Fill Space Research Articles

Green and sustainable fabrication of DES-pretreated high-strength densified wood

Wood is a sustainable, benign, and high-performing green structural material readily available in nature that can be used to replace structural materials. However, insufficient mechanical performance (compared to metals and plastic), moisture sensitivity, and susceptibility to microorganism attack make it challenging to use wood as it is for advanced engineering applications. We here present an efficient approach to fabricating densified wood with minimal time and waste generation, demonstrating high mechanical strength, and decreased water penetration on the surface. Wood slabs were treated with deep eutectic solvents (DESs) to solubilize the lignin, followed by in-situ regeneration of dissolved lignin in the wood. Then, the slabs were densified with heat and pressure, turning the wood into a functionalized densified material. Lignin regeneration and morphological changes were observed via two-photon microscopy and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), respectively. The final product is less susceptible to water absorption on the surface and has enhanced flexural strength (> 50% higher), surface hardness (100% increased), and minimal set recovery compared to natural wood. The improved mechanical performance is due to regenerated lignin which acts as a glue and fills spaces present within the interconnected cellulose network inside the wood, forming a highly dense composite during densification. Such enhancement in the properties of DES-densified wood composite makes it a favorable candidate for advanced structural and engineering applications.

Preparation and Wettability Analysis of Metal Biofunctional Surfaces Based on the Microquadrangular Structure.

Improving the hydrophobic properties of aluminum alloys is crucial for industry. In previous reports, researchers prepared superhydrophobic surfaces by fabricating micro-nanostructures on the metal surface with a nanosecond laser. However, no researchers have formed microquadrangular groove structures on the metal surface. In this article, inspired by the bamboo leaf, a microquadrangular structure is designed and processed using nanosecond laser technology to form a superhydrophobic functional surface. The effects of laser processing parameters, such as laser power, scanning speed, scanning time, defocus and fill spacing on the size, surface morphology features, and wettability of the microquadrangular structure, are investigated by a single-factor experimental method. The experimental results show the optimal size of the processed microquadrangular structure obtained from the experiment with an error of 1.28% from the design size, where the fill spacing has the greatest effect on the size and the scanning time, defocus, and fill spacing have great influence on the surface morphology. The contact angle of water drops on the surface can reach 154.7°, and the power has the greatest influence on the wettability. Laser parameters have distinct effects on the properties of the materials. Therefore, by regulation of the laser parameters, the formation of the microstructure can be availably controlled and the result of hydrophobicity can be achieved.

Integration of Science and Religion in the Methodology of Holmes Rolston's Philosophy

The viewpoint that talks about religion and science is not a subject that will run out with the times. This is because the connection between the two fills space and time, and it is interesting to study and accelerate the correlation between the two clearly. In fact, these studies need to be developed in a concentrated manner among scholars, especially academics in universities. The basis of the correlation between the two is to provide reinforcement that science and religion/theology are two sides of a coin that are interrelated to explain each other between the levels of belief and rationality. Moreover, this answer, on the other hand, makes the assumption that science and religion cannot be united. Based on this description, we will try to think about how scientific integration between religion and science is not dichotomized with its own scientific building. As seen in Holmes Rolston's philosophical methodology, which seeks to explain the correlation between the study of theology and science, In his view, theology, or religion, and science can clearly grow and develop together, and there is even certainty of complementarity between them. By using the writing rules of a qualitative approach through a literature study or library research, this research seeks to upload Holmes Rolston's views regarding the integration of science and religion/theology. Because, in his view, religion and science are a response to the cyclotomy that seeks to answer that between the two is able to meet and complement from a methodology.

Dental Bridge Procedure to Straighten Loose Teeth, A Review

Background: A dental bridge is a treatment that fills spaces or gaps between teeth or fills in missing teeth. Bridges can help restore bite and maintain the natural shape of the face. The procedure for closing or making abutments between the gaping tooth spaces uses dentures (called pontics). Objective: Report and explain the dental bridge process to straighten loose teeth. Materials and Methods: Based on the author's knowledge, this review included theory or case studies from Elsevier, Willey, MDPI, Hindawi Publishing, Dove Press, and Pubmed journals. Several (35 articles) of these manuscripts are then identified for appropriateness with the subjects provided in this study, assessed descriptively, and described based on the manuscript's flow or scientific principles. Results: Pontics are made of porcelain to match the natural color of the teeth. After the pontic is implanted, there is no more space between the teeth. In general, this procedure is needed to: Restore the teeth's ability to bite and chew, Clarify speech when you speak, Maintain facial shape, and Prevent remaining teeth from falling out or shifting positions. Four types of dental bridges are an option to "bridge" the empty dental space: Traditional bridge, Cantilever bridge, Maryland bridge, and Implant-supported dental bridge. Pontic installation through this process must be repeated every 5-15 years, depending on the type of treatment. This paper reports several types of dental bridges that can be used as references to improve understanding of prosthodontics. Conclusion: A dental bridge uses dentures anchored to teeth or implants to replace lost teeth permanently, improving speech, restoring a smile, and preventing tooth loss

Laser textured Ti-6Al-7Nb alloy for biomedical applications: An investigation of texturing parameters on surface properties.

Surface texturing with a laser beam is an effective method for engraving on the surface of biomaterials. The four laser texturing parameters (scan speed, frequency, fill spacing, and pulse width) having five different values were associated with five different scanning strategies (scan direction), and a total of 25 texturing conditions were tested on the Ti-6Al-7Nb alloy surface. The surface roughness and wettability of the textures created with a 20 W nanosecond fiber laser with a wavelength of 1064 nm on the surface of Ti-6Al-7Nb biocompatible alloy were investigated. Laser texturing parameters were analyzed according to the lowest surface roughness and a hydrophilic surface by creating L25 orthogonal arrays. The surface roughness values ranged between 2 and 26 µm. The lowest surface roughness with a value of 2.21 µm was achieved when the texture was processed with a frequency of 150 kHz, a fill spacing of 0.02 mm, a scan speed of 800 mm/s, a pulse width of 250 ns, and a cross-hatch strategy of 0°/90°. Considering the wettability test results, it was revealed that most of the textured surfaces have super hydrophilic and hydrophilic characteristics except the surface with a contact angle of 92.93°. The relevant surface was textured with 75 kHz frequency, 1000 mm/s scan speed, 0.05 mm fill spacing, 200 ns pulse width, and 45°/-45° cross-hatch strategy.

Free Energy Profile for the Complete Transport of Nonpolar Molecules through a Carbon Nanotube.

Gas molecules or weakly interacting molecules are commonly observed to diffuse through and fill space. Therefore, when the molecules initially confined in one compartment are allowed to move through a channel into another empty compartment, we expect that some molecules will be transported into the initially empty compartment. In this work, we thermodynamically analyze this transport process using a simple model consisting of graphene plates, a carbon nanotube (CNT), and nonpolar molecules that are weakly interacting with each other. Specifically, we calculate the free energy change, or the potential of mean force (PMF), as the molecules are transported from one compartment to another compartment. The PMF profile clearly exhibits a global minimum, or a free energy well, at the state wherein the molecules are evenly distributed over the two compartments. To better understand the thermodynamic origin of the well, we calculate the energetic and entropic contributions to the formation of the well, and we show that the entropic change is responsible for it and is the driving force for transport. Our work not only enables a fundamental understanding of the thermodynamic nature of the transport of weakly interacting molecules with molecular details, but also provides a method for calculating the free energy change during transport between two separate spaces connected by a nanochannel.

Dental Bridge Procedure to Straighten Loose Teeth, A Review

Background: A dental bridge is a treatment that fills spaces or gaps between teeth or fills in missing teeth. Bridges can help restore bite and maintain the natural shape of the face. The procedure for closing or making abutments between the gaping tooth spaces uses dentures (called pontics). Objective: Report and explain the dental bridge process to straighten loose teeth. Materials and Methods: Based on the author's knowledge, this review included theory or case studies from Elsevier, Willey, MDPI, Hindawi Publishing, Dove Press, and Pubmed journals. Several (35 articles) of these manuscripts are then identified for appropriateness with the subjects provided in this study, assessed descriptively, and described based on the manuscript's flow or scientific principles. Results: Pontics are made of porcelain to match the natural color of the teeth. After the pontic is implanted, there is no more space between the teeth. In general, this procedure is needed to: Restore the teeth's ability to bite and chew, Clarify speech when you speak, Maintain facial shape, and Prevent remaining teeth from falling out or shifting positions. Four types of dental bridges are an option to "bridge" the empty dental space: Traditional bridge, Cantilever bridge, Maryland bridge, and Implant-supported dental bridge. Pontic installation through this process must be repeated every 5-15 years, depending on the type of treatment. This paper reports several types of dental bridges that can be used as references to improve understanding of prosthodontics. Conclusion: A dental bridge uses dentures anchored to teeth or implants to replace lost teeth permanently, improving speech, restoring a smile, and preventing tooth loss.

Metal detecting robotic vehicle

Today’s need for workers in mines is to detect the metals in the path. The previously used metal detector uses BFO (Beat Frequency Oscillation) and RFO (Resonant Frequency Oscillation) techniques which has a drawback of frequency instability. The depth further can be increased by Pulse Induction Method. It uses a single coil as both transmitter and receiver. When current is sent through the coil each pulse generates a magnetic field. When the pulse ends it reflects and it is called the reflected pulse. An electrical spark is generated when both the pulses collapse. Now when a metal comes in the range of the magnetic field, there is a change in the amplitude and phase of the pulse in the received coil. Planar square spiral coil is the geometry best suited for increasing depth sensitivity. It depends on the parameters such as fill ratio and spacing to width ratio. A coil with a higher fill ratio is shown to have higher size sensitivity and a coil with a smaller wire spacing-to-width ratio is shown to have higher depth sensitivity. Using this Pulse Induction Metal Detector we build a robotic vehicle.

A guide to designing graphene-philic surfactants

HypothesisAs compared to common aliphatic surfactants, increasing the number of pendant or incorporated aromatic groups in a surfactant is expected to offer significant enhancement in the affinity for graphene surfaces. The basis for enhanced graphene-philicity of aromatic surfactants is that they can develop appreciable π – π interactions with graphene. Furthermore, charged (anionic) surfactants are expected to confer electrostatic stabilization on surfactant-graphene composites. Hence, it is expected that anionic aromatic surfactants combine these two properties for effective stabilization of graphene dispersions in water. ExperimentalThe properties of two custom made graphene-compatible surfactants carrying two and three aromatic moieties in the hydrophobic tails, namely DC3Ph2 (sodium 1,4-dioxo-1,4-bis(3-phenylpropoxy)butane-2-sulfonate) and TC3Ph3 (sodium 1,5-dioxo-1,5-bis(3-phenylpropoxy)-3-((3-phenylpropoxy)carbonyl) pentane-2-sulfonate) were compared with other common ionic commercial surfactants. Air-water (a/w) surface tension measurements were used to assess the surfactant adsorption and interfacial packing in the absence and presence of graphene. The surfactant coverage index for graphene (Ф) was calculated using surfactant headgroup areas derived from a/w surface tension data, chain volumes, and molecular fragment volumes from literature. FindingsIncreasing the number of aromatic groups and tails per surfactant was shown to increase the ability of surfactants to pack and fill space, as expressed by Ф. Comparison between the values of Ф for surfactants of different chain structure and architecture showed that the affinity for graphene increased with Ф. Hence, there is an implicit link between surfactant-graphene compatibility and the identity, chemical composition and architecture of the surfactant chains.

Dionysian Hard Sphere Packings Are Mechanically Stable at Vanishingly Low Densities.

High strength-to-weight ratio materials can be constructed by either maximizing strength or minimizing weight. Tensegrity structures and aerogels take very different paths to achieving high strength-to-weight ratios but both rely on internal tensile forces. In the absence of tensile forces, removing material eventually destabilizes a structure. Attempts to maximize the strength-to-weight ratio with purely repulsive spheres have proceeded by removing spheres from already stable crystalline structures. This results in a modestly low density and a strength-to-weight ratio much worse than can be achieved with tensile materials. Here, we demonstrate the existence of a packing of hard spheres that has asymptotically zero density and yet maintains finite strength, thus achieving an unbounded strength-to-weight ratio. This construction, which we term Dionysian, is the diametric opposite to the Apollonian sphere packing which completely and stably fills space. We create tools to evaluate the stability and strength of compressive sphere packings. Using these we find that our structures have asymptotically finite bulk and shear moduli and are linearly resistant to every applied deformation, both internal and external. By demonstrating that there is no lower bound on the density of stable structures, this work allows for the construction of arbitrarily lightweight high-strength materials.

Investigation of the preparation and reactivity of metal-organic frameworks of cerium and pyridine-2,4,6-tricarboxylate.

The synthesis of three coordination polymers of cerium(III) and the ligand pyridine-2,4,6-tricarboxylate (PTC) is reported. Two of the materials crystallise under hydrothermal conditions at 180 °C, with [Ce(PTC)(H2O)2]·1.5H2O, (1), being formed on extended periods of reaction time, 3 days or longer, and Ce(PTC)(H2O)3, (2), crystallising after 1 day. Both phases contain Ce(III) but are prepared using the Ce(IV) salt Ce(SO4)2·4H2O as reagent. Under solvothermal conditions (mixed water-N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF)), the phase [Ce(PTC)(H2O)(DMF)]·H2O (3) is crystallised. The structures of the three materials are resolved by single crystal X-ray diffraction, with the phase purity of the samples determined by powder X-ray diffraction and thermogravimetric analysis. (1) is constructed from helical chains cross-linked by the PTC linkers to give a three-dimensional structure that contains clusters of water molecules in channels that are hydrogen-bonded to each other and to additional waters that are coordinated to cerium. (2) also contains nine-coordinate cerium but these are linked to give a dense framework, in which water is directly coordinated to cerium. (3) contains corner-shared nine-coordinate cerium centres, linked to give a framework in which Ce-coordinated DMF fills space. Upon heating the material (1) in air all water is irreversibly lost to give a poorly crystalline anhydrous phase Ce(PTC), as deduced from X-ray thermodiffractometry and thermogravimetric analysis. The material (1), however, is hydrothermally stable, and is also stable under oxidising conditions, where immersion in 30% H2O2 gives no loss in crystallinity. Oxidation of around 50% of surface Ce to the +4 oxidation state is thus possible, as evidenced by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, which is accompanied by a colour change from yellow to orange. Photocatalytic activity of (1) is screened and the material shows effective degradation of methyl orange.

Los implantes cocleares en América latina

Los implantes cocleares en América latina

Experimental investigation of fiber laser engraving operation on Al 6063, aluminium alloy

Due to demands of high strength and light-weight materials such as Al 6063 aluminum alloy in industrial and aerospace application, it is necessary to choose machining operations by which the materials should be less affected. The present work shows how effectively the responses (HAZ, MRR and circularity) of fiber laser engraving (which is a non-traditional machining operation) varied with the input process parameters (power, scan speed, frequency and fill spacing). On the basis of Taguchi’s L16 orthogonal matrix and S/N ratio analysis, the optimum input parameter combinations were found out for each response individually. Finally, the improvement S/N ratio for closeness coefficient index (CCi) of the above responses was determined to be 3.83 dB by using TOPSIS.

Distribution of Cracks in a Chain of Atoms at Low Temperature

We consider a one-dimensional classical many-body system with interaction potential of Lennard–Jones type in the thermodynamic limit at low temperature 1/beta in (0,infty ). The ground state is a periodic lattice. We show that when the density is strictly smaller than the density of the ground state lattice, the system with N particles fills space by alternating approximately crystalline domains (clusters) with empty domains (voids) due to cracked bonds. The number of domains is of the order of Nexp (- beta e_mathrm {surf}/2) with e_mathrm {surf}>0 a surface energy. For the proof, the system is mapped to an effective model, which is a low-density lattice gas of defects. The results require conditions on the interactions between defects. We succeed in verifying these conditions for next-nearest neighbor interactions, applying recently derived uniform estimates of correlations.

Rejuvenation of Aged Human Skin by Injection of Cross-linked Hyaluronic Acid.

Dermal injection of chemically cross-linked hyaluronic acid (CL-HA) is a common procedure to smooth wrinkles and add fullness to the face. Due to its physical properties, CL-HA both fills space and exerts mechanical forces within the dermis. Dermal fibroblasts produce the collagen-rich extracellular matrix (ECM), which comprises the bulk of skin. Attachment to the ECM allows fibroblasts to achieve a stretched, morphology, which confers a functional phenotype that maintains collagen production. In aged/photoaged skin, collagen fibril fragmentation impairs fibroblast attachment, resulting in a collapsed morphology and reduced collagen production. This article describes investigations of the impact of CL-HA injection on fibroblast morphology and function in the aged/photoaged human skin. Fifty-three subjects, age 70 years or older, received a single injection of saline (vehicle control) and CL-HA (0.5 ml each) in separate adjacent skin sites on photodamaged forearm or sun-protected buttock skin. Full-thickness punch biopsies were obtained from injected skin sites at various times and analyzed for molecular and cellular changes. Injected CL-HA forms discreet pockets that localize to areas of the dermis that contain fragmented, loosely organized collagen fibrils. These CL-HA pockets fill space and apply mechanical forces on adjacent ECM that induce stretching of fibroblasts. This stretching is associated with increased collagen gene expression and deposition of mature collagen fibril bundles, which resemble those observed in young skin. CL-HA injected into aged/photoaged human dermis acts by both filling space and inducing production of collagen by dermal fibroblasts. Deposition of mature collagen, which remains in the skin for decades, likely confers long-term benefits. Reduced collagen production in aged/photoaged skin is an adaptive response of fibroblasts to ECM fragmentation, rather than inherent cellular aging mechanisms.

Load-Deformation Behavior of Geosynthetic-Reinforced Retaining Walls with Limited Fill Space Under Static Footing Loading

Geosynthetic-reinforced retaining (GRR) walls have been increasingly built with limited fill space, which has posed challenges for designing such walls with satisfactory performance, especially under surface loading, such as bridge and building foundations. This study performed a series of laboratory model tests to investigate the performance of GRR walls constructed with limited fill space under strip footing loading. The devised experimental program consisted of constructing nine model tests with different retained medium distance, geosynthetic-reinforced fill width, and reinforcement layout. In each model test, a load was applied on the top of the wall through a 200 mm wide rigid plate to simulate a strip footing. Marks on facing units and the loading plate were installed to measure wall deformations and footing settlements, respectively. The test results show that limiting the size of the retained medium and the reinforced fill affected the internal stability of the wall, the wall deformation, and the footing settlement. Reduction of the reinforced fill width from 0.5H to 0.3H (H is the wall height) resulted in excessive wall deformation and footing settlement, and even sudden failure of the model wall. On the other hand, the test results reveal that connecting geosynthetic reinforcement to the stable retained medium resulted in substantial reduction in the deformation of the wall facing and the settlement of the footing. The test results also demonstrate that bending geosynthetic reinforcement upward along the back of the reinforced fill enhanced internal stability and resulted in considerable reduction in the lateral deformation of the wall facing and increase in the bearing capacity of the footing.

Fundamentals of three-dimensional Yb-fiber Nd:YAG laser machining of structural bone

This work aims to understand the fundamental aspects of the laser-bone interaction in three-dimensional laser machining of the bone through an integrated experimental-computational approach. The study introduces 3-dimensional laser machining of bones through multilaser passes and attempts to establish the dimensional control over the laser-machined cavity through a finite element method based multiphysics computational model. A continuous wave Yb-fiber Nd:YAG laser (λ=1064nm) was employed with laser fluences ranging from 5.31J/mm2 to 25.46J/mm2 generated in combination of laser power (400 W–700 W) and machining speed (50 mm/s–250 mm/s). In multilaser pass machining, the optimum fill spacing of 0.2 mm was identified for higher machining rates with low deviation from linearity of machined edge (d=9μm). This resulted in high machining rates ranging from 16.49±0.2mm3/s to 45.26±0.66mm3/s for a given range of laser fluence. The optimization for machining efficiency and physical attributes of the machined cavity were comprehended through thermodynamics and kinetics of the laser interaction with the bone based on the computational model for varying laser processing parameters.

Intersubjetividade: um olhar sobre a comunidade de investigação filosófica

O paradigma da intersubjetividade preconizado por Jürgen Habermas fundou uma forma de chegar a consensos racionalmente fundamentados. A sua obra aponta para a ideia de que o que mantém as pessoas numa atitude de ação comunicativa são as forças da fundamentação racional e da motivação racional. Ao analisarmos a dimensão intersubjetiva da prática da comunidade de investigação filosófica, demo-nos conta de que é possível verificar a passagem de uma autonomia da razão centrada no sujeito (um pensar por si mesmo), para a prática de uma racionalidade comunicativa (centrada num pensamento em comunidade). Os pressupostos inevitáveis da comunicação fundam e mantêm as comunidades e permitem o clima de confiança e de cuidado que possibilita que os membros da comunidade pensem livremente e se deixem guiar pela força do we, do nós, do nos-otros. Não é somente em contexto de comunidades de investigação filosófica que se verificam as potencialidades do paradigma da intersubjetividade de Habermas. Também na discussão entre especialistas podemos encontrar essas potencialidades. Foi, em certa medida, este o rasto que conseguimos traçar ao investigarmos as diferentes abordagens de Ann Sharp, David Kennedy e Giuseppe Ferraro sobre a noção de comunidade de investigação filosófica. O diálogo estabelecido entre estes filósofos e o conceito de comunidade de investigação filosófica, os seus argumentos e as formas de concretização do diálogo filosófico em comunidade, dão conta da fecundidade da racionalidade comunicativa. Sabemos que o conceito de comunidade de investigação filosófica, tal como é pensado e vivido por Ann Sharp, é distinto do conceito de comunidade de investigação filosófica de David Kennedy. Percebemos que o círculo do pensar de Giuseppe Ferraro é uma outra abordagem ao pensamento filosófico em comunidade. No entanto, na nossa investigação estas abordagens entraram em diálogo e, em boa medida, devido ao que é permitido pelo próprio movimento de uma racionalidade comunicativa. Estas possibilidades de diálogo dão-se no pressuposto de uma relação intersubjetiva também entre conceitos, experiências e pensamento sobre os conceitos e as experiências. O caminho percorrido entre a comunidade de investigação filosófica entendida como espaço de intersubjetividade (Sharp, 1987), passando pela abertura da comunidade de investigação filosófica a outras dimensões não discursivas da comunicação (Kennedy, 1994) e avançando para o círculo do pensar que enche o espaço de tempo e o torna num lugar (Ferraro, 2018) revela como a comunidade de investigação filosófica é um conceito e uma experiência abertos e fecundos: um conceito em ação.

Value of Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Fractal Analysis Combined With Myocardial Strain in Discriminating Isolated Left Ventricular Noncompaction and Dilated Cardiomyopathy.

Excessive trabeculation is present in isolated left ventricular noncompaction (LVNC) and dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM), which sometimes makes the differentiation between these two difficult. Fractal dimension (FD) is a unitless measure value of how completely the object fills space, which can assess the extent of myocardial trabeculae quantitatively. To compare the trabeculae features and myocardial strain derived from cardiac MR between LVNC and DCM. Respective case-control series. In all, 35 LVNC patients and 30 DCM patients were enrolled, and 20 healthy volunteers were selected as a control group. 5 T with 8-channel phased-array cardiac receiver coil including steady-state free precession cine imaging. The degree of left ventricular trabeculation was evaluated by a semiautomatic tool based on fractal analysis. Myocardial deformation was assessed by feature tracking. Independent samples Student's t-test, Mann-Whitney U-test, receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curves, and Spearman's rank coefficient were conducted. Max apical FD and mean global FD were higher in the LVNC group than in the DCM group (1.433 ± 0.074 vs. 1.341 ± 0.062, P < 0.001; 1.323 ± 0.036 vs. 1.267 ± 0.041, P < 0.001, respectively). For diagnosing LVNC, max apical FD was 1.392 (area under the curve [AUC] = 0.881, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.804-0.957), and the cutoff value of mean global FD was 1.283 (AUC = 0.895, 95% CI: 0.828-0.961). The global peak longitudinal strain value of the left ventricle (GPLS) showed significant differences between the LVNC group and DCM group [-6.49 (-11.41, -4.90) vs. -4.61 (-5.87, -3.61), P = 0.006]. The diagnostic accuracy for LVNC is highest when using FDs in coordination with GPLS (AUC = 0.93, 95% CI: 0.86-0.98, P < 0.001). Fractal analysis provides a quantitative measurement of myocardial trabeculation. The combination of fractal analysis with myocardial strain provides a novel biomarker in distinguishing LVNC from DCM. 3 Technical Efficacy Stage: 2 J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2019;50:153-163.

Existence of dark matter with observed properties of cosmic microwave background radiation substantiates three conservation laws of classical physics and all principles of quantum mechanics as creates the value of Planck’s constant

Astronomical data indicate a presence of dark matter (DM) in the space, what is necessary for explanation of observed dynamics of the galaxies within Newtonian mechanics. DM, at its very low density (∼10-26kg/m3), constitutes main part of the matter in the Universe, 10 times the mass of all visible cosmic bodies. No doubt, namely properties of DM, which fills space, must determine its physical properties and fundamental physical laws. Taking into account observed properties of cosmic microwave background radiation (CMBR), whose energy is ∼90% of all cosmic radiation, and understanding that this radiation is produced by DM motion, conservation laws of classical physics and principles of quantum mechanics receive their materialistic substantiation. Thus, CMBR high homogeneity and isotropy (∼10-4), and hence the same properties of DM (and space) justify momentum and angular momentum conservation laws, respectively, according to E. Noether's theorems. CMBR has black body spectrum at ∼2.7K with maximum wavelength ∼1.9·10-3m, what allows calculate the value of mechanical action produced by DM thermal motion (∼7·10-34 J·s). This value corresponds well to the Planck’s constant, which is the mechanical action too, what gives materialistic basis for all principles of quantum mechanics. Obtained results directly confirm the reality of DM existence, and show that CMBR is an observed display of DM thermal motion. Understanding that namely from DM occur known creation of electron-positron pairs as contrarily rotating material vortexes (according to their spins) let substantiate positron nature of ball lightning what first explains all its observed specific properties.