Film Hole Irrigation Research Articles

Effect of Muddy Water Characteristics on Infiltration Laws and Stratum Compactum Soil Particle Composition under Film Hole Irrigation

Effect of Muddy Water Characteristics on Infiltration Laws and Stratum Compactum Soil Particle Composition under Film Hole Irrigation

Multifactor analysis of the infiltration characteristics of film hole irrigation under muddy water conditions

Film hole irrigation under muddy water conditions is a new and effective water-saving irrigation technology. In order to determine the influence of multiple factors on the infiltration process of film hole irrigation under muddy water conditions, 12 sets of indoor infiltration tests were conducted to investigate the effects of four key influencing factors (muddy water sand content, hole diameter, soil bulk density, and infiltration time) on the infiltration characteristics of irrigation with film holes under muddy water conditions, in this study. Based on the experimental data, accurate and effective soil water infiltration and vertical and horizontal wetting front transport models were constructed. Based on the modeling results, the standard regression coefficients of each influencing factor against the fitted parameters were calculated and the effects of the factors on the fitted parameters were analyzed. Error analysis showed that both models could effectively simulate the soil water infiltration process under experimental conditions. Infiltration time was the dominant factor influencing the cumulative infiltration per unit of film hole area, followed by hole diameter, muddy water sand content and lastly, soil bulk density. Infiltration time was also the main influencing factor of the vertical wetting front transport distance, followed by soil bulk density, muddy water sand content, and lastly, hole diameter. Similarly, infiltration time exerted the greatest effect on the horizontal transport distance, followed by hole diameter, soil bulk density and muddy water sand content. The model validation revealed that both the calculated and measured values were distributed around the 1:1 line, reflecting the accuracy of the models. The results of this study can provide theoretical support for the design of film hole irrigation systems under muddy water conditions.

Effects of water and nitrogen coupling on photosynthetic characteristics and yield of winter wheat in film hole irrigation fields

Effects of water and nitrogen coupling on photosynthetic characteristics and yield of winter wheat in film hole irrigation fields

Effects of initial soil moisture content on soil water and nitrogen transport under muddy water film hole infiltration

Film hole irrigation has been widely adopted as an effective water-saving irrigation technology in the arid and semiarid areas of China. To investigate the effects of initial soil moisture content (θ0) on soil water and nitrogen transport characteristics under muddy water film hole infiltration, the laboratory experiments were conducted with muddy water film hole infiltration, using five initial soil moisture content treatments. The models for describing the relationships between the cumulative infiltration (I(t)) and infiltration duration (t); the relationship among the horizontal and vertical migration distances of the wetting front (Fx, Fz), θ0 and t, were established. The results showed that the initial soil moisture content had a significant effect on I(t), Fx, Fz and moisture content distribution in the wetted body. The change of I(t) over t conformed to Kostiakov model. With the increase of θ0, the infiltration coefficient (K) gradually decreased. NO–3-N was mainly distributed in the range of the wetting radius of 15 cm, while NH +4-N was mainly distributed in the range of the wetting radius of 8 cm. This study can provide a theoretical basis and technical support for film hole irrigation. Keywords: film hole irrigation, muddy water, initial soil moisture content, water and nitrogen transport, water redistribution DOI: 10.25165/j.ijabe.20211404.6024 Citation: Liu L H, Fei L J, Chen L, Hao K, Zhang Q J. Effects of initial soil moisture content on soil water and nitrogen transport under muddy water film hole infiltration. Int J Agric & Biol Eng, 2021; 14(4): 182–189.

Infiltration reduction characteristics and a simplified calculation model of film hole irrigation during interference infiltration*

AbstractThe infiltration types of film hole irrigation (FHI) can be divided into film hole free infiltration (FHFI) and film hole interference infiltration (FHII). Numerical simulations were carried out with HYDRUS to investigate the influence of soil texture (ST), film hole diameter (D), film hole spacing (S) and water depth above the film hole (H) on the cumulative infiltration under two infiltration types of FHFI and FHII. The results showed that the amount of FHII was reduced significantly compared to that of FHFI. ST, D and S are the dominant factors affecting the infiltration reduction volume (ΔI). The relationship between ΔI and the time after interference (t − t0) is a proportional function (R2 ≥ 0.96), and its proportional coefficient has a good power function relationship with D and S. The power function coefficients have large differences for different ST, and the range of variation is 0.1–191, whereas there is little difference between the power function index of D and S; the average values were 2.6 and −2.5, respectively. A simplified calculation model of infiltration reduction was established, and the estimation accuracy was high (RMSE = 0.017 L, EF = 0.980). This research can provide a reference for the calculation of the irrigation water volume of the FHI.

Study on the Influence of Fertilizer Solution Concentration on Soil Water and Nitrogen Transport Characteristics Under Film Hole Irrigation

Film hole irrigation is a new technique in agricultural production, which can improve water conservation and increase soil temperature. The purpose of this study was to disclose the effects of fertilizer solution concentration (c) on soil water and nitrogen transport characteristics under muddy water film hole infiltration. The laboratory experiments were conducted with muddy water film hole infiltration, using five fertilizer solution concentration treatments (c = 0, 300, 600, 900, and 1200 mg L−1). The cumulative infiltration, migration distance of the wetting front, soil moisture content, and $$ \mathrm{N}{\mathrm{O}}_3^{-}-\mathrm{N} $$ and $$ {\mathrm{NH}}_4^{+}-\mathrm{N} $$ contents in the wetted body were observed. The models about (i) the relationship between the cumulative infiltration volume per unit film hole area (I(t)) and infiltration duration (t) and (ii) the relationship among the horizontal and vertical migration distances of the wetting front (Fx, Fz), c, and t were established. The results showed that fertilizer solution concentration (c) had a significant effect on I(t), Fx, Fz, and moisture distribution in the wetted body. Cumulative infiltration volume per unit film hole area and infiltration duration conformed to the Kostiakov infiltration model (R2 > 0.98, P < 0.05). $$ \mathrm{N}{\mathrm{O}}_3^{-}-\mathrm{N} $$ is mainly distributed in the range of the wetting radius 12 cm, while $$ {\mathrm{NH}}_4^{+}-\mathrm{N} $$ is mainly distributed in the range of the wetting radius 6 cm. This study could provide a theoretical basis and technical support for fertilizer solution infiltration under muddy water film hole irrigation.

Wetting Body Characteristics and Infiltration Model of Film Hole Irrigation

Film hole irrigation is a relatively low cost and high efficiency irrigation method, which can significantly improve the efficiency of agricultural water use. In order to establish the quantitative model of film hole irrigation between cumulative infiltration and the wetting body and the irrigation volume model of crops, the infiltration process and wetting body characteristics of four different soils (Xi’an silt loam, silt, silt loam and loam) were studied in laboratory experiments and numerical HYDRUS simulation experiments. The relationship between cumulative infiltration and wetting body radius was established using a mathematical method, and a crop irrigation volume model was proposed based on the root distribution and the required water content of different crops. The experimental results showed that the shape of the wetting body of film hole irrigation is approximately half of the rotating ellipsoid, and the curve shape of the wetting front can be expressed using an elliptic equation. From the center of the film hole to the surface of the wetting front, the soil water content of the wetting body gradually decreases, and the change rate of water content gradually increases, reaching its maximum value near the wetting front. Furthermore, the distribution of water content in the wetting body can be accurately expressed using an elliptic curve equation. The cumulative infiltration of film hole irrigation is proportional to the third power of the equivalent radius of the wetting body, and the equivalent radius is equal to the geometric mean of the horizontal and vertical migration distances of the wetting front. In addition, based on the distribution of crop roots and the demand of crop roots on soil water content, the irrigation model of crops was established. This study provides a theoretical basis for the calculation of the irrigation volume for film hole irrigation under the condition of experiment, and has a guiding significance for the field experiment and application of film hole irrigation in different crops in future.

INFILTRATION CHARACTERISTICS OF FILM HOLE IRRIGATION UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF MULTIPLE FACTORS

AbstractFilm hole irrigation is a new type of film‐mulched irrigation technology. To investigate the influences of five factors—bulk density, initial soil water content, irrigation depth, film hole diameter and infiltration time—on the infiltration characteristics of film hole irrigation, 12 experiments were conducted. The infiltration characteristics considered were the cumulative infiltration (I), infiltration rate (i) and average increment of soil water content (∆θ). Two empirical models were established that describe the relationship of I with ∆θ and various influential factors. The proposed models of I and ∆θ had a root mean square error of 5.82 ml and 0.003 cm3 cm−3, respectively. The results revealed that the effects of initial soil water content and irrigation depth on I were not significant (P &gt; 0.05) and that the ranking of factors according to degree of influence, from large to small, was infiltration time, soil bulk density and film hole diameter. Soil bulk density, initial soil moisture, irrigation depth and film hole diameter had highly significant effects on ∆θ (P &lt; 0.01), and their ranking according to degree of influence, from large to small, was initial moisture content, soil bulk density, irrigation depth and film hole diameter. © 2020 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.

An empirical model for estimating soil wetting pattern dimensions during film hole irrigation

ABSTRACT Studying the dimensions of soil wetting pattern (SWP) is important for designing optimal film hole irrigation (FHI) systems. HYDRUS-2D was used to simulate the dynamic changes of SWP under different soil texture (ST), initial moisture content (θ i), film hole diameter (D) and irrigation water head (H) during FHI. The results indicate that ST and D, rather than H and θ i, have a significant impact on SWP. Based on the simulation results, a power function was utilized to fit the horizontal radius (X) and vertical depth (Y) of SWP. The relationship between the fitting parameters and D, H, and saturated hydraulic conductivity (K s) was analysed. An empirical model for estimating the X and Y was produced. Data from laboratory experiments and published studies were adopted to assess the empirical model. The results showed that the X and Y calculated using the empirical model were highly consistent with the observed data. The values of root-mean-square error vary from 0.355 to 1.107 cm and Nash Sutcliffe efficiency is closed to 1.0. In this study, the only parameter required for the empirical model is K s, which can provide valuable and practical tools for FHI design.

Application of Philip infiltration model to film hole irrigation

AbstractNumerical simulations were carried out with HYDRUS-2D to investigate the influence of soil texture, initial water content, film hole diameter and water depth on cumulative infiltration from a film hole. Soil texture, film hole diameter and water depth are the dominant influencing factors. Philip infiltration model was used to fit the simulated results of the dominant influencing factors. For the same soil, the sorptivity (s) is a power function relationship with film hole diameter, while the steady infiltration rate (a) is a power function relationship with film hole diameter and water depth. On that basis, the calculation formulas for predicting s and a were established, and a simplified film hole infiltration model including the film hole diameter and water depth was proposed. The effectiveness of the model was verified by laboratory experiments and literature data. The predicted values of the model were in good agreement with the experimental observations. The model parameters can be determined only by a set of film hole infiltration experiment, which simplifies the experimental design and can be used as a tool for irrigation engineers or farmers to estimate cumulative infiltration.

Influencing Factors and Simplified Model of Film Hole Irrigation

Film hole irrigation is an advanced low-cost and high-efficiency irrigation method, which can improve water conservation and water use efficiency. Given its various advantages and potential applications, we conducted a laboratory study to investigate the effects of soil texture, bulk density, initial soil moisture, irrigation depth, opening ratio (ρ), film hole diameter (D), and spacing on cumulative infiltration using SWMS-2D. We then proposed a simplified model based on the Kostiakov model for infiltration estimation. Error analyses indicated SWMS-2D to be suitable for infiltration simulation of film hole irrigation. Additional SWMS-2D-based investigations indicated that, for a certain soil, initial soil moisture and irrigation depth had the weakest effects on cumulative infiltration, whereas ρ and D had the strongest effects on cumulative infiltration. A simplified model with ρ and D was further established, and its use was then expanded to different soils. Verification based on seven soil types indicated that the established simplified double-factor model effectively estimates cumulative infiltration for film hole irrigation, with a small mean average error of 0.141–2.299 mm, a root mean square error of 0.177–2.722 mm, a percent bias of −2.131–1.479%, and a large Nash–Sutcliffe coefficient that is close to 1.0.

Simplified calculation method and its validation of infiltration capacity for film hole irrigation.

In order to simplify the numerical calculation of cumulative infiltration capacity under film hole irrigation, the film hole cumulative infiltration was decomposed into vertical infiltration capacity and lateral infiltration capacity, and lateral infiltration capacity of unit film hole perimeter was introduced to calculate film hole lateral infiltration capacity. The soil vertical one-dimensional infiltration characteristics and film hole infiltration characteristics were simulated by using HYDRUS-1D/3D software. According to the simulation results, the influence of film hole diameter on lateral infiltration capacity of unit film hole perimeter was analyzed. It was found that the film hole diameter had little impact on lateral infiltration capacity of unit film hole perimeter, and its impact on lateral infiltration capacity of unit film hole perimeter could be ignored. At present, the influence factors of one dimensional infiltration and film hole diameter on lateral infiltration capacity of unit film hole perimeter was the soil texture, initial moisture content and irrigation water depth. Based on this, the vertical one-dimensional infiltration depth and lateral infiltration capacity of unit film hole perimeter were quantitatively analyzed by using Philip infiltration model, and the influence of soil texture, initial moisture content and irrigation water depth on lateral infiltration coefficient and vertical one-dimensional infiltration coefficient were studied. The results showed that the soil texture had large impact on both the relative sorptivity rate(the ratio of sorptivity rate of lateral infiltration capacity of unit film hole perimeter to sorptivity rate of vertical one dimensional infiltration) and the relative steady infiltration rate(the ratio of steady infiltration rate of lateral infiltration capacity of unit film hole perimeter to steady infiltration rate of vertical one dimensional infiltration), the relative sorptivity rate decreased slightly with the increase of initial moisture content, the decrease amplitude of the relative sorptivity rate was 5.49%-24.72%, and irrigation water depth had less influence on relative steady infiltration rate, the maximum amplitude of the relative steady infiltration rate change was 21.80%. With respect to the relative steady infiltration rate, the change of relative sorptivity rate had less impact on cumulative infiltration capacity under film hole irrigation, to simplify the calculation, the relative sorptivity rate was considered as a fixed value for the same soil texture. The relative steady infiltration rate increased with the increase of irrigation water depth, the increase amplitude of the relative steady infiltration rate was 2.55%-42.76%, and the initial moisture content had little influence on relative steady infiltration rate, and the maximum amplitude of the relative steady infiltration rate change was 2.94%. To simplify the calculation of cumulative infiltration under film hole irrigation, only irrigation water depth was considered for its effect on the relative steady infiltration rate. The relationship between vertical infiltration coefficient and lateral infiltration coefficient was established. The simplified calculating model for cumulative infiltration capacity of film hole irrigation was proposed, including the film hole diameter, irrigation water depth, sorptivity of vertical one-dimensional infiltration and soil saturated hydraulic conductivity. The film hole infiltration parameters could be determined by using one-dimensional vertical infiltration parameters. The model was verified by infiltration experiments of one-dimensional vertical infiltration, experiments of film hole infiltration and the other researcher's experiment results. The results showed that the calculated values of experimental equation were consistent with the measured values(R2≥0.995, P<0.001), and the average relative error was about 5%(4.84%~6.81%). The equation proposed here only have 2 undetermined coefficients: vertical one-dimensional infiltration characteristics and film hole infiltration characteristics. It was simple enough for accurately predicting film hole infiltration characteristics. © 2016, Editorial Department of the Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering. All right reserved.

Effects of Different Irrigation Treatments on Maize Water Consumption, Growth and Yield under Film Hole Irrigation

Through film hole irrigation test-pit experiments,the effects of different irrigation treatments on water consumption,growth characteristics and maize yield were studied.The result showed that the jointing stage and heading stage were the key stages of water requirement of maize.Water consumption increased with the increased irrigation quota at the same number of irrigation.Effect of irrigation treatment on maize biological index was significant in less irrigation times and less irrigation quota.Water production efficiency increased 23.3% and yield increased 15.9% under film hole irrigation than that of border irrigation.Water consumption of the maximum yield was 3410m3/hm2 under film hole irrigation.

Optimum Combination Scheme of Water-Fertilizer under Condition of Level-Border and Plastic Film Hole Irrigation for Corn

t was carried out to optimize combination scheme experiment of three factors among level-border specifications, irrigation quota and fertilizer methods under the condition of level-border and plastic film irrigation for corn in the sand of soil by cross experiment methods. The result indicates that the main factor affecting corn production is irrigation quota, fertilization methods; a secondary factor is level-border specifications. According to variance analysis of corn physiological characteristics and yield, the optimum combination scheme of the three factors is at level-border specifications 0.133 hm2, irrigation quota 1050 m3/hm2 and fertilization methods that is one-off hole postponed fertilizer through analysis of physiological properties and yield for corn.

Application of Film Hole Irrigation on Borders for Water Saving and Sunflower Production

Film hole irrigation is relatively reported efficient irrigation technique amongst the others by Chinese’s researchers. Film hole irrigation refers to bordered field completely covered with plastic sheet having holes of equal sizes through which seedlings come out. Field experiments were conducted at Postgraduate Agriculture Research Station to check its effectiveness and performance in terms of advance rate on sunflower crop for various sized borders having Fine Sandy Loam soil. Tube well irrigation water was applied with an average discharge of 21 l/s and field data were collected from each plot during 1st, 2nd and 3rd irrigations. Results of the study revealed that advance time taken during film hole method in completing the advance phase was comparatively less as compared with the conventional irrigation. Water saving of 37–45% was observed by film hole irrigation, and the yield of sunflower crop was 23–30% higher as compared with conventional irrigation. The field management issues were also discussed and addressed properly.

Influence of Film Hole Diameter on Soil Water and Nitrogen Transport and Distribution Characteristic under Facilities Conditions

Through the facilities imitating experiment of film hole irrigation with nitric acid potassium solution under different film hole diameter, the content of soil water and nitric nitrogen was determined and analyzed in the different time after irrigation. The result shows: the content of soil water and nitric nitrogen under different film hole diameter reduced with time and achieved the maximum at the center while it is reverse away from film hole; soil water content decreased with the increase of film hole diameter at the same position while the nitric nitrogen content was opposite. The influence of the increase of film hole diameter on soil water and nitric nitrogen distribution is harm for plant to absorb water and nitric nitrogen, so it will be better to reduce the film hole diameter in the agriculture production. The result provided the proof for the sustainable development of facilities agriculture and evaluating the effect of nitrogen on environment.

Research on the Influence of Irrigation Amount on Dynamic Changes and Accumulation of Soil Nitric Nitrogen under Film Hole Irrigation

Through the experiment of different Irrigation Amounts with urea applied, the paper studied the influence of Irrigation Amounts on soil nitric nitrogen dynamical changes under film hole irrigation and the nitric nitrogen content of the growing period was determined. The result showed: different irrigation amount in the profiles being 3cm and 8cm away from the film hole center, it appeared nitric nitrogen accumulation peaks, increased the irrigation amount promoted the transformation of urea, increased the transformed nitric nitrogen content and distribution of nitric nitrate and the risk of nitric nitrate leaching. In the profiles being 3cm away from the film hole center, the nitric nitrogen accumulation peak significantly reduced at harvest stage, but it reduced in the profiles being 8cm away from the film hole center at milky stage. The milky stage was the maximum period when the corn uptook nitrogen at different irrigation amount. Increased irrigation amount lower the accumulation content of nitric nitrogen near the film hole center after harvest, and higher the accumulation content of nitric nitrogen far away from the film hole center. Above researches could provide the basis for rational fertilization of farmland and nitrate environmental impacts on assessment.

Influence of Plant Space on Dynamic Changes of Soil Nitric Nitrogen sunder Film Hole Irrigation

Through the experiment of different plant spaces with urea applied, the paper studied the influence of plant spaces on soil nitric nitrogen dynamical changes under film hole irrigation and the nitric nitrogen content of the growing period was determined. The result showed that 40 cm of plant space promoted the transformation of urea, and when the urea transformed fully, the nitrate nitrogen content of 40 cm plant space was larger than the space of 25 cm; Under the low fertilizer, the nitrate nitrogen content in the 40 cm plant space was higher than that in the 25 cm plant space at the same depth; under the high fertilizer, 40 cm plant space promoted nitrate nitrogen transporting down and horizontally, the nitrate nitrogen accumulation peak was below and the peak value was higher than 25 cm plant space in the profile being 3 cm from the film hole center and the nitrate nitrogen content of 40 cm plant space was higher than the 25 cm the profile being 8 cm from the film hole center. Above researches could provide the basis for rational fertilization of farmland and nitrate environmental impacts on assessment.