Film Recording Research Articles

Queening/Queering Mexicanidad: Lucha Reyes and the Canción Ranchera

Despite recording over one hundred songs and earning the moniker “la reina de los mariachis” (the queen of mariachis), very little is known about the life and career of the Mexican ranchera singer Lucha Reyes (1906–1944). In this article, we examine why her achievements are overlooked and often excluded in accounts that celebrate Mexico’s most prized entertainers. Drawing on analyses of her musical performances in film and audio recordings, in combination with newspaper articles, magazine stories, and biographic accounts, we contend that Reyes was marginalized because she visually and vocally violated the gender norms of the period, queered the ranchera genre, and challenged the heteronormative contours of mexicanidad (Mexicanness). For these reasons, Reyes’s influence in music culture has not been adequately valorized and has regularly been positioned in the margins of Mexican historiography. Instead, it was her male contemporaries, including Jorge Negrete, Jose Alfredo Jimenez, and Pedro Infante, who were credited with shaping and popularizing the cancion ranchera. We analyze these exclusionary dynamics, consider Reyes’s contributions to Mexican music, and highlight her continuing significance on Mexicana and Chicana entertainers.

Filmowe rejestracje teatru - opis i problematyzacje zjawiska

Film Recordings of Theater – Description and Problematisations The paper attempts to distinguish film recordings of theater from the TV theater genre. The decisive criterion for this distinction proposed by the author is the chronology of the production process - film recordings of theater performances provide a record of pre-existing theater performances, whereas TV theatre includes all theatre-like productions created for the small screen and which do not have their own stage ‘odginali In each of these cases there are different tasks and difficulties facing producers and executors. The next part of the article focuses on film recordings of theater: the reasons for which they are made (documentation, dissemination, promotion) and the differences between their types. Referring to the work of Jacek Wachowski, the author also presents a brief discussion about the possibilities and consequences of technical mediation of any performances, not only theatrical shows. The article concludes with an attempt to define the status of the film recording of a performance in relation to its original theatrical nature (the “residuum of the theater”).

Sputtered iridium oxide modified flexible parylene microelectrodes array for electrical recording and stimulation of muscles

Here we report the flexible parylene microelectrodes array modified by sputtered iridium oxide film (SIROF) for electrical recording and stimulation of muscles. By using an optimal deposition condition of SIROF that the oxygen flow is 25sccm and the sputtering pressure is 4.2Pa, the SIROF modified flexible parylene microelectrodes are successfully fabricated. Combing with the advantages of parylene and SIROF, the microelectrodes show excited mechanical and electrochemical properties, which are capable of electrical recording and stimulation with remarkable performances. Based on experimental results and theoretical calculation, the averaged thermal noise amplitude for SIROF recording sites is 3.83±1.02μV which is only 10.4% of the Au recording sites as 36.87±21.39μV. These features increased the signal-to-noise ratios (SNR) of the recorded electromyography (EMG). The maximum SNR of SIROF microelectrode and bare gold microelectrode could reach 29.27dB and 0.47dB, respectively. Furthermore, the SIROF microelectrode could safely deliver the stimulation current as high as 400μA which resulted a large charge injection capacity as 3.54mC/cm2. The preliminary animal experiments also validated the feasibility of SIROF microelectrodes in electrical stimulation.

Alignment structures and diffraction properties of chiral nematic liquid crystal cells with periodically patterned photoalignment films

Liquid crystal (LC) cells with periodic alignment distributions were fabricated using chiral nematic LCs (N*LCs), which were prepared using mixtures of a nematic LC and a chiral dopant, along with photoreactive liquid crystalline polymer (PLCP) films. Periodic structures were formed by polarization holographic recording in the PLCP films. The director distribution in each cell depended on the ratio of chiral dopant present, i.e., the inherent helical pitch of the N*LCs. These periodic alignment structures with line defects in the LC grating cells were well explained on the basis of the elastic continuum theory of the N*LCs and the photoalignment effect of the PLCP films. The diffraction properties of the grating LC cells were also investigated using a polarized visible laser. The observed intensity and polarization states of the diffracted beams were consistent with theoretical ones calculated using the director distribution models. Our results clarify that the diffraction properties of the grating LC cells can be controlled by the helical pitch of the N*LCs.

Editorial: Image-Guided Radiotherapy for Effective Radiotherapy Delivery.

During most of the last century, verification of patient position on the radiotherapy treatment table was considered adequate if exposed on a photographic film by a megavoltage beam. It was a general standard to expose such a film once a week, to be approved by a radiation oncologist. The latter approved it after comparison to a kilovoltage simulation film exposed at the time of initial setup of the patient before the treatment regimen started. A common rule was to allow a ± <5 mm variation from the simulation to the treatment portal film. This often resulted in either an approval for the next week’s treatment fractions or a rejection and retake of that or the next day’s portal film. There was no film record of the next four fractions. The problems included megavoltage film resolution judged from kilovoltage simulation films as well as unrecorded possible errors for the next four fractions. Another error source was soft tissue contrast in both of these films. The evolution of computerized axial tomography (CAT) scan from the mid-twentieth century has allowed for 3D reconstruction of the patient’s soft tissue structures by improved resolution in millimeter scan slices. Development of the digital image visualization on computer screens now allows for fusing the reconstructed simulation image (DRR) from the CAT scanner with the mega- or kilovoltage rendering of the patient’s treatment beams. This has allowed the skilled radiotherapist to adjust the beam within a preset millimeter 3D frame to the patient’s anatomy. With this precision, a daily treatment fraction is given. The radiation oncologist can then check that body position errors have been corrected before each treatment. Further improvement include the cone beam image obtained from the treatment accelerator and fused over the DRR, introduction of gold markers in the target volume and triangulating their positions into the simulation scan, as well as utilizing kilovoltage and or megavoltage images to attain precise beam geometry for each daily radiotherapy fraction. Another method is to use a diagnostic CAT scanner that is mechanically attached to the accelerator. These imaging techniques are used to assure that the planned dose only covers the intended target and encompasses the IGRT concept in radiotherapy. If used properly, the precision of treatment is improved from centimeter to millimeter realms (1) and is expected to be used globally in cancer radiotherapy. Our experience is that few treatment portals need to be rejected as long as there is a requirement of immediate report to the oncologist that a specified position error has been discovered and corrected. We consider it a necessary ingredient for clinical studies in order to measure and compare IGRT outcome data. It has the potential of not only providing better toxicity results but also to give better outcome data for patient groups who are thought to be at higher risk for toxicity, e.g., frail elderly and patients with abnormal radiosensitivity. It may also offer an avenue for dose escalation because of better organ sparing. Our preliminary evidence is encouraging for the use of IGRT. Elderly (>70 years of age) and younger head and neck cancer groups both tolerated definitive chemo-IGRT, without difference in grade 3–4 toxicity, treatment breaks, and with less weight loss in the elderly group (2). Another study resulted in disease-specific survival of 75% at 4 years and acceptable toxicity (3). Elderly patients with multiple comorbidities and locally advanced rectal cancer tolerated preoperative chemo-IGRT when compared to younger patients (4). These preliminary studies suggest that IGRT may become the treatment of choice for elderly cancer patients. Another subset of patients who may benefit from IGRT is patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and anal cancer. They may have an increased sensitivity to radiation because of thiol deficiency (5). Grade 3–4 skin, hematologic and gastrointestinal toxicity were frequent among HIV positive patients undergoing standard chemoradiotherapy and may result in death (6, 7). Chemo-IGRT may therefore provide HIV patients the opportunity to be treated with less toxicity (8, 9). Finally, IGRT may allow for radiation dose escalation in cancers with high-risk for loco-regional recurrences. A recent randomized study reported a 2-year survival of 57 and 44% and local failure of 30 and 38% for locally advanced NSCLC treated to 60 and 74 Gy, respectively. The poor survival in the 74 Gy group may be associated with cardiac toxicity (10). A 3-year survival of 45% and local failure of 15% was reported for patients with locally advanced NSCLC treated to 70–75 Gy with chemo-IGRT, with minimal toxicity (11). Dose escalation was also feasible in patients with locally advanced esophageal cancer because of lung and cardiac sparing (12). These preliminary results are intriguing but need to be corroborated in future prospective studies.

William Faulkner in the media ecology

William Faulkner in the Media Ecology explores the Nobel Prize-winning author immersed in the new media of his time. Intersecting with twentieth-century technology such as photography, film, and sound recording, these twelve essays portray Faulkner as not only as a writer looking back on the history of the U.S. South, but also as a screenwriter, aviator, and celebrity. This fresh, interdisciplinary approach to Faulkner presents an innovative way of reassessing a body of literary work that has engaged readers and critics for over sixty years. Essays by John T. Matthews, Catherine Gunther Kodat, Stefan Solomon, and Donald M. Kartiganer assess how Faulkner's legacy has been shaped through media adaptation and public commemoration of his work. Jay Watson, Michael Zeitlin, Sarah Gleeson-White, Robert Jackson, and Sascha Morrell consider a range of media relevant to the creation of the writer's stories and ways to recalibrate traditional thinking about his writing. Mark Steven, Peter Lurie, and Richard Godden examine how the vastly different mediations of both cinema and money influenced Faulkner's work. Editors Julian Murphet and Stefan Solomon have brought together some of the most prominent voices in Faulkner studies, along with a number of emerging scholars, to construct a portrait of Faulkner as a thoroughly modern writer, as much attuned to the evolution of the contemporary world as he was to the past.

Healthy school environments

Objective To determine factors that characterizes school environments and their relationship with student learning, welfare and health. Method This is a case study supported by a comprehensive qualitative paradigm applied to classroom ecology. The fieldwork was carried out in six public schools for students in economic strata one and two that use computers in virtual classrooms. The information was collected through field journals, film recordings, observation, and recordings of interviews. The information was analyzed by categories in open general and focused cycles. Results The virtual era has enriched the debate about the importance of the environment in pedagogical processes. Nonetheless, the emergence of new diseases is a risk which students are exposed to. Pollution and overcrowding factors prevail in traditional classroom activities, while in the computer rooms the environment is healthier. Hence the need to incorporate these issues into the curriculum reforms and action plans to guide healthy living of schoolchildren and their families. Despite budget constraints, innovative ideas and projects were found. Schools have developed free preventive and corrective strategies such as workshops, talks and lectures by invited specialists, trainees, and students writing theses. They have also introduced controlled Internet access. Conclusion The educational community understands that the concept of health is at the heart of a comprehensive concept of education. In addition, classroom ecology has determining implications for learning and living together in pleasant and healthy environments that are incorporated into institutional educational projects.

Incorrect use of metered-dose inhalers in adult patients at a hospital in Callao, Peru, 2014: cross-sectional study.

Inhalation therapy has proven to be the best way to control the asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease symptoms. The most commonly used delivery system to control these symptoms is the metered-dose inhaler. The primary goal of this study is to demonstrate an association between incorrect inhaler use and patient age. This is a cross-sectional study, performed at Centro Médico Naval “Cirujano Mayor Santiago Távara”, in Callao, Peru, in 2014. Patients older than 18 years that used metered-dose inhalers were included. We used film recordings of patients using a metered-dose inhaler and compared their technique with the recommendations on the guidelines on the correct use of inhalers of the Spanish Society of Pneumology and Thoracic Surgery (SEPAR). The main variables measured were age and incorrect inhaler use. The results were analyzed with the Chi squared test for bivariate analysis, and for multivariate analysis we used the Poisson regression model with robust variance. We included 378 patients in the analysis; 167 were older than 60 years. An association was found between incorrect inhalator technique and age (p=0.014) (PR 1.19 95% CI 1.03 to 1.37). The highest prevalence of incorrect technique was found in the young adult population (88%). There was no association between the incorrect technique and the person who taught it (p=0.114). Finally, this study showed that 81.2% of the study population presented an incorrect inhalation technique. The percentage of incorrect inhaler use, in the general population is high. Even if we found no association between an incorrect technique and the person who taught it; still, there is a high percentage of errors and it was even demonstrated that being instructed by a pulmonologist does not guarantee a correct performance of metered-dose inhaler inhalations.

The Influences of Ru Seed Layer Microstructure on Structural Properties of CoCrPt-SiO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; Perpendicular Media

CoCrPt-SiO2 granular film is well known as a perpendicular magnetic recording (PMR) media. To control the segregated structure of the recording layer, the role of the Ru underlayer is important. CoCrPt-SiO2 perpendicular recording films were prepared by magnetron sputtering, with a series of Ru films as seed layer. The microstructure of Ru seed layers and their influences on the grain size, roughness and surface morphology of CoCrPt-SiO2 granular films were investigated. It was found that the microstructure of seed layer obviously effected the structure and grain isolation of recording layers. The grain size and roughness of CoCrPt-SiO2 recording layer were both increased with increasing the thickness of Ru seed layer. It is concluded that the thin and rough Ru seed layer is suitable for high-density magnetic recording media, and Ru seed layer with suitable thickness is very helpful for the achievement of perfect isolation and excellent magnetic properties. The result revealed that it was relatively easy for the CoCrPt grains to get perfect isolation with Ru thickness of 70 nm.

Worker, peasant, soldier … middle class? Class figures in Jia Zhangke’s 24 City

Abstract This article analyses the Maoist-class figures in Jia Zhangke’s 24 City (2008) and compares them with those found in Maoist-era visual culture. It examines how the films record the destruction and redevelopment of the social order, and the ways that the Maoist figures in the film have been made wretched or have disappeared. It argues, however, that the echo of their importance still remains, since the middleclass figures that appear in the film fuse previous Maoist elements with the contemporary success of economic reforms. They thus serve as a symbolic solution that combines the Maoist past with the Reform era present, therefore evoking the past to serve the present and the anticipated future.

Some methods of inducing high–coercivity state in epitaxial magnetic garnet films for thermomagnetic recording

Results of studying coercive force, optical absorption and lattice mismatch in single−crystal epitaxial magnetic garnet films are presented. It is shown that the reason of high values of both coercivity and optical absorption are the oxygen vacancies compensating Ca2+ ions and lattice mismatch stress. Methods of inducing high−coercivity state in Bi−containing garnet films through doping by bivalent impurity ions, through mismatch stress or through treatment in negative corona discharge are proposed. Merits and demerits of these methods are discussed and their comparison is carried out.

Aviation Cinema

Aviation Cinema Kevin L. Ferguson (bio) Undoubtedly for most in the Western world at this time [ca. 1909], the first sight they had of an aeroplane was not in the sky, but projected upon a screen. —Luke McKernan (2004)1 “Le cinéma, ce n’est pas je vois, c’est je vole.” —Paul Virilio (1984)2 The history of human air travel coincides with the history of cinema. A few weeks after The Great Train Robbery (dir. Edwin S. Porter) opened in December 1903, the Wright brothers successfully made the world’s first flight. Yet, while cinema had a few decades on aviation, no one filmed the Wright brothers’ breakthrough. Luke McKernan, historian of early film, thinks that the brothers’ “insistence upon secrecy as they tried to sell their invention to the American military” was a major reason for the failure to record an event of such historical consequence, but as a result the lack of a film recording made it even harder for the world to believe such a feat. While it was not until 1906 that human flight was filmed, by 1908 flying films “were legion”3 and aviation cinema really took off. Today, one-hundred-odd years after the Wright brothers radically reconfigured humans’ relation to their environment, air travel has become commonplace: 826 million passengers traveled on US airlines in 2013,4 about 2½ times the US population. Yet, even as it is more common, air travel remains a thrilling imaginative event; how else to explain the popularity of recent child-oriented aviation films like Planes (dir. Klay Hall, 2013) or the success of low-budget films like Snakes on a Plane (dir. David R. Ellis, 2006)? In this essay, I analyze aviation cinema, offering a typology of a narrative film genre that becomes legible around a few interchangeable [End Page 309] structural elements: the pilot, the passenger, the aircraft, the terminal. Even with such a limited palette, because it is a genre in motion, aviation cinema is characterized by its fluidity, exchange, liminal crossings, and other reorganizations of an initial narrative state. The airplane is an ungrounded space of transformation; it is always a different plane that lands, a different passenger who disembarks. The variations in the simple calculus of pilot–passenger–aircraft–terminal result in the one hundred or so films that I locate in the genre of aviation cinema. Click for larger view View full resolution Figure 1. Roman aqueducts, framed through struts, in Wilbur Wright and His Flying Machine (Paris: Société Générale des Cinématographes Eclipse, 1909). Aerial photographs had previously been taken from hot-air balloons,5 but the first film taken from an airplane is something else entirely. This 1909 short film, Wilbur Wright and His Flying Machine, begins with scenes of the airplane being prepared while observers wait expectantly. Next it shifts to a series of low-angle panoramic shots that track the airplane in the sky and are cut with a few spectacular shots as the airplane buzzes directly towards—and then over—the low-placed camera. In the second part of the film, the camera is mounted on the left wing, and we see the plane travel shakily down a launch rail before rising serenely. Flying close to the ground, in a series of shots we see buildings, a man on a horse, farmland, and in the distance remains of Roman aqueducts (figure 1). Unlike the phantom rides of trains or the aerial photography from balloons, aviation cinema’s inaugural moment juxtaposes the smooth tracking aesthetics of flight against a rough, jerky takeoff; the tranquil glide through the air is made even more miraculous by the initial bumpiness of ground travel. As we will see later, the template this documentary footage sets—bumps and shakes and jolts, [End Page 310] and then serenity—is reversed the moment filmmakers use flight as part of a narrative about modernity, speed, technology, or war. Afterwards, aviation cinema prefers to offer us a smooth takeoff but rough flying. Film scholar Tom Conley continues the line of inquiry opened up once film cameras were no longer earthbound. In a discussion of Icarian cinema, Conley identifies a cinema that...

The earliest motion picture footage of the last captive thylacine?

David Fleay's 1933 motion film footage of the last captive thylacine at the Beaumaris Zoo in Hobart was thought to be the only film record of this thylacine. The authors provide evidence to confirm that two earlier motion picture films, erroneously dated to 1928, also show the last captive specimen at the zoo.

The Development of Modern Chinese Animation Film Recording Technology

Modern Chinese animation film is accompanied by recording the continuous development of technological innovation, from the original subtitles instead of the sound development of the contemporary surround sound. The Chinese animation film recording technology has made great progress. The first recorded animation film of China has been introduced in this paper, for example, analyzing the recording and the early late, the influence of noise and the application of stereo, so as to provide reference for animation filmmakers and related practitioners.

Quantitative research into the influence of slider-disk contact force on the information intensity of the magnetic recording layer

In order to achieve the requirement of rapid growth of the magnetic storage density, the slider-disk spacing needs to be reduced to less than 2 nm. However, the slider-disk contact can easily occur within such a narrow spacing, and eventually result in the loss of the stored data in the magnetic recording film, i.e., demagnetization of the magnetic disk. Therefore, research into the magnetomechanical relationship related to the slider-disk contact demagnetization is significantly important to identify the demagnetization mechanism and further improve the anti-demagnetization performance of the magnetic disk. In this study, the nanoscratch experiment and the magnetic force microscope technology are used to investigate the magnetomechanical behavior induced by the slider-disk contact. And according to the phase imaging principle of the magnetic force microscope, the relationship between the information intensity of the magnetic recording layer and the magnetic contrast measured by the magnetic force microscope is found. Thus, a quantitative analysis method is proposed, which is different from the previous qualitative observation of the magnetic domain change. Experimental results show that the critical demagnetization load during the slider-disk contact is 120 up N. When the slider-disk contact force exceeds the critical demagnetization load, the increase of slider-disk contact force can lead to the decrease of the information intensity of the magnetic recording layer. And the decay rate of the information intensity will be rapidly enhanced after the slider-disk contact force reaches 380 up N. Moreover, the variation trend of the information intensity with the depth of the residual scratch is the same as that of the information intensity with the slider-disk contact force. Specially, before the slider penetrates the hard carbon layer of the magnetic disk, the slider-disk contact demagnetization still may occur, corresponding to the load cases from 120 up N to 200 up N. In addition, for any slider-disk contact force, the area of the surface damage of the hard carbon layer is always greater than that of the demagnetization of the magnetic recording layer. This phenomenon is related to the elasto-plastic force fields in the hard carbon layer and the magnetic recording layer. Moreover, when the slider repeatedly scratches the same location on the surface of the magnetic disk, the information intensity of the magnetic recording layer will decrease with the increase of scratching number. After the scratching number is beyond 20, the elastic shakedown status may occur in the magnetic recording layer, and correspondingly, the information intensity of the magnetic recording layer can be close to a constant value. This result is derived from the work hardening process during the slider-disk repeatedly scratching.

Ge/NiGe bilayer applied for the recording film of write-once blu-ray disc

In this study, the Ge/NiGe (3nm/16 nm) bilayer was deposited by sputtering at room temperature to serve as the recording film for write-once blu-ray disc. The thermal properties, optical characteristics, crystallization mechanisms and recording performance were all investigated in detail. The composition of the NiGe alloy layer was maintained at Ni50Ge50. Based on the results of reflectivity-temperature measurements, it can be observed that the Ge/NiGe bilayer had two temperature ranges of reflectivity increment, i.e. 170–216 °C and 340–352 °C. Microstructural analysis revealed that the NiGe nano-crystalline phase was generated in the as-deposited state. After annealing at 250 °C, the crystallinity of the NiGe phase was improved. Upon further increasing the annealing temperature to 370 °C, the Ge crystallization appeared in this bilayer. Dynamic tests indicate that the blu-ray disc fabricated with the Ge/NiGe recording layer possesses optimum jitter values of 6.4% and 7.1% at 1× and 4× writing speeds, respectively. This implies that the Ge/NiGe bilayer has high potential for write-once blue laser recording applications.

High-speed optical recording in vitreous chalcogenide thin films

Thin films of glassy chalcogenide semiconductor are widely used as recording media in optical data storage. To obtain relief micro- and nanoscale structures on the surface of optical master discs inorganic photoresists based on chalcogenide glassy semiconductors can be used. They have high resolution and allow for exposure by short laser pulses. Implementation of such exposure is promoted by increasing the speed of photostructural transformations at high powers of exposing radiation. This increase in the sensitivity is associated with both local heating by illumination and a high density of excited electron-hole pairs. The exposure mode of the inorganic photoresists based on glassy chalcogenide semiconductor pulses of 10 -8 -10 -9 s is close to the threshold of local photothermal destruction. Significant impact on the value of the threshold of photothermal destruction effects the choice of the substrate material which determines the rate of heat removal from the irradiation area. Moreover, one also needs to consider the effect of pulsed annealing of the inorganic photoresist material on the process of selective etching. We have established an inversion of the selective etching of the inorganic negative photoresist based on As2S3 in the center of the irradiated zone. The diameter of this zone is about 20% of the diameter of exposing beam. After the selective etching in alkaline solution in the center of protrusions being formed on the substrate, there observed are some dimples with the depth of 30-50 nm. Prior to the processing of irradiated inorganic photoresist by the selective etching these dimples were absent and their appearance is not due to possible local material evaporation of the inorganic photoresist. A possible reason for the inversion of solubility of the inorganic photoresist could be pulsed annealing in the recording process.

Video Film Recording: A New Production Paradigm For 1960s BBC Drama

Critical orthodoxies around British television drama suggest the ‘developmental model’: a transition from a ‘theatrical’ production mode based around live performance mediated through multi-camera studio, to a ‘cinematic’ mode utilising film, post-production editing, and location shooting. As Jacobs (2000) has argued, the introduction of videotape in 1958 arguably did little to change the model of studio production until the late 1970s: ‘… segments of drama lasting up to 30 minutes continued to be recorded on videotape in continuous time ‘as if live’ until the introduction of time-coded signals on the tape in the mid-1970s … In this way some of the style and aesthetics of early pre-1955 television had considerable longevity’ (Jason Jacobs, The Intimate Screen: early British television drama, Oxford, 2000, 24). Drama produced in the multi-camera studio could be transferred to film, but this ‘telerecording’ method—filming straight off a monitor—was deemed low quality and was largely unsuitable for sale to the lucrative US market. This paper examines an abortive attempt by the BBC to develop a method of combining multi-camera studio production with outputting direct to film. Known variously as ‘videofilm,’ ‘Video Film Recording’ (VFR) or ‘Intervideo,’ this process attempted to combine electronic multi-camera technique with the medium of film to provide high-quality film programmes without compromising the speed and efficiency of multi-camera studio production. The resulting programmes would maximise studio use and require minimal post-production editing, but would produce high-resolution filmed programmes for the international market. However, the system was never developed to the stage where it was used in regular production. Drawing on files at the BBC Written Archive, this paper examines the development of the VFR system in the 1960s and the reasons for its failure.

Visualisation of Intangible Data of the Cultural Heritage in Field Research and Hermeneutic Analysis

ABSTRACT Ethnology and cultural anthropology are characterized by the field research and ethnographic collection of material. Recording and transcription seem to be issues of ethnoscience that have already been resolved many years ago. The relevance of their use in science, e.g. by intercultural comparison,was getting lost with the use of more illustrative and available photo and film recording. Later on, the complicated schemes of interpretation of the empirical knowledge were a burden for the disciplines themselves; they were literally overloaded by sign systems. The issues have been methodologically addressed by resignation to the descriptive documentation. This paper is pointed at the methodological discourse of the visual documentation, visual data analysis and interpretation in research of the cultural heritage.

Effects of plasticizer on the transient diffraction properties of polarization holographic gratings made from polarization-sensitive polymeric films

We recorded anisotropic gratings by polarization holographic recording in azobenzene-containing polymeric films doped with a 9-ethylcarbazole (ECZ) plasticizer. Using a polarimeter, we measured in real time the Stokes parameters of the beams diffracted from the gratings. We analyzed these data on the basis of a theoretical model that accounted for the distribution of birefringence caused by molecular reorientation as well as for surface relief deformation caused by mass transportation. Our results indicated that increasing ECZ doping level increased the formation speed of the anisotropic grating, but did not greatly affect the amplitude of the photoinduced birefringence.