that has the authority to determine which films are allowed. LSF authority is contained in Government Regulation No. 18 of 2014, where they play a role in protecting the public from negative films that can affect the cultural perspective of the community. LSF adapts to the social and cultural norms that apply in society, so if we look at film censorship institutions in other countries, the scope of films allowed is also different. For example, in the United States, films featuring sexual scenes are permitted, while in Malaysia, they are not. Likewise, films with sexual nuances and extreme violence are not allowed in Indonesia. LSF has also banned the screening of several films because they are not under social rules and norms. However, the work carried out by LSF is rarely known by the public, ranging from their working methods and institutional leadership to how they carry out their work programs. With this background, the author wants to know and understand the practice of good governance in Indonesia Censorship Film Institution and how the transformative approach is taken to bring about change in the organization. This study will use a qualitative approach with data collection through the Focus Group Discussion (FGD) method and literature. The study found that transformative leadership accelerates changes in the LSF by creating innovations for better performance and making an inclusive work culture. This transformative leadership also tremendously affects how LSF implements good governance principles, and all indicators have been fulfilled. The relation and effect of transformative leadership and good governance are also discussed.

Topical Film Forming Clotrimazole Emulgel

Abstract: Introduction: Clotrimazole is a weak base and is practically insoluble in water. To enhance drug loading of hydrophobic Clotrimazole in the formulation and, to circumvent greasiness, poor retention time and easy wipe off associated with conventional topicals, it was formulated as a Film Forming Emulgel. Materials and Methods: Preformulation studies were performed to evaluate solubility and emulsification of drug in oils and surfactants, and screening of gelling and film forming agents. Capryol 90 and Tween 80 were selected as the oil and surfactant, respectively. Sepineo P 600 and HPMC E4M were selected as the gelling agent and film forming agent respectively. The films were evaluated for peelability, tackiness, folding endurance, swelling index and cosmetic attractiveness. Results: The optimized formulation formed clear, uniform and adhesive films and exhibited similar in vitro and ex vivo release profiles, to that of the marketed product (α = 0.05, p=0.605 for in vitro diffusion). Dry and wet swab studies performed on the optimized formulation presented that the film formed exhibits good adhesion, lowered drug loss associated with wipe off and enhanced retention. In vivo dermal irritation test on Sprague-Dawley rats was also carried out. Release profiles were compared using multiple models with first order release being the best suited model for the optimized formulation (R2= 0.9932) and marketed product (R2=0.9859). Stability studies performed helped conclude the optimized formulation was stable. Conclusion: The developed formulation is an excellent alternative to emulgel and patches, overcoming the drawbacks of each by giving longer retention on the skin for prolonged therapy. Keywords: Adhesive film, Wipe-off resistant, Longer retention, Long term therapy, Antifungal.

Mislim

It is my one and a half year in this city. Quite naturally I met with people from different ways of life and backgrounds within this relatively short time span; I attended live concerts, festivals, film screenings, theatre and dance performances, public happenings etc. However, I think my perception is still unblemished in terms of prejudices toward the cultural scene in Ljubljana. In general, I think it is getting harder and harder to focus our attention on a single thing, but rather we get washed under unfiltered information from many directions, for the benefit of few. Being a multitasker in any occupation was a thing that has been practiced by less people then now. The roles were more precise for us to function within the modern society. Harnessing the attention has always been a part of human society and it is closely related with many kinds of economies, whether it is financial, affective, or political. In the meantime – as a recent additional actor – digital algorithms (which are owned by some elites and non-human corporate bodies) run and sustain a boring dystopia nowadays. Moreover, excessive use of media devices may be causing digital and chemical addictions and hormonal rushes to survive this condition.

Interpretation of a Literary Text in Cinema: V.O. Bogomolov's Novel “Ivan” and A.A. Tarkovsky's Film “Ivanovo Childhood”

The article explores film screening as a special form of literary text. Within the framework of the study, the concept of cinema screening, its classification and features of types, strengths and weaknesses of this format are considered. The problems arising during the transfer of literary works of art to the cinema screen are also characterized, around which discussions do not stop to this day. The study of these issues is carried out not only in theory, but also in practice, which is presented in the form of a comparison of V.O. Bogomolov's novel "Ivan" (1957) and the film A.A. Tarkovsky's Ivanovo Childhood (1962). In addition to identifying the differences between the original literary work and its transfer to the language of cinema, expressed in deviation from following the literary artistic text, changing individual scenes, added episodes and expanding some storylines of the original literary work, the creative task set by the director is determined, and how exactly it was achieved. The main research methods are the analysis of scientific literature on the research topic (used for a detailed examination of cinema screening as a special form of literary text) and comparative analysis (used when comparing the original literary text (V.O. Bogomolov's novel Ivan) and its film adaptation (A.A. Tarkovsky's film Ivanovo Childhood)). Because of the comparative analysis, a conclusion is drawn that contains answers to the questions: which of the types of film adaptations does this film belong to, as it is expressed in the film, and the reasons that led to this result are revealed.

Teaching transdisciplinary competencies for sustainability transformation by co-producing social learning videos

Film has great potential to initiate social learning processes. Therefore, working with film is suitable as a teaching format that enables co-production of knowledge and transformative learning. Through participatory filmmaking, students can acquire transdisciplinary competencies, which are necessary for sustainability transformations. We discuss how transdisciplinary competences can be acquired by building on transformative teaching by co-producing social learning videos.Dealing with complex societal problems requires transdisciplinary approaches and competencies. Inspired by debates on transformative teaching and participatory filmmaking, we show how we used the social learning video method to teach transdisciplinary competencies in a university setting. Using the design of future railway stations as an example, students interacted with external practice partners in real-world problem situations. As part of this process, they became aware of their own professional perspectives and critically reflected on the perspectives of their practice partners and the differences in their understanding of sustainability. In addition, they developed numerous transdisciplinary competences, such as defining a problem together, conducting group discussions and interviews, mediating among different viewpoints, allowing a common language to develop, and triggering “AHA!” moments in joint film screenings. As part of transdisciplinary and transformative teaching, it is important to provide access to external practice partners and working environments, enable students to engage and reflect, and provide nurturing and challenging framework conditions.