Filling Technique Research Articles

Comparing Filling Techniques in Molars with Single Root Canals

Comparing Filling Techniques in Molars with Single Root Canals

Efficacy of root-end filling techniques using premixed putty type bioceramic cements: an ex vivo study.

Currently, premixed putty-type bioceramic cements (PPBCs) have become popular materials for root-end fillings. This study investigated three root-end filling techniques using PPBCs and calcium silicate-based sealers including EDTA pretreatment. Ninety root segments were prepared and standardized with an artificial fin and lateral canal, and assigned to three groups (n = 30). Root-end fillings were placed using BC-RRM Putty alone (Group PA), injection of BC sealer followed by BC-RRM Putty (Lid Technique: Group LT) or BC-RRM Putty with BC sealer coating (Deep putty packing technique: Group DP). Half of each group was pretreated with 17% EDTA. The radiographic images of the specimens were assessed by five graders and push-out bond strength tests were conducted. The data were analyzed with a general linear model including two-way ANOVA and chi-square test at a significance level of 5%. DP approach demonstrated significantly higher bond strength than LT (P < 0.05). However, there was no statistically significant difference in bond strength between PA and either DP or LT. EDTA pretreatment had no significant effect on push-out bond strength. Radiographically, for the main canal, PA and DP scored significantly higher than LT. In the fin, PA scored significantly higher than others (P < 0.05). Our study highlights variations in root-end filling techniques. Injecting a bulk of bioceramic sealer before the placement of PPBCs may reduce bond strength and radiopacity. The application of PPBCs alone or in the deep putty technique demonstrates potential for favorable outcomes. EDTA pretreatment did not enhance bond-strength. Careful selection and application of bioceramic materials and techniques in root-end fillings may influence the outcome of endodontic root-end surgery. When PPBCs and calcium silicate-based sealers are used together for root-end fillings, sealer followed by deep putty application may offer improved bond strength and radiographic fill compared to the lid technique.

Volumetric Analysis of Hand and Rotary Instrumentation, Root Canal Filling Techniques, and Obturation Materials in Primary Teeth Using Spiral CT.

To compare the root canal volume in primary teeth using hand and rotary instruments and to evaluate root canal filling techniques and flow of root canal obturation materials in the postinstrumented root canal volume using spiral computed tomography (SCT). Freshly extracted 16 primary molars were randomly divided into two groups and subjected to SCT analysis before and after instrumentation. For the manual technique (group I) with eight teeth were prepared using K files, and rotary (group II) eight teeth preparation was performed with ProTaper files. The filled volume in each canal was measured using SCT, and the percentage of obturated volume was calculated. The data were statistically analyzed using the Mann-Whitney U test. There was a statistically significant difference in both groups' volume of root canals enlarged. Even though both K files and the ProTaper system brought about enlarged canals after instrumentation, there was a statistically significant increase in volume after using K files in two canals. In three canals, there was a statistically significant increase in volume after using ProTaper. Irrespective of the obturation technique and materials used, there is no statistically significant difference in the volume after obturation. From the results of this study, the ProTaper file system shows suitable volumetric enlargement up to an optimum level, which is needed in primary root canal walls, and is better in canal shaping, as evidenced by good postobturation volume. The traditional method of cleaning and shaping the root canals in permanent teeth using manual stainless-steel files can lead to undesirable curvatures in root canal morphology, making correctly filling the root canals difficult. It is also time-consuming and sometimes leads to iatrogenic errors. Rotary nickel-titanium (Ni-Ti) instrumentation techniques have been developed to overcome these problems. How to cite this article: Yadav DBUC, Varma RB, Kumar JS, et al. Volumetric Analysis of Hand and Rotary Instrumentation, Root Canal Filling Techniques, and Obturation Materials in Primary Teeth Using Spiral CT. J Contemp Dent Pract 2024;25(3):250-259.

Evaluation of the efficacy of the Lentulo spiral filler operated at four different speeds and with two different techniques in cadaveric canine teeth of dogs.

This study evaluated the effect of filling technique and rotational speed on the efficacy of sealer cement placement using the Lentulo spiral filler. Cadaveric maxillary and mandibular canine teeth (n = 74) from age and breed matched fresh-frozen adult canine cadaver heads were utilized. Following routine mechano-chemical preparation, teeth were randomly divided into 8 treatment groups with varying rotational speeds [250-2,000 revolutions per minute (RPM)] and fill techniques (backfill technique versus pumping technique). The quality of the sealer cement fill was evaluated radiographically before and after master gutta percha cone placement. Percentage of voids present in the apical, midbody, and coronal portions of the tooth were subjectively scored as: no voids present, voids present in less than 25% of the area, voids present in 25-50% of the area, voids present in greater than 50% of the area. The apex was also scored as underfilled, adequately filled, or overfilled. Operating the Lentulo spiral filler at 2,000 RPM resulted in the best quality fill regardless of filling technique. The pumping technique with placement of the master gutta percha cone had a higher probability of success as compared to the backfill technique, but this finding lacked significance. Regardless of speed or technique, the apical region had the highest quality of fill. The addition of the master gutta percha cone improved the quality of fill. Therefore, we recommend using the Lentulo spiral filler at higher speeds with a pumping technique (followed by addition of a master gutta percha cone) to improve the quality of epoxy resin-based sealer cement placement.

Effect of Bulk- Filling, Snowplow and Injection-Molded Techniques on Nanoleakage of Class II Composite Restorations in Permanent Molars using different etching modes (An in vitro Study)

Effect of Bulk- Filling, Snowplow and Injection-Molded Techniques on Nanoleakage of Class II Composite Restorations in Permanent Molars using different etching modes (An in vitro Study)

SYRINGE DESIGN AND FILLING TECHNIQUE AFFECT ACCURACY OF ANTI-VASCULAR ENDOTHELIAL GROWTH FACTOR INTRAVITREAL INJECTIONS.

To evaluate the effect of syringe design and filling technique on the accuracy of anti-vascular endothelial growth factor delivery. Volume output was measured with three syringe designs: a 1.0-mL slip-tip syringe, a 1.0-mL Luer-lock syringe, and a ranibizumab prefilled syringe-using two filling techniques ("upward" and "downward") and two fluids (water and bevacizumab). A total of 300 simulated injections were performed. Accuracy was determined by difference from the intended volume of 50 µ L and by mean absolute percentage error. Volume outputs were significantly different between syringe designs, with mean values of 61.99 ± 4.18 µ L with the 1-mL slip-tip syringe, 57.43 ± 4.95 µ L with the Luer-lock 1-mL syringe, and 51.06 ± 4.74 µ L with the ranibizumab syringe, making the latter the most accurate syringe. There were 37 cases (12.3%) of underdosing below 50 µ L, the majority of which occurred with the ranibizumab syringe. The "downward" technique reduced the occurrence of air bubbles. Intravitreal injections using 1.0-mL syringes are less accurate than using the ranibizumab prefilled syringe, which has a low-volume and low dead-space plunger design. The variability in volume output may result in less predictable treatment response, especially in cases of underdosing, which were more common with the ranibizumab syringe.

Sealing Efficiency of BeeFill 2in1 Filling Technique and Cold Lateral Compaction Technique

Objective: To discuss sealing properties between BeeFill 2in1 warm vertical compaction technique and cold lateral compaction technique. Methods: Group1 BeeFill 2in1, Group 2: cold lateral compaction. The leakage specimens were measured using the transverse root sectioning, after 1 month. Results: The statistical analysis showed that the frequency of section with void, the percentage of void area and the percentage of sections at 1 mm–13 mm levels, the BeeFill 2in1 group were lower than those of the cold lateral compaction group. Conclusion: BeeFill 2in1 warm vertical compaction technique has its advantage in dealing with the long oval canal.

Difference Between Screw Cement Filling and Adequate Osteotomy With Thick Liner for Primary Total Knee Arthroplasty in Patients With Rand IIb Tibial Defects

BackgroundThe effectiveness of 2 treatment options, screw-cement fill, and adequate osteotomy with a thick liner, in treating patients with Rand IIb tibial defects (tibial plateau defects to a depth of 5 to 10 millimeters) in primary total knee arthroplasty (TKA) has not yet been demonstrated. Therefore, we performed a retrospective study to evaluate the differences between these 2 treatments. MethodsWe retrospectively analyzed patients who underwent primary TKA for Rand IIb tibial plateau defects from 2015 to 2020 from a department database. Patients were categorized into the screw-cement and thick liner groups based on the different options used to repair tibial defects. We evaluated Knee Society Score, range of motion (ROM), Insall-Salvati index (ISI), and Forgotten Joint Score (FJS) in both groups. We also compared differences in prosthesis survival, stiffness, myasthenia, and joint clicking between the 2 groups at mean 2 years postoperatively (range, 2 to 2.3). A power analysis was performed on the number of cases in the cohort. ResultsPostoperative femur-tibia mechanical axis (FTMA) correction was significantly higher in the screw-cement group than in the thick-liner group: 18.8 (±5.6°) versus 15.4 (±5.9°) (P < .01); At mean 2 years after surgery, the American Knee Society Functional Score improvement values were higher in the thick-liner group than in the screw-cement group: 36.3 (±12.4) versus 42.4 (±16.4) (P = .05). Postoperative ISI scores were 0.95 (±0.12) points in the screw-cement group and 0.89 (±0.13) points in the-thick liner group (P = .03). There were no statistically significant differences in the Knee Society Clinical Score, ROM, FJS, stiffness, myasthenia, joint clicking, and revision rate. ConclusionThe results of this study showed no significant difference in clinical outcomes between the 2 reconstruction strategies of the screw cement fill technique and the adequate osteotomy and thick liner technique for Rand IIb tibial plateau defects. However, in patients who have FTMA deformities greater than 20° or in younger patients who need to preserve bone volume, we recommend the screw cement filling technique to ensure stable postoperative results and to prepare these patients for possible later surgery.

The Effect of Reciprocating Instrument and Root Canal Filling Techniques on Post-operative Pain in Retreatment: A Prospective Clinical Study.

The aim of this prospective clinical study was to assess the effect of different instruments and root canal filling techniques on post-operative pain in single visit of endodontic retreatment. Forty five patients (18-65 yrs old) who needed non-surgical endodontic retreatment in mandibular premolar or molar teeth without any symptoms were included in this study. The teeth were randomly assigned into 3 groups of 15 teeth, according to the instrumentation and filling techniques: hand files with lateral compaction (group 1), Reciproc with lateral compaction (group 2), Reciproc with continuous wave compaction technique (group 3). Retreatments were performed in a single visit and post operative pain was assesed at 4 intervals; 24, 48,72 hours and 7 days. All data were analyzed using One way Anova, Chi-square and Fisher's Exact test and the significance level was set to (p≤0,05). No statistically significant difference was found among the groups in relation to post-operative pain (p>0.05). Although the intensity of post-operative pain was decreased over the time in all groups, significant difference was found only in Reciproc groups (p<0.05). However, no pain was found in any patient at the end of 7 day. Also, statistically significant difference was found between pain intense and periapical index in 24 and 72 hours (p<0.05). In the present study, the intensity of post-operative pain was not found to be related to instrumentation or filling techniques in retreatment cases. The intensity of pain could be related to periapical index of the tooth. (EEJ-2022-09-117).

3D Printed Fractal-like Structures with High Percentage of Drug for Zero-Order Colonic Release.

Colonic drug delivery of drugs is an area of great interest due to the need to treat high prevalence colonic local diseases as well as systemic conditions that may benefit from the advantages associated to this route of drug administration. In the last decade, the use of 3D printing technologies has expanded, offering the possibility of preparing personalized medicines in small batches directly at the point of care. The aim of this work is to design a high drug loaded 3D printed system prepared by a combination of Fused Deposition Modelling (FDM) and Injection Volume Filling (IVF) techniques intended for zero-order colonic drug release. For this purpose, different batches of binary and ternary filaments based on the thermoplastic polyurethane Tecoflex EG-72D (TPU), theophylline anhydrous (AT) as model drug, and magnesium stearate as lubricant have been developed and characterized. Filaments with the highest drug load and the best rheological properties were selected for the manufacture of a printed fractal-like structure based on multiple toroids. This design was proposed to provide high surface area, leading to increased drug release and water uptake in the colonic region. This structure was 3D printed by FDM and then coated in a unique step by IVF technology using the enteric polymer DrugCoat S 12.5. This way, an additional coating process is avoided, reducing costs and production time. Studies of drug release confirmed the ability of the structures to provide a five-hour period of constant drug delivery in the colonic region.

Comparative Study of Conventional Inverted ILM Flap Covering and ILM Flap Filling Technique in Idiopathic Macular Hole Treatment: A Meta-Analysis and Systematic Review.

Objective This meta-analysis was performed to evaluate the anatomical efficacy and functional improvement of the conventional inverted internal limiting membrane (ILM), flap covering technique, and ILM flap filling technique for patients with idiopathic macular hole (MH). Methods Literature from Pubmed, Embase, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, and Web of Science were comprehensively retrieved. The primary outcomes included the MH closure rate and postoperative best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA). The secondary outcomes were the proportion of external limiting membrane (ELM) and ellipsoid zone (EZ) defect recovery. Pooled odds ratios (ORs), weighted mean differences (WMDs), and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated using STATA 17.0 software. Results 7 studies that contained 139 eyes in the inverted ILM flap covering group and 121 eyes in the ILM flap filling group were selected. Pooled data suggested that the surgical treatment resulted in an overall MH closure rate of up to 97.12% (135/139 eyes) in the inverted ILM flap covering group and 99.17% (120/121 eyes) in the filling group, with no significant difference between the 2 groups (OR = 1.98, 95% CI: 0.55 to 7.09, and P=0.29). Similarly, the 2 techniques demonstrated equal effectiveness on the anatomical closure in MH with the average diameter smaller than 650 μm (OR = 2.17, 95% CI: 0.48 to 9.77, and P=0.31) and larger than 650 μm (OR = 1.58, 95% CI: 0.14 to 17.37, and P=0.71). However, compared with the filling technique, the inverted ILM flap covering technique was superior in postoperative BCVA (WMD = 0.11, 95% CI: 0.04 to 0.18, and P=0.0017) and presented a significantly higher proportion of reconstitution of ELM (OR = 0.02, 95% CI: 0.00 to 0.08, and P < 0.0001) and EZ (OR = 0.11, 95% CI: 0.04 to 0.32, and P=0.0001). Conclusion The inverted ILM flap covering technique was associated with the superior reconstitution of outer layers of the retina, including ELM and EZ, and more improvement in postoperative BCVA than the ILM flap filling technique.

Endodontic management in geriatric patient with medical compromised

Endodontic treatment in geriatric patient with medical compromise is not a contraindication, but needs special treats, those are medical history, medical problems, psychological, age-related changes, changes in tooth structure, and tissue response. This ar-ticle is aimed to describe the role of management endodontic treatment in geriatric patient. A 62 years old male was diagnosed of tooth 16 as asymptomatic apical periodontitis. Radiographic examination shows widening of the periodontal ligament and periapical radiolucency. The patient has a history of hypertension and takes medication regularly. The endodontictreatment pro-cedure is preceded by IEC to the patient regarding the multivisit endodontic treatment by fulfilling the endodontic triad princi-ples. The treatment was conducted in the morning with short duration. Rubber dam was used in this treatment before rewalling and other procedures. Root canal preparation using rotary Protaper Next files on mesiobuccal up to X2 file (#25/06) and X3 file (#30/07) on mesiodistal and palatal canals. The root canals were irrigated using5.25% NaOCl and aquades. The root canal fil-ling technique was performed using a single cone technique, an epoxy resin sealer and gutta-percha materials. Theresult showed endodontic treatment multivisit in geriatric patient with compromise medis is succesfull. It was concluded that appropriate en-dodontic management in geriatric patient with medical compromise will support the success of the treatment.

Effect of Filling and Sizing Technique to Andong-po and Namhae-po Hemp Canvas on Painting and Fastness of Pigments

Traditionally, handmade hemp cloth was used for the production of Buddhist paintings, but now, mass-produced machine-woven hemp is mainly used instead of handmade weave produced in small quantities by artisans. In this study, accelerated aging test was conducted after specimen production and the results were compared and analyzed to evaluate the effects of the glue sizing and background filling techniques of hand-woven Andong hemp canvas(Andong-po) and machine-woven Namhae hemp canvas(Namhae-po) on painting and color fastness of pigments. The results of the analysis showed that Andong-po and Namhae-po differed in the total amount of glue and pigments applied due to the thickness and compactness of threads. Namhae-po was able to be filled with a small amount of glue and pigment. The quality of the filling and color fastness was best with white clay, whereas lead white produced the poorest quality. The stability of the color fastness of pigment was evaluated to be excellent in Andong-po. The color fastness of pigments was excellent when the amount of glue added was high in the case of lead white, cinnabar, and gamboge, whereas, in the case of azurite and malachite, the color fastness was excellent when the amount of glue added was small.

Comparison of Two Root Canal Filling Techniques: Obturation with Guttacore Carrier Based System and Obturation with Guttaflow2 Fluid Gutta-Percha.

Introduction: The aim of the present study was to compare the quality of the root canal obturation obtained with two different techniques, i.e., thermoplastic gutta-percha introduced through a carrier (GuttaCore) and fluid gutta-percha (GuttaFlow2). Materials and Methods: The study included 40 permanent single-rooted human teeth, divided into two groups and obturated with Guttaflow (group G) and with GuttaCore (group T). The teeth were fixed and transversely sectioned, they were examined by scanning electron microscopy. The dentin–cement–gutta–percha interface and the percentage of voids produced by the two techniques were statistically analyzed. Results: GuttaCore showed a better filling in the apical third of the canal with a percentage of voids equal to 5%. GuttaFlow showed a lower percentage of voids in the middle and coronal thirds of the canal, 1.6% of coronal voids. Statistical analysis showed a statistically significant difference in the percentage of voids in the two groups (GuttaCore and Guttaflow2) in each portion. Conclusions: GuttaFlow2 seems to flow optimally in the middle and coronal third of the canal, with greater difficulty in filling the apical third. Due to the rigidity of the carrier, GuttaCore is able to reach better the most apical portions of the canals, with greater difficulty in creating the three-dimensional seal at the level of the middle third and coronal third.

Effects of Adjacent Tooth Type and Occlusal Fatigue on Proximal Contact Force of Posterior Bulk Fill and Incremental Resin Composite Restoration.

To measure the proximal contact force in newtons (N) between incremental and bulk fill class II resin composite restorations and implant molar teeth or adjacent premolar teeth with simulated periodontal ligament. The model used was created with a typodont first molar tooth with two bilateral occlusal-proximal class II cavities, an adjacent tooth simulating an implanted molar tooth (Titamax CM, Neodent, Curtiba, PR, Brazil) and a premolar with simulated periodontal ligament. Two resin composite restorative techniques were used: Inc-Z350XT, (Filtek Z350, 3M Oral Care, St. Paul, MN, USA) inserted incrementally and Bulk-OPUS, (Opus Bulk Fill APS, FGM, Joinville, SC, Brazil) high viscosity bulk fill resin composite (n=10). As a control, a typodont having intact teeth without restorations was used. After the restorative procedure, each specimen was radiographed using a digital system (Dürr Dental, Bietigheim-Bissingen, Germany). The proximal contact force (N) was measured using dental floss with a microtensile machine (Microtensile ODEME, Luzerna, SC, Brazil). The specimens were then subjected to mechanical fatigue cycling to simulate 5 years of aging. All the parameters were measured after aging. The X-rays were blindly qualitatively analyzed by two operators to identify the loss of proximal contact. One-way ANOVA was used for comparing the initial contact force between restored and intact teeth. Two-way ANOVA followed by Tukey testing was performed for contact area data and for the contact force/contact area ratio. The proximal contact force data were analyzed using one-way repeated measurement ANOVA followed by Tukey testing (α=0.05). The X-ray proximal contact analyses were described by the frequency. The initial proximal contact force was similar for intact and restored teeth. The contact force and contact area with the molar were significantly higher than with the premolar; however the contact force/contact area ratio was similar for all tested groups. The bulk fill technique showed a contact force similar to the incremental filling technique. Fatigue resulted in a significant reduction in the proximal contact force (p<0.001), irrespective of the region analyzed or restorative material used. The digital X-rays detected no alteration in the proximal contact after occlusal fatigue. Larger contact area resulted in higher proximal contact force. Proximal contact force decreased with 5 years of simulated occlusal fatigue. The bulk fill technique showed a proximal contact force similar to that of the incremental filling technique.

Comparative Study for Fracture Resistance of Open Apex Teeth Filled with two Endodontic Filling Techniques

Objectives: To compare the fracture resistance of open apex endodontically treated teeth filled with two different filling techniques (fluid Gutta-percha and Biodentine®). Material and Methods: 30 human upper central incisors instrumented with a gates glidden n6 drill simulating an open apex were divided into four groups (positive control group, negative group, gutta-percha-filled group and Biodentine®-filled group) were subjected to compressive forces with the aid of a Shimadzu machine until the maximum fracture limit was reached. Results: Although there were descriptive differences between the untreated group (maximum strength) and the instrumented and unfilled tooth (lower strength), we found no significant statistical differences between the filling with Gutta-percha and Biodentine bioceramic cement. The statistical analysis of the data collected for this study was performed using SPSS 23 software with a confidence level of 95%. Chi-square tests and Student t-tests p&lt;0.05 were used for the analysis of the results. Conclusion: Filling a tooth with an open apex always improves fracture resistance as opposed to not filling it, but there are no significant differences between using one specific material or another

Evaluation of the Quality of Margins in Class ІІ Bulk Fill Composite Restorations when Restored in Bulk and in the Incremental Filling Technique Using the Total Etch and Self Etch Technique

Objective: To evaluate the marginal quality of class II composite restorations using a bulk fill composite when restored in bulk compared to an incremental filling technique following two different modes of bonding, total etch and self-etch technique. Methods: Forty-eight standardized class II box-shaped cavities were prepared on both the proximal surfaces of twenty-four mandibular molar teeth. Cavities were prepared with no-245 carbide bur on proximal surfaces. The teeth were divided into two groups, Group 1 which followed the self-etch strategy (n=12) and Group 2 which followed a total etch strategy (n=12). Each group was further divided into two subgroups based on the restorative technique followed, Sub group A – cavities on the mesial side which were bulk filled and Sub group B – cavities on the distal side which were incrementally filled. Specimens were placed in 2% methylene blue dye for 24 hrs and were then sectioned. Specimens were evaluated under stereomicroscope for microleakage. Data obtained was statistically analyzed using Kruskal Wallis test and Dunn’s multiple comparison test. Results: The results showed that between the two groups, the total etch technique showed the highest microleakage. Greater microleakage was observed in bulk fill technique when compared with incremental technique in group II. Conclusion: The degree of microleakage in a class II composite restoration is influenced not only by the adhesion strategy followed for the bonding agent, but also by the technique followed during composite restoration

Speech enhancement through information gap filling technique

This study investigates English language use with classroom students after applying the Information Gap Filling Technique (IGT) at the Paiguara public school in San Juan-Gualaceo, Ecuador. A sample of 22 students (12 boys and 10 girls) from the third level of BGU was selected. The research was conducted in two phases. The quantitative part used a pre- and post-test of oral interaction and in the qualitative part, a questionnaire with open-ended questions. The findings of the study showed that students increased their use of English in the classroom as a result of the application of IGT in the variables of comprehension, grammar, vocabulary, fluency and pronunciation with values of (0.37, 0.50, 0.27, 0.05, 0.32) respectively. Consequently, the Information Gap-filling technique has proved to be effective in promoting the use of English language in classrooms as a means of communication.

The Influence of Different Filling Materials and Techniques on the Microleakage of Cervicle and Occlusal Margins in CLII Cavities

The Influence of Different Filling Materials and Techniques on the Microleakage of Cervicle and Occlusal Margins in CLII Cavities

Postoperative Pain following Root Canal Filling with Bioceramic vs. Traditional Filling Techniques: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.

This meta-analysis aimed to evaluate postoperative pain (POP) following root canal filling (RCF) with gutta-percha/bioceramic sealer (BCS) vs. gutta-percha/traditional sealer (TS) techniques. Electronic databases were searched for randomized trials. Subgroup analyses were performed for analgesic intake, flare-ups, postoperative time (24/48 h), pulp status, and retreatment. The search yielded 682 records, and nine studies were selected. BCS was associated with significantly lower POP vs. TS at 24 h (P = 0.04) and 48 h (P = 0.0005). In addition, non-significant trends favoring BCS for analgesic intake at 24 h (P = 0.14), flare-ups (P = 0.24) and obturation techniques at 24 h (P = 0.41) and 48 h (P = 0.33), non-significant trends for lower POP with TS vs. BCS 24 h and 48 h in vital teeth (P = 0.50, P = 0.18, respectively), and for lower POP with BCS vs. TS in non-vital teeth at 24 h and 48 h (P = 0.16, P = 0.84, respectively). POP was numerically lower with TS vs. BCS at 24 h (P = 0.65) and 48 h after retreatment (P = 0.59). Moreover, POP did not vary between fillers when the treatment was over single (P = 0.28) or multiple visits (P = 0.50). BCS was associated with significantly lower short-term POP, and with a trend for lower analgesic intake and flare-up incidence, as compared to TS.