Filipino American Research Articles

Review: Giving Back: Filipino America and the Politics of Diaspora Giving, by L. Joyce Zapanta Mariano

Giving Back is a compelling ethnography about the politics of diaspora giving, tying the personal, the family, the community, the state, and the global in a critical stroke of brilliance, empathy, and alternative visions of philanthropy and volunteerism in the lives of Filipinos in America. It presents the “simultaneities of unity and hierarchy, discourse and practice, the global and deeply personal, mobility and rootedness, home and abroad” (p. 22). Mariano elucidates the intersections of race, class, and empire in two phenotypes of Filipinos—overseas Filipino workers (OFW) and immigrants—and their expectations toward the Philippines. Giving Back examines how and why the notion of ‘giving back’ is connected to U.S. and Philippine historic ties, Philippine labor export policy, globalization, and neoliberalism.The introduction positions ‘giving back’ as a “prominent feature of Filipino American identity and communities, [that] is central to the moral economies of Filipino migration, immigration, and diasporic return” (p. 1). With “diaspora giving,” Filipinos in America are “implicated in a complex web of power relationships and conflicting identities” (p. 4). This section concerns the origin of official development programs and how the “imposition of charity was inseparable from empire as a racial project” (p. 12).Chapter 1 demonstrates the relationship between “doing good” and Filipino migration. Using critical perspectives and interviews with Filipino Americans, Mariano questions the “stakes of nationalist and identarian forms of collective identity” (p. 32) between the “ideological positioning” of the Filipino American and the OFW. “Doing good,” Mariano argues, “is channeled by the material, affective, and cultural forces that bring about its conditions” (p. 34). Philanthropy and remittances are attached to differing Filipino overseas phenotypes: the Filipino immigrant and the OFW. Mariano writes that “these forms of doing good correspond to moral valuations of giving that endow Filipino American immigrants with partnership in national economic development, but overseas Filipino labor migrants with obligatory economic duty” (pp. 44–45). The Filipino immigrant is oriented towards volunteerism and doing good to benefit those in the Philippines, while the OFW is under state control with compulsory routes of defining contributions for the good of the Philippines and the global economy.Chapter 2 examines the politics of diaspora giving, the “role of neoliberal privatization of social welfare,” and homeland orientations of Filipino Americans since the 1970s (p. 67). Dominant homeland orientations create varying immigrant subjectivities, as when Filipino Americans participate in philanthropy and social development without concern for transnational injustices. Divesting politics from homeland orientations reduces diaspora giving to a “declaration of love to the homeland” (p. 69). This chapter “counters dominant diasporic temporalities and spatialities,” including “imperial forms and forces in migration” (p. 78).Chapter 3 is a contestation of corporate social responsibility (CSR), examining one of the largest Philippine conglomerates and its influence in diaspora philanthropy. The network of foundations and associations shapes the “collective responsibility to what it means to be Filipino in diaspora” (p. 85), as well as “sites of struggle where dominant discourses of poverty and responsibility can be either secured or contested” (p. 86). Mariano critiques CSR and global capital in diaspora formation. Filipino America is the target of CSR’s “dual commitment to profit and the market” that “limits the nature of giving relationship” (p. 100) by positioning Filipino America as “making a difference in the Philippines” from a personal, apolitical stance. Mariano claims that the “marketization of Filipino America reduces diaspora giving to monetary exchange” (p. 102), noting that the “intermediary foundation that actively isolates society from history and political economy” fosters “global hierarchies that position and construct the Philippines as a premier labor exporter for the world” (p. 104).Chapter 4 shows how diaspora giving “can challenge the hierarchies of power at the intersection of neocolonialism, global capitalism, and developmentalism” (p. 114), for example, how the failed legal challenge by a transnational Filipino American organization to compel the U.S. military to clean up the environmental mess at former military bases led “to solidarity with Filipinos in the Philippines through issues that stem from the Philippine subordinate position in the global order” (pp. 114–15). Subsequent activities and programs created a “more critical Filipino American diaspora giving politics” (p. 127). Mariano argues that “transformative diasporic politics is formed through an identification as Filipino American mediated by critical associations of responsibility, accountability, and mutuality” (p. 129). This chapter provides examples of new articulations of diaspora-giving “connected to relevant issues and related struggles in other spaces” (pp. 128–29).Mariano’s critical examination of the politics of diaspora giving is a must-read for Filipinos and anyone participating in transnational philanthropy. I am and I do. Giving back is more than personal acts of charity, it is intrinsically connected to national and global politics of subject making.

Tiwala, Gaining Trust to Recruit Filipino American Families: CARE-T2D Study.

Filipino Americans have greater risk for type 2 diabetes (T2D) and related complications compared to other Asian populations and non-Hispanic Whites. There are few diabetes intervention studies focused on Filipinos and limited evidence regarding the best recruitment strategies for this hard-to-reach population. This article examined barriers and facilitators to recruitment of Filipino families for the "Caring for Asian Americans through Research and Education on T2D" (CARE-T2D) study, which took place in California from June 2018 through June 2019. Recruitment of 50 Filipino dyads (parent with T2D and adult child) were successfully met. Gaining trust through culturally tailored strategies was key in recruiting Filipino participants. Tiwala (gaining trust) strategies involved: 1) using Filipino staff as role models for research engagement and 2) incorporating narrative communications or "kuwentuhan" (Filipino cultural storytelling) with recruitment. Other facilitating strategies included in-person presentations at local colleges and organizations, Filipino community leaders' support, snowball sampling, previous study participant listservs, and posting fliers on family/friends' personal social media sites. Barriers to recruitment included research mistrust, confidentiality concerns, and risks of violating cultural values. To our knowledge, this is the first study to recruit Filipino family dyads. Findings will inform researchers and clinicians on how best to recruit Filipino families in community health-related research and public health programs.

Balut: Fertilized Eggs and the Making of Culinary Capital in the Filipino Diaspora

Chances are if you've heard about balut and are not Filipino, it was in the context of bizarreness, exoticism, and cultural superiority. In the Philippines, balut (a not-hatched duck that is boiled and eaten from the shell) is both street food and delicacy, a commonly consumed snack with a flavor profile that is now replicated in everyday potato chips. Yet in recent years, particularly in the United States, its popular significance has evolved, first as an item to be feared and gawked at by non-Filipinos, and later as a bulwark of diasporic cultural identity for Filipinos abroad. Margaret Magat's Balut: Fertilized Eggs and the Making of Culinary Capital in the Filipino Diaspora tells this story. On a macro scale, Magat uses balut to trace an example of identity during migration “to tell the story of how globalization and migration interact in a consumption of a street food and create new expressive culture from the old” (p. 165). On an individual level, she elevates consumers of balut as empowered cultural creators who “broker, create, and articulate dynamic and complex identities which are influenced by the forces of globalization, diaspora, and mass media” (p. 165).Magat develops her argument over five chapters. Chapter 1 covers the historical context of balut in the Philippines and its production in the United States. It describes how balut developed from its cultural roots in Laguna Province to its growing consumption in the United States, thanks to a network of American duck farmers, Filipino American restaurateurs, and other immigrant consumers. Chapter 2 considers balut's emergence as an empowering symbol of transnational Filipino identity, showing how Filipino American restaurateurs have worked to remove sensationalized stigmas of the aforementioned “bizarre” and “exotic.” Chapter 3 deepens the cultural and social significance of balut by connecting it to Filipino folklore about creation and the dead, particularly balut's association with fertility. The final two chapters then turn to the spectacle of balut consumption. Chapter 4 examines balut in physical public space, showing how the Nathan's Hot Dog Eating Contest-ization of balut eating is now a staple of Filipino American fiestas and cultural celebrations. Chapter 5 surveys balut in social media, examining how YouTube videos of people eating balut amplify the questions of exoticization, consumable identity, and reclaiming pride in Filipino culture.Magat's research is both novel and impressive. Numerous food studies pieces have discussed the international influences on Filipino cuisine in the past as a selection of ingredients and procedures driven by economics, migration, and race. But Magat provides a compelling case that these forces remain at play in an ironic postcolonial way. For her, the once-colonized now reclaim the meaning of balut from the once-colonizer. She demonstrates how balut, a rare street food that the American media has dismissed, contains worlds of history and meaning not just for Filipinos but for the entire region of Southeast Asia. Furthermore, Magat makes a clear case of thoughtful advocacy by celebrating how Filipino Americans have reclaimed the narrative around balut from reality television exploiters and social media hacks.Magat does posit questions that provide avenues for deeper analysis. A broader study of balut in the Filipino American community would move beyond Magat's focus on the San Francisco Bay Area Filipino American community to other traditional Filipino American communities (such as Woodside in Queens and Cerritos in Los Angeles), as well as newer fast-growing communities (Atlanta, Houston, and Northern Virginia, for example). A deeper analysis of balut in popular culture would have looked at empowering examples of Filipino food journalism, such as the work of journalist Bettina Makalintal or food-writing essays from progressive Philippine media outlets such as Rappler. The book's conclusion could have hypothesized upon balut's role in the dynamic Filipino American community by asking, do folk beliefs about balut travel fully intact during the Filipino diaspora, or do they adapt for Filipino Americans who did not grow up eating balut on the street?As the first close study of balut's cultural significance for Filipinos abroad, Balut is a much-needed scholarly contribution demonstrating the racialization of food. Magat demonstrates how food studies uncovers much larger forces of race, class, and gender by showing how balut has developed different connotations largely based on race and ethnicity.

Abstract PO-005: Geospatial hotspot analysis of cervical cancer among Asian American Native Hawaiian Pacific Islander (AANHPI) population in Los Angeles County

Abstract Background: Higher cervical cancer incidence rates among subgroups of Asian American Native Hawaiian Pacific Islander (AANHPI) women are often overlooked in studies that aggregate this extremely heterogeneous population. There is a need to geographically target ethnic subgroup communities with the highest needs with culturally responsive services for cancer prevention. We analyzed the distribution of cervical cancer clusters among the ethnic subgroups of AANHPI women in Los Angeles County. Methods: We included data for first primary cancer cases with any stage of cervical cancer (only malignant tumors) diagnosed from 2000 to 2018 among AANHPI from the Los Angeles County Cancer Surveillance Program. We performed hotspot analyses using the Getis-Ord GI*statistic in ArcGIS to compare the distribution of statistically significant clusters of cervical cancer cases in Los Angeles County using a fixed band. Hot and cold spots with less than 11 cases were suppressed to protect patient confidentiality. Results: Among 8,708 cases of cervical cancer, AANHPI population accounted for 1332 cases (15%). Among the AANHPI population, the three most prevalent ethnic groups were Filipino (n=364, 28%), Chinese (n=314, 24%), and Korean (n=232, 18%) Americans. The hotspots varied by ethnic subgroups and emerged in areas with high proportions of Filipino (Glendale/Carson), Chinese (Arcadia/El Monte), and Korean (Hollywood Hills) American residents, respectively. Discussion: Our findings geospatially disaggregate the cervical cancer prevalence among AANHPI population in Los Angeles County by ethnic subgroups. Specifically, the cervical cancer hotspots contextualize potential geographic- and area-level factors that affect access to preventive services for these vulnerable populations and can facilitate allocating resources for culturally responsive services to increase uptake of HPV vaccination and screening. Citation Format: Michelle B. Shin, Bibiana Martinez, Jennifer Tsui. Geospatial hotspot analysis of cervical cancer among Asian American Native Hawaiian Pacific Islander (AANHPI) population in Los Angeles County [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Virtual Conference: 14th AACR Conference on the Science of Cancer Health Disparities in Racial/Ethnic Minorities and the Medically Underserved; 2021 Oct 6-8. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2022;31(1 Suppl):Abstract nr PO-005.

Michael W. McCann and George I. Lovell, Union by Law: Filipino American Labor Activists, Rights Radicalism, and Racial Capitalism

Michael W. McCann and George I. Lovell, Union by Law: Filipino American Labor Activists, Rights Radicalism, and Racial Capitalism

Supplemental Material for Creating a Shared Definition of Adolescent Mental Health in the Filipino American Community: A Comparative Focus Group Analysis

Supplemental Material for Creating a Shared Definition of Adolescent Mental Health in the Filipino American Community: A Comparative Focus Group Analysis

Between the Homeland and the Diaspora: The Politics of Theorizing Filipino and Filipino American Identities by S. Lily Mendoza

Between the Homeland and the Diaspora: The Politics of Theorizing Filipino and Filipino American Identities by S. Lily Mendoza

Health Disparities of Cardiometabolic Disorders Among Filipino Americans: Implications for Health Equity and Community-Based Genetic Research.

Health disparities are well-documented among different racial and ethnic minority groups in the United States. Filipino Americans (FAs) are the third-largest Asian-American group in the USA and are commonly grouped under the Asian categorization. FAs have a higher prevalence of cardiometabolic disorders than non-Hispanic Whites and other Asian subgroups with rates comparable to African Americans. Although no major epidemiological studies have ascertained the prevalence of cardiometabolic diseases in FAs, limited reports suggest that FAs have a higher prevalence of dyslipidemia, hypertension, diabetes, metabolic syndrome, hyperuricemia, and gout than non-FAs. A recent genetic study has shown that FAs could have the highest prevalence of a genetic polymorphism strongly associated with the development of gout and gout-related comorbidities. While developing cardiometabolic disorders is a heterogeneous and multifaceted process, the overall prevalence of certain cardiometabolic disorders parallel the prevalence of population-level risk factors, including genetics, dietary lifestyles, health beliefs, and social determinants of health. Therefore, assessment of the Filipino cuisine, health behaviors among Filipinos, socio-cultural factors, and acculturation to living in the USA are equally critical. Ascertaining the contribution of the biological causes to disease onset and the different psychosocial factors that could modulate disease risk or disease management are needed. Ultimately, a multilevel research approach is critical to assess the role of biological and non-biological risk factors of cardiometabolic disorders in FAs to inform culturally appropriate health promotion, disease prevention strategies, and a personalized approach to health.

Type 2 Diabetes Among Filipino American Adults in the Multiethnic Cohort.

IntroductionSeveral Asian racial and ethnic groups, including individuals of Filipino ancestry, are at higher risk of developing type 2 diabetes than White individuals, despite their lower body mass index (BMI). This study examined determinants of type 2 diabetes among Filipino American adults in the Multiethnic Cohort Study.MethodsParticipants in Hawaii and Los Angeles completed questionnaires on demographics, diet, and anthropometrics. Generational status was determined according to birthplace of participants and their parents. Based on self-reported data and data on medications, type 2 diabetes status was classified as no, prevalent, or incident. We used polytomous logistic regression, while adjusting for confounders, to obtain odds ratios.ResultsAmong 10,681 Multiethnic Cohort Study participants reporting any Filipino ancestry, 57% were 1st-, 17% were 2nd-, and 25% were 3rd-generation Filipino Americans. Overall, 13% and 17% of participants had a prevalent or incident type 2 diabetes diagnosis. Overweight and obesity and the presence of other risk factors increased from the 1st to subsequent generations. First-generation immigrants were less likely to report type 2 diabetes at cohort entry than immigrants of subsequent generations who were born in the US or whose parents were born in the US; only the prevalence of type 2 diabetes was significantly elevated in the 2nd generation compared with the 1st generation.ConclusionThe results support the hypothesis that Filipino migrants adopt lifestyle factors of the host country and subsequent generations experience higher type 2 diabetes rates due to changes in risk factor patterns.

Book Review: Women Against Marcos: Stories of Filipino and Filipino American Women Who Fought a Dictator

Book Review: Women Against Marcos: Stories of Filipino and Filipino American Women Who Fought a Dictator

Book Review: Union By Law: Filipino American Labor Activists, Rights Radicalism, and Racial Capitalism (Michael McCann and George Lowell)

Book Review: Union By Law: Filipino American Labor Activists, Rights Radicalism, and Racial Capitalism (Michael McCann and George Lowell)

Introduction: New Filipino American Scholarship on the Marcos Era

Introduction: New Filipino American Scholarship on the Marcos Era

Racial Stereotypes and Asian American Youth Paradox.

Asian Americans are simultaneously stereotyped as a perpetual foreigner and a model minority. This cross-sectional study of 308 Filipino American youth (mean age 18 years; 47% emerging adult; 72% U.S.-born; 57% female) and 340 Korean American youth (mean age 18 years; 39% emerging adult; 59% U.S.-born; 49% female) is the first to investigate both the direct and interactive effects of these seemingly opposite stereotypes on internalizing and externalizing outcomes, and how these relations differ by ethnicity, age group (adolescence vs. emerging adulthood), and nativity (foreign-born vs. U.S.-born). The results confirm that the perpetual foreigner stereotype predicts more internalizing problems, whereas aspects of the model minority stereotype (i.e., achievement orientation and unrestricted mobility) had different effects by ethnicity. Those who deeply internalize the model minority stereotype were found to be particularly vulnerable. Furthermore, the interactive effects of these stereotypes were more prominent during emerging adulthood than in adolescence, regardless of ethnicity. These nuanced and complex mechanisms need to be thoroughly understood in order to develop appropriate and effective public health or school interventions that can support Asian American young people in dealing with the harmful effects of racial stereotypes.

Racial and ethnic disparities in nasopharyngeal cancer with an emphasis among Asian Americans.

118 Background: Nasopharyngeal cancer (NPC) is characterized by a distinct geographic distribution which reflects genetic predispositions, with highest incidence in Southeastern Asia and Southern China. It continues to cause a significant health burden among Asian Americans (AAs), which is a fast growing but understudied racial group. Prior studies investigating NPC combined all AA groups which may mask heterogeneities among AA subgroups. We aimed to examine the disparities in NPC by dividing AAs into four major ethnic groups - Chinese, Filipinos, Vietnamese, and Japanese Americans. Methods: NPC cases were identified from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Result (SEER) 18 database from 1975-2016. Information regarding age, sex, race/ethnicity, education, income, % of foreign born, marital status, region of SEER registry, stage, histology, grade, surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy were extracted. Multivariate-adjusted Cox proportional hazard regression and Fine-Gray sub-distribution hazard models were used to calculate overall and cause-specific mortality. SEER*Stat was used to calculated age-adjusted incidence. Results: Among a total of 11,737 NPC patients, 42.2% were non-Hispanic White (NHW), 10.7% non-Hispanic Black (NHB), 7.1% Hispanics, 18.9% Chinese, 7.6% Filipinos, 4.8% Vietnamese, 1.0% Japanese and 7.7% other Asians. AAs continue to have the highest NPC incidence among all racial groups despite of an overall decreasing trend. Japanese were significantly more likely to be diagnosed at localized stage, having low grade tumor and having keratinizing squamous cell carcinoma histology compared to other AAs. Compared to NHW, Filipino Americans had decreased mortality (HR = 0.90; 95%CI:0.84-0.98). Chinese (HR = 0.95; 95%CI: 0.90-1.01), and Vietnamese (HR = 0.94; 95%CI: 0.86-1.03) also observed marginally reduced mortality but not Japanese Americans (HR = 1.09; 95%CI: 0.90-1.32). No differences in NPC-specific mortality by race/ethnicity groups were found. In addition, Chinese, Filipino and Vietnamese Americans with NPC were less likely to die of other cancer and cardiovascular disease than NHW, but no such differences were observed among NHB, Hispanics or Japanese Americans. Conclusions: Asian Americans have been historically studied as one single racial group mostly due to limited sample size, despite that it is consistent of a diverse population with different genetic makeup, socioeconomic status, cultural background, health behaviors, and health care access. Our novel finding that significant disparities exist within AA NPC patients in regard to demographic and clinical features, overall and cause-specific mortality underlines the importance of adequate AA-subgroup specific sample size in future studies in order to understand the prognostic role of ethnicity in NPC, and advocates more ethnically and culturally tailored cancer care delivery.

Diasporic Performativity in the Practice of Karaoke

This study explores how karaoke serves as a spatializing practice for Filipino Americans in Chicago from which a new poetics of diaspora life is performed. Space, as argued by Lefebvre, is essentially empty but becomes occupied through visual cues animated by the gestures and actions of those who inhabit it. The spatializing potential of karaoke places everyday life as a site of discourse where music and childhood memories serve not only as objects of the past but also as cultural imaginaries that live and breathe in the present. Drawing from interviews of and engaging in participant observation with Filipino Americans in Chicago from various occupational backgrounds, this study argues that karaoke as a cultural practice is informed by a logic of diasporic performativity that locates active engagement with media as an expression of human agency. The spaces of interaction that it creates embody a reconstruction of home, identity, and community, the discursive potential of which can be as political as it is poetic. Through karaoke, perceived dichotomies between performer and spectator, immigrant and American-born, homeland and hostland are untangled creating social and emotional bonds that offer possibilities of social critique.

Debunking the myth of low behavioral risk among Asian Americans: The case of alcohol use

Background and purposeAsian Americans (AAs) are the fastest-growing ethnic group in the United States. There is a paucity of research on alcohol-related problems among AAs. However, alcohol use and misuse are a growing concern within this population and are associated with adverse health and mental health consequences. MethodsUsing data from the 2015–2018 National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH), we examined the prevalence, psycho-social-behavioral correlates, and gender differences in drinking, binge drinking, and alcohol use disorder (AUD) among AA adolescents and adults. We also estimated the prevalence of binge drinking and AUD by country of origin and nativity. ResultsOlder adolescents (15−17) had the highest prevalence of past-month drinking (8.00%), binge drinking (4.3%), and AUD (1.8%). Among AA adults, the highest rates of binge drinking (23.0%) and AUD (7.2%) were observed among young adults ages 18–25. The highest rates of binge drinking and AUD were observed among US-born Korean Americans (binge drinking: 26.9%, AUD: 13.1%) and US-born Filipino Americans (binge drinking: 25.9%, AUD: 6.2%). ConclusionsContrary to the common perception that AA is a low-risk group for alcohol problems, we found that AA young adults, US-born Korean, Filipino, and Indian Americans have a high risk for drinking, binge drinking, and/or AUD. We also identified risk and protective factors against alcohol use/misuse among AAs. Preventions and interventions that incorporate the important risk/protective factors for AAs using a culturally sensitive approach are needed.

Differential Expression of Non-Coding RNA Signatures in Thyroid Cancer between Two Ethnic Groups.

Filipino Americans show higher thyroid cancer recurrence rates compared to European Americans. Although they are likely to die of this malignancy, the molecular mechanism has not yet been determined. Recent studies demonstrated that small non-coding RNAs could be utilized to assess thyroid cancer prognosis in tumor models. The goal of this study is to determine whether microRNA (miRNA) signatures are differentially expressed in thyroid cancer in two different ethnic groups. We also determined whether these miRNA signatures are related to cancer staging. This is a retrospective study of archival samples from patients with thyroid cancer (both sexes) in the pathology division from the last ten years at Loma Linda University School of Medicine, California. Deidentified patient demographics were extracted from the patient chart. Discarded formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissues were collected post-surgeries. We determined the differential expressions of microRNA in archival samples from Filipino Americans compared to European Americans using the state-of-the-art technique, HiSeq4000. By ingenuity pathway analysis, we determined miRNA targets and the pathways that those targets are involved in. We validated their expressions by real-time quantitative PCR and correlated them with the clinicopathological status in a larger cohort of miRNA samples from both ethnicities. We identified the differentially upregulated/downregulated miRNA clusters in Filipino Americans compared to European Americans. Some of these miRNA clusters are known to target genes that are linked to cancer invasion and metastasis. In univariate analysis, ethnicity and tumor staging were significant factors predicting miR-4633-5p upregulation. When including these factors in a multivariate logistic regression model, ethnicity and tumor staging remained significant independent predictors of miRNA upregulation, whereas the interaction of ethnicity and tumor staging was not significant. In contrast, ethnicity remained an independent predictor of significantly downregulated miR-491-5p and let-7 family. We provide evidence that Filipino Americans showed differentially expressed tumor-tissue-derived microRNA clusters. The functional implications of these miRNAs are under investigation.

Circuits of Care: Filipino Content Moderation and American Infostructures of Feeling

Circuits of Care: Filipino Content Moderation and American Infostructures of Feeling

Union by Law: Filipino American Labor Activists, Rights Radicalism, and Racial Capitalism. By Michael McCann and George I. Lovell Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2020. 504 pp. $35.00 paperback

<i>Union by Law: Filipino American Labor Activists, Rights Radicalism, and Racial Capitalism</i>. By Michael McCann and George I. Lovell Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2020. 504 pp. $35.00 paperback

Union by Law: Filipino American Labor Activists, Rights Radicalism, and Racial Capitalism. By Michael W. McCann with George I. Lovell. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2020. 504p. $105.00 cloth, $35.00 paper. - In the Name of Liberty: The Argument for Universal Unionization. By Mark R. Reiff. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2020. 417p. $120.00 cloth.

Union by Law: Filipino American Labor Activists, Rights Radicalism, and Racial Capitalism. By Michael W. McCann with George I. Lovell. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2020. 504p. 35.00 paper. - In the Name of Liberty: The Argument for Universal Unionization. By Mark R. Reiff. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2020. 417p. $120.00 cloth. - Volume 19 Issue 3