Filial Duty Research Articles

On dementia, duties, and daughters. An ethical analysis of healthcare professionals being confronted with conflicts regarding filial duties in informal dementia care.

Existing literature on moral conflicts that healthcare professionals encounter in dementia care has explored, amongst others, issues related to autonomy, decision-making capacity, privacy, and more. Notably, conflicts related to healthcare professionals who support informal dementia caregiving and who are confronted with family members being overburdened with their care responsibly remains an underexplored topic in the current literature, particularly in the context of Low-and Middle-Income Countries. The present paper introduces such an encounter, presenting an ethical case analysis of a conflict that occurred during a larger research project conducted in North Macedonia. Due to the absence of formal care services that could have relieved an overburdened family caregiver, healthcare professionals felt compelled to reach out to the uninvolved adult daughters, requesting them to participate in their parents' care. Wondering about whether their reaching out to the daughters might count as an attempt of pressure and undue interference, professionals conflicted over the appropriateness of their action. This paper follows up on their concern, ethically assessing the professionals' action. To answer the question on whether the healthcare professionals acted appropriately or not, and to what extent, theories of filial duties are applied, embedding their action in the larger context of dementia care in North Macedonia. It is argued that the lack of formal care services in North Macedonia is of utmost relevance to the conflict. Thus, the conclusion is that the ethical inappropriateness of the case is to be located not so much with the action of the healthcare professionals but with the state because of its failure to provide professional care services that allow healthcare professionals to take ethically sound actions to counteract overarching burdens that family members face when providing informal dementia care.

Benevolence (ren) and family piety (xiao): Analysis based on the Confucian doctrine of ren wei tian sheng (humans are born of tian)

ABSTRACT For Confucianism nowadays, the characteristics and relationship between benevolence and filial piety are crucial topics. This paper is a discussion of the relationship between benevolence and filial piety in Confucianism from a new doctrine, i.e. the doctrine of ren wei tian sheng 人为天生 (humans are born of tian). Confucianists believed that man’s existence as a human was derived from tian. This was extended to mean that, in contrast to being born into a family, part of being ‘human’ was also given by tian. The two virtues are applicable to different occasions, and require different moral competencies. Based on these premises, Confucianism conceived of an ideal order. Confucianism holds that junzi (gentlemen) involved in politics must fulfil the virtues of benevolence, justice, loyalty and trustworthiness, while xiaoren (ordinary people) are only expected to do their filial duty within the family.

On the Logic of Islamic Feminism: A case study of Minangkabaunese Matrilineality

This article aims to seek (1) a new meaning of Islamic feminism and (2) its logical structure whether traditional or modern in its nature. I will examine Etin Anwar’s distinction between ‘Islamic feminism’ and ‘Muslim feminism’ and discuss the potential of self-ownership for developing arguments in favor of gender justice. While Anwar’s definition of Islamic feminism excludes male feminists in such a way, I argue that it is not strategic for gender justice, and it would be necessary to adopt self-ownership into the discourse of Islamic feminism instead. This suggestion manifests in the Minangkabau matrilineal setting, in which case men share their self-ownership with their wives, mothers, and sisters due to the institution of bundo kanduang. As a consequence, Minangkabaunese Muslim men shoulder some extra filial duties but enjoy nothing from the inheritance division. I also conducted several in-depth interviews with some experts concerning this issue. The upshot is that Islamic feminism should be inclusive of male feminists, and it should pay attention to the modern logic of dialetheia instead of the traditional logic.

The Teachings of Tobit to his son Tobias

The main purpose of the Book of Tobit is to promote faithfulness to the Law and authentic family values. Although it is a narrative, its purpose is educational, and it can thus be perceived as part of a long tradition of academic literature. The same can be said of a much later text, from a different cultural context: The Teachings of Neagoe Basarab to His Son Theodosius. Tob 4 contains a section of direct teaching within the Book of Tobit. In the present paper, I will compare it with the second part of The Teachings. Special emphasis is given to Tob 4:3-4 which presents Tobias' filial duties towards Anna, his mother. Based on my comparison, the fathers in both works, Tobit and Neagoe Basarab, demonstrate diligence by being committed to their roles and responsibilities as fathers, urging their sons Tobias and Theodosius to remain faithful to ancestral traditions.

Relasi Birrul Walidain dengan Kesuksesan Karir Anak (Kajian Tematik Konseptual)

The purpose of this article is to propose a relation between filial piety towards parents and a child's career success. The research methodology employed is contextual thematic analysis, focusing on verses of filial piety (Birrul Walidain) found in al-Isra’:23-24, Luqman:14, and al-Ahqaf:15. Interpretations used for dissecting these verses include the social-adab style commentaries by renowned scholars such as HAMKA's Al-Azhar, Hasbi Ash-Shiddieqy's An-Nur, and Ahmad Musthafa Al-Maraghi's Al-Maraghi. HAMKA's interpretation states that, regardless of one's job position, be it an official/police officer/doctor/successful entrepreneur, one must not forget their parents and continually show filial piety towards them. Hasbi Ash-Shiddieqy emphasizes that being a filial child entails not only being dutiful while parents are alive but also continuing to fulfill filial duties even after their passing, ensuring the child's obedience to Allah for the well-being of their parents. Al-Maraghi, through his commentary on the filial piety verses, relates the command to express gratitude by being dutiful to parents to the success and progress of the child, indicating the positive influence of the parents. This serves as evidence of the virtue of a filial child, impacting not only their spiritual relationship with Allah but also providing tangible benefits in worldly life which is the child's career success.

Women’s empowerment: Staging power resistance in Oshin (2013)

Fictional movies captivated the audience in many ways through their stories and audio-visual. The stories of fictional movies often reflect what happens to our society, and we savor the purification of the hero’s tragic flaw. One of which is power relations between males and females. This study explores women’s empowerment in Oshin the movie (2013). The narrative is about a seven-year-old girl called Oshin, who is made to work as a maid by her father due to the family’s poverty. At first, she is against her father’s idea of being separated from her family. She struggles to become a maid until she is accused of stealing and runs away. By watching her mother’s efforts as the household pillar, she finally realizes the importance of being an independent female. The movie shows power relations issues regarding filial duty and social stratification. Yet, with the help of Foucault’s theory of The Subject and Power (1982), power resistance is a more eloquent outcome to discuss. Thus, this study proposes the stages of power resistance and how the protagonist declares her resilience through traditional gender roles. Moreover, this study uses an interpretative method by scrutinizing each scene that shows power resistance; the discussion reveals that Oshin participates in staging power resistance for women’s economic empowerment, which subsequently contributes to her family’s economic development. This study concludes that financial independence and women’s empowerment are inextricably linked.

Sex Reassignment Surgery, Marriage, and Reproductive Rights of Intersex and Transgender People in Sunni Islam.

The traditional gender binary constitutes an integral aspect of Islamic social ethics, which has a pivotal role in shaping religious obligations, legal proceedings, and interpersonal judgments within Muslim communities. Within the familial sphere, this gender binary underscores fundamental responsibilities encompassing parenthood, filial duties, and inheritance rights. Recent years have witnessed a growing challenge to the traditional concept of the gender binary within Islamic societies. This shift is driven by increasing social libertarianism that emphasizes gender fluidity and individual choice. Hence, this article aims to critically scrutinize evolving discussions and controversies about the rights of intersex and transgender individuals, particularly issues relating to sex reassignment or gender-affirming surgery, marriage, and reproduction, from the perspective of the Sunni tradition of Islam. To support the various interpretations and insights presented here, a comprehensive and rigorous analysis is carried out on various religious texts and scholarly sources to elucidate the theological and jurisprudential positions on gender issues. It is thus concluded that Shariah offers greater flexibility in the treatment of intersex individuals compared to those with gender dysphoria because the intersex condition is viewed as a physical impairment that is not the choice of the afflicted individual. By contrast, in the case of individuals with gender dysphoria, they are willfully attempting to change their recognized biological sex, that God had naturally given to them at birth. Therefore, it is recommended that such transgender individuals deserve respectful psychological and social rehabilitation with help and guidance from religious authorities, their families, and communities.

간쟁(諫諍)의 교육적 함의: 교육학적 관점에서 본 간쟁

This article aim to define an educational implication inherent in an expostulation on King by investigation about the theoretical and historical basis of it. As we know, Confucian school prepare the theoretical ground about scholarly official’s expostulation on King and it derive from sense of ethics that is represented the admiration on the culture of Chu(周) Dynasty. According to this, expostulation mean the embodiment of benevolence(仁) and the performance, standing on the basis of ethical emotion and practising the equivalent exchange on ethical value in relationship. Since then this is mentioned ‘Xunzi(荀子)’, Xunhwang(荀況)’s book, and ‘The Scripture on Filial Duty(孝經)’, a writing in Han(漢) Dynasty and this is required as a ethical duty on officials and sons consistently in all Dynasty adopting Confucianism. However the institutionalization of this idea is generally achieved a way guaranteeing the independence of advisory officials’(言官)s duty and advisory route(言路) after 10 Century.
 The historical record about institutionalization on scholarly officials’ expostulation is appeared since Korye(高麗) Dynasty. Certainly there are advisory officials under the office of senior ministers(門下省) and invigorating a royal education system(經筵) for King since King Yejong(睿宗) in Korye Dynasty. Especially a royal education system in Korye Dynasty is composed by scholarly officials belong to many departments such as royal literary organization(寶文閣) under King’s control until the last period of Dynasty. This means containing expostulation as an educational work.
 An expostulational system is established the ideal way to realize the scholarly King(君師) as an ideal type of king for confucian scholars after Chosŏn(朝鮮) Dynasty. This system aim to bring up King’s virtue(薰陶) and guarantee to advise his opinions freely in the face of King. On this account, royal literary organizations(集賢殿, 藝文館, 그리고 弘文館) in Chosŏn Dynasty are also developed as a consultative one. Therefore it generate the opportunity of the appearance of public politics(公論政治) and factions(朋黨). It is because of a Neo-confucian school who provide the theory to appear the isomorphism between education and expostulation.

Of duty and diaspora: (Re)negotiating the intergenerational contract in South Asian Muslim families

In recent years, there has been exponential growth in the South Asian Muslim population in the United States. This demographic trend, along with a rapidly aging North American population, implies that very soon, a significant proportion of U.S. adults 65 years and older will identify as South Asian Muslim. Moreover, more than one-half of Muslims (57%) live in a multi-person/multi-generation household where all members identify as Muslim. Despite this evidence, limited research exists on the dynamics of multigenerational living in aging South Asian Muslim households, particularly around intergenerational support exchanges and the nature and strength of affectual bonds between generations. Additionally, research suggests that espoused within internalized cultural norms around filial obligation and duty, kinwork in South Asian families remains highly gendered. Less is known, however, about the gendered nature of kinwork in immigrant South Asian Muslim families. Based on 30 in-depth narrative interviews with three generations of South Asian Muslim women living in the U.S., this paper addresses these gaps, specifically focusing on intersections of faith, culture, gender, age, immigrant status, and age at migration. The findings from this study point to a renegotiation of the intergenerational contract, wherein care and support for a parent or grandparent were understood and enacted within the framework of an overarching Muslim identity, while simultaneously, for their older relatives, it was reinterpreted within shifting local and global realities such as the increasing participation of the middle generation, the daughters and daughters-in-law, in the paid workforce. In addition to providing insights into ethnic and religious-oriented experiences of aging and care, these findings may help inform policymakers and stakeholders (e.g., community service providers and faith leaders such as imams of mosques, researchers, and family members) in culturally congruent ways to support the health and well-being of aging South Asian Muslim families.

Burying at all costs: investing in funerals in southern Benin

AbstractDrawing on research conducted in southern Benin since 2000, this article explores the entanglements between grief, social status and funerals, and accounts for the conditions and the motives of the massive and multifarious investments – inextricably psychic, social and economic – in funerals that can be witnessed locally. I argue that, far from being mere ‘conspicuous consumption’, funeral expenses should be understood as the product of a number of intersecting dynamics, as the lavishness of these events cannot conceal the burden they represent and the anxieties they feed. In fact, filial duties and politics of reputation often entwine to give an existential dimension to these occasions, reinforcing one another to lead social subjects to engage important economic means and to bury their dead ‘at all costs’. In fact, as internalized norms and social pressures finally convince most mourners to organize obsequies beyond their means, the psychic and social tensions of funerals regularly constitute the all too common hidden face of the more commonly reported lavishness.

Filial Duties in the Ugaritic Epic of Danilu and Aqhatu

The list of filial duties from the Aqhatu story constitutes a passage unique to the literature of the ancient Near East, emphasized in the epic by its fourfold repetition in close proximity. This is why the list has attracted much attention of scholars, who are particularly interested in the wisdom nature of the list, the ancestor worship in Ugarit and in the Ancient East, the family ritual and the responsibilities of children towards their parents, as well as the Sitz im Leben of the list, considered by some to be part of a larger and independent work, which has been included in the Aqhatu story because of loose connections with the topic of son and heir. As the current translation and interpretation efforts seem insufficient, the article proposes a new translation and a new attempt to highlight the meaning and the context of both individual duties and the entire list.

A Cross-Case Analysis on Filial Care Assumption among Filipino Adults

the Filial Care Theory which states that the older person’s vulnerability stimulates the caring behaviors from the family members. Methods: Through a multiple case study approach using cross-case synthesis, various situations that led five adult Filipino children into assuming filial care duties and the kinds of support involved in the said filial care interaction were explored. Results: It was determined that filial care involves sentience among family members, a desire to sustain the older person, strengthened family support, affinity, solidarity and compassion, and a commitment to return a past favor. Discussion: Filial care is a response to the older person’s needs and limitations. Apart from the older person’s vulnerability, it was deduced that filial care requires both the older persons and their adult children to be emotionally vulnerable towards one another.

From Hopeless Selfhood to Hopeful Otherness: Cormac McCarthy’s The Road

The article examines the existential perspective and its development of the main character in Cormac McCarthy’s novel, The Road. Its protagonist is a man who, having witnessed the near total obliteration of the reality he was born into, struggles to find meaning in a world which continually reminds him of the debasement that the very notion of meaningfulness has undergone. In the apparent absence of any other available goals or social relations, ensuring the survival of his young son remains his sole guiding imperative, informed by the old concepts of filial duty and ethical standards, both interlinked with his faith, now deprived of all its affirmatory aspects. This cluster of moral motivations also compels him to assume an increasingly belligerent stance towards the “godless” outside reality. His radicalism is met with opposition from the son, whose own manner of being envisions empathy and hospitality where the father’s sees only potential confrontation. The man gradually realizes the unbridgeable disparity between his own haunted psyche and the post-apocalyptic new identity of the boy, whose nature inspires defiant hope in the seemingly hopeless circumstances. McCarthy will eventually confront his protagonist with the necessity of making a choice which entails a major shift in his system of beliefs. It is only by electing to act in a manner which is absurd by his standards that the protagonist stands a chance of saving his entire struggle from sinking into meaninglessness.

유교 군왕의 ‘기로(耆老)’ 정치 : 영조(英祖)의 전략적인 실천들을 중심으로

This paper aims to understand the Confucian king’s politics of the elder statesmen (giro 耆老) by focusing on King Yeongjo’s strategic practices toward the Bureau of Elder Statesmen (Giroso 耆老所). First of all, when King Yeongjo joined the Giroso at the age of 51 in 1744, he visited the Spirit Longevity Hall (Yeongsugak 靈壽閣) and practiced the ritual of personally writing his name on the royal album (eocheop 御帖), and showed off his age-based status through the addition of personal notes (小識) following the preface of the royal album. Moreover, Yeongjo created a new culture of enjoying old age together by exchanging poems with his officials, and made the king’s writing his name on the royal album a national ritual. By strategically carrying out these cultural and institutional practices, King Yeongjo not only fulfilled his filial duty toward King Taejo (太祖) and King Sukjong (肅宗), but also tried to construct the sacred genealogy of long-lived kings. In response to his efforts, the old officials recognized the sacred authority of this symbolic genealogy by praising the fact that long-lived kings had made Joseon (朝鮮) into a country of benevolence-longevity (仁壽). In particular, the officials, sharing the Confucian idea that old age was a symbol of virtue and longevity bestowed by heaven and the ancestors, compared Yeongjo to the sage-king (聖王) of great virtue on the basis of the Doctrine of the Mean (中庸). And they tried to create age-based social authority by distinguishing themselves from their fellow subjects. In conclusion, King Yeongjo used old age as a strategic differentiation principle to develop the Confucian king’s politics of the elder statesmen, which raised the social and political authority of both the old king and his officials together in the Joseon Dynasty.

간병기록 『나는 매일 엄마와 밥을 먹는다』에 나타난 노인간병에서 가정요리(家庭料理)의 의미

This article has contemplated the significance of home cooking appearing from the text of <I Eat with My Mom Every Day>, a record of home care by a son of 60 years old who nursed his mother in her 90s for 9 years. Under this article, the home cooking means the dishes that are personally cooked by the son who had the nursing of his mother. Two conspicuously impressive matters during this nursing period are fact that the son who was turning into his own senior years folded up his social life to personally take on the nursing of his mother and the fact that he personally learned and developed cooking in contemplating of his mother’s health during the period in a way of taking care of their meals. He began his nursing for fulfilling his filial duty or ethical obligation as a son, and for the purpose of practicing Banpojihyo, he naturally learned how to cook and it has become the only way of communication with his mother since there was no other way of communication due to his mother suffering from the senile dementia. His mother who was really good at cooking retrieved her sharpness of yester years only during the mealtime as she expressed all phases of life through food, and she came up with her sharp critiques with clear pros and cons. While exchanging such dialogue and sensitivity, the author was able to wipe off his adverse emotion of regrets, resentment, anger or the like arising during the time of nursing. Furthermore, his passion and immersion on cooking ventilated sentiment and purified emotion and it also functioned as the catalyst to cure the devasted mind and body, namely, restoring the wounded mind. While living along with his mother in a space of apartment, the author had to accept the distance away from his social activities, including ordinary exchanges with his own family and this part was led to the decline of self-esteem and self-efficacy. However, he was able to recover his status unexpectedly for engaging in diverse activities through a way out in cooking. As such, the motivation for him to start cooking was to serve his mother well, but with the time of nursing prolonging, his endeavor paved the way of communication with his mother who the normal dialogue would be difficult as well as a salvation for himself, and this article has analyzed the text by paying attention to such points.

The Approach to Care Among Older People Living Alone in Lithuania

The Lithuanian context of an increased need for care in old age is framed by the demographic trends, such as population aging, the intense emigration of younger generations, and a significant proportion of older people living alone on the one hand, and on the other the strong support represented by filial duties in respect of care and insufficiently developed social services. How do older people experience and handle the situation? This paper uses qualitative interviews (N=27) to analyze the preferences and experiences of care among older people living alone in Lithuania. Based on the study findings, older people seek to maintain their agency under all circumstances related to care, and informal support is appreciated as providing more such options. Formal social services are rejected for reasons including distrust, the lack of social skills, or the cost and insufficient accessibility of such services.

A Bubble Doomed to be Pricked Deconstructing the Chinese Real Estate Bubble

China’s real estate housing boom has been a dreadful concern for economists worldwide. This paper analyzes the formation of the Chinese real estate housing bubble and investigates the factors that led to the bubble. Stimulated by the central government’s fiscal pressure, a redistribution of the tax revenues led to China’s local government’s “land financing” strategy, flaming the rise of housing prices. Moreover, due to the global financial crisis of 2008, the Bank of China proposed low-interest rates while the central bank increased credit availability to rejuvenate China’s economic state, which led to long-run damage. Furthermore, the expected traditional filial duty of Chinese parents to prioritize their children’s education as an investment and the obligation of owning a home for males before marriage also triggered the skyrocketing double-digit inflation rates. Finally, economists worry that the increased construction demand due to the rising urban population in the early 1970s will doom the new modern world as the population is now declining, followed by the low demand for housing in the future.

Top Graduate Zhang Xie: The Earliest Extant Chinese Southern Play

Top Graduate Zhang Xie: The Earliest Extant Chinese Southern Play

Book Review: A new Book for the Improvement of Young Gentlemen and Ladies. FILIAL DUTY , RECOMMENDED and ENFORC’D, By a VARIETY of INSTRUCTIVE and ENTERTAINING STORIES OF CHILDREN who have been remarkable for AFFECTION to their PARENTS; ALSO An ACCOUNT of some striking INSTANCES of CHILDREN, who behaved in an UNDUTIFUL, and UNNATURAL Manner to their PARENTS. The whole

Book Review: A new Book for the Improvement of Young Gentlemen and Ladies. FILIAL DUTY , RECOMMENDED and ENFORC’D, By a VARIETY of INSTRUCTIVE and ENTERTAINING STORIES OF CHILDREN who have been remarkable for AFFECTION to their PARENTS; ALSO An ACCOUNT of some striking INSTANCES of CHILDREN, who behaved in an UNDUTIFUL, and UNNATURAL Manner to their PARENTS. The whole

Current public perception of, and barriers to, palliative care in China: a mixed-methods study

Cancer is a major cause of death in China, accounting for 2·56 million deaths in the country in 2018 alone. Yet, on that year, only 28 600 patients (1·1%) at the end of life received palliative care. Existing studies in palliative care have mainly been done in medical environments. The aim of this study was to focus instead on the general public and to identify the public's perceptions of, and demand for, various palliative care services, as well as barriers to palliative care in China. A convergent mixed-methods design was used to facilitate an understanding of the Chinese public's knowledge of palliative care services and the demand for palliative care. An interdisciplinary team of scholars and practitioners worked collaboratively to develop a contextually and culturally relevant questionnaire for the public in China (named KNPCP-1) to explore these issues. Quantitative and qualitative evaluation phases in the development of KNPCP-1 ensured its high validity. We did cross-over comparison analyses of the findings from the quantitative survey (conducted using KNPCP-1). Stata version 17.2 and NVivo version 12.6.1 were used for data analysis. 6120 people completed the qualitative surveys, and 19 survey respondents and 20 medical staff were also interviewed. No significant difference in knowledge of palliative care and general need for various palliative care services was found between men and women. A greater demand for palliative care services was found among rural respondents than among their urban counterparts. Convergent analysis indicates that factors or mechanisms associated with the low availability of palliative care services include scarce knowledge about palliative care, a cultural taboo around death, factors related to patient-clinician conflict, and the pressure on adult children to fulfil their filial duty of care for elderly parents. Several factors contribute to the low availability of palliative care services in China despite recent governmental awareness campaigns. Innovative and culturally sensitive approaches are needed to promote palliative care services in relation to the factors synthesised from the analysis. Ministry of Education of China, Youth Project of Humanities and Social Sciences (project number 20XJC840001); China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (project number 2021M691521); and 2020 Young Teacher Development Project of the Chinese Universities Scientific Fund (project number 230600001002020030).