File System Service Research Articles

Implementation of a Secured Scalable File Server System

This research paper proposed and developed a blueprint for a secured scalable file server system for organisations that can handle large volumes of data, accommodate numerous users with varying levels of access and permissions and adhere to all security and compliance standards of organisations. With the implementation of this secured and scalable file server system, users of all levels will be able to access, manipulate, transfer files easily devoid of any data lost, file corruption or fear of getting infested with virus when sharing using flash drives. System administrators will be able to backup files easily to forestall any unforeseen circumstances and finally the organisation’s Management will be able to have full control of all data that is used in the organisation. The proposed system is a scalable file server designed for digital file management. This secured and scalable file server system provided a secure and user-friendly interface allowing organisation's staff to efficiently store, retrieve, and share files. The proposed system at its heart, provide strong data storage capabilities that will easily meet data growing needs.

EOS deployment on Ceph RBD/CephFS with K8s

The present activity focused on the integration of different storage systems (EOS [1] and Ceph [2]) with the aim to combine the high level scalability and stability of EOS services with the reliability and redundancy features provided by Ceph. The work has been carried out as part of the collaboration between the national center of INFN (Italian Institute for Nuclear Physics) dedicated to Research and Development on Information and Communication Technologies and the Conseil Européen pour la Recherche Nucléaire (CERN), with the goal of evaluating and testing different technologies for next-generation storage challenges. This work leverages the well-known open-source container orchestration system, Kubernetes [3], for managing file system services. The results obtained by measuring the performances of the different combined technologies, comparing for instance block device and file system as backend options provided by a Ceph cluster deployed on physical machines, are shown and discussed in the manuscript.

On the Efficient Delivery and Storage of IoT Data in Edge-Fog-Cloud Environments.

Cloud storage has become a keystone for organizations to manage large volumes of data produced by sensors at the edge as well as information produced by deep and machine learning applications. Nevertheless, the latency produced by geographic distributed systems deployed on any of the edge, the fog, or the cloud, leads to delays that are observed by end-users in the form of high response times. In this paper, we present an efficient scheme for the management and storage of Internet of Thing (IoT) data in edge–fog–cloud environments. In our proposal, entities called data containers are coupled, in a logical manner, with nano/microservices deployed on any of the edge, the fog, or the cloud. The data containers implement a hierarchical cache file system including storage levels such as in-memory, file system, and cloud services for transparently managing the input/output data operations produced by nano/microservices (e.g., a sensor hub collecting data from sensors at the edge or machine learning applications processing data at the edge). Data containers are interconnected through a secure and efficient content delivery network, which transparently and automatically performs the continuous delivery of data through the edge–fog–cloud. A prototype of our proposed scheme was implemented and evaluated in a case study based on the management of electrocardiogram sensor data. The obtained results reveal the suitability and efficiency of the proposed scheme.

Analysis of Crypto-Ransomware Using Network Traffic

Ransomware is a form of malware attack that makes use of encryption to make information inaccessible for the motive of gathering a specified amount of payment. Many victims of this attack who couldn’t recover their information from backups have been compelled to decide between losing the information or paying the sum requested by the attacker. This research shows some of the various samples of ransomware, the phases of attack, and the chance of recognizing ransomware by the network traffic patterns it generates. Traffic generated from the infected system was considered. Experimental results from the ransomware detection show that some certain ransomware is very noisy and generates noticeable traffic patterns. In light of traffic information gathered from ransomware, conceivable discovery thoughts could be investigated. The result of the analysis shows that some ransomware generates traffic that is different from normal network traffic. Also, the infection of the file server system shows that the length and time vary but after infection the time for the different samples of ransomware to carry out its encryption is constant.

Enhancing Performance and Energy Efficiency for Hybrid Workloads in Virtualized Cloud Environment

Virtualization has attained mainstream status in enterprise IT industry. Despite its widespread adoption, it is known that virtualization also introduces non-trivial overhead when tasks are executed on a virtual machine (VM). In particular, a combined effect from device virtualization overhead and CPU scheduling latency can cause performance degradation when computation intensive tasks and I/O intensive tasks are co-located on a VM. Such an interference also causes extra energy consumption. In this paper, we present Hylics, a novel solution that enables efficient data traverse paths for both I/O and computation intensive workloads. This is achieved with the provision of in-memory file system and network service at the hypervisor level. Several important design issues are pinpointed and addressed during our prototype implementation, including efficient intermediate data sharing, network service offloading, and QoS-aware memory usage management. Based on our real-world deployment on KVM, we show that Hylics can significantly improve computation and I/O performance for hybrid workloads. Moreover, this design also alleviates the existing virtualization overhead and naturally optimizes the overall energy efficiency.

Effective replica management for improving reliability and availability in edge-cloud computing environment

The multi-replica strategy can create multiple data replicas for the edge cloud system and store them in different DataNodes, which improves data availability and data service quality. However, the storage resources of DataNodes are limited and the user demand for data is time-varying, the unreasonable number of data replicas will cause a high storage burden on the file system or low data service quality. Therefore, the number of data replicas needs to be dynamically adjusted according to the actual situation. Based on this, a dynamic replica creation strategy based on the gray Markov chain is proposed. If the number of replicas needs to be increased, the newly added replicas need to be placed on the DataNodes. Considering the problem of load balancing of the DataNode during replica placement, this paper proposes a replica placement strategy based on the Fast Non-dominated Sorting Genetic algorithm. In addition, considering the problem of data replica synchronization and the data recovery of failed DataNodes in the edge cloud system, this paper proposes a delay-adaptive replica synchronization strategy and a load-balancing based replica recovery strategy. Finally, the experiments prove the effectiveness of the proposed strategies.

Providing large-scale disk storage at CERN

The CERN IT Storage group operates multiple distributed storage systems and is responsible for the support of the infrastructure to accommodate all CERN storage requirements, from the physics data generated by LHC and non-LHC experiments to the personnel users' files. EOS is now the key component of the CERN Storage strategy. It allows to operate at high incoming throughput for experiment data-taking while running concurrent complex production work-loads. This high-performance distributed storage provides now more than 250PB of raw disks and it is the key component behind the success of CERNBox, the CERN cloud synchronisation service which allows syncing and sharing files on all major mobile and desktop platforms to provide offline availability to any data stored in the EOS infrastructure. CERNBox recorded an exponential growth in the last couple of year in terms of files and data stored thanks to its increasing popularity inside CERN users community and thanks to its integration with a multitude of other CERN services (Batch, SWAN, Microsoft Office). In parallel CASTOR is being simplified and transitioning from an HSM into an archival system, focusing mainly in the long-term data recording of the primary data from the detectors, preparing the road to the next-generation tape archival system, CTA. The storage services at CERN cover as well the needs of the rest of our community: Ceph as data back-end for the CERN OpenStack infrastructure, NFS services and S3 functionality; AFS for legacy home directory filesystem services and its ongoing phase-out and CVMFS for software distribution. In this paper we will summarise our experience in supporting all our distributed storage system and the ongoing work in evolving our infrastructure, testing very-dense storage building block (nodes with more than 1PB of raw space) for the challenges waiting ahead.

Analytical Performance of Modified One-Way Hash Algorithm for Data Integrity Verification in Cloud Computing

Cloud computing is a revolution in the IT industry due to its characteristics of scalability, efficiency, and availability. Along with these benefits, cloud computing comes with certain security issues that a user has to take into consideration. Security of data and its integrity verification in the cloud are major issues that act as a barrier to the adoption of cloud computing. In the authors' previously published work, a one-way hash function was proposed to verify the data integrity at the cloud storage site. This article further extends prior work. In this article, the modified one-way hash algorithm is implemented by using a Hadoop distributed file system (HDFS) service of Hadoop environment and analytical testing is performed to ascertain its performance. Statistical and experimental results reveal the proposed algorithm is robust, which ensures data integrity and fulfills mostly all essential features of a secure hash function.

Supporting Unit Test Generation via Automated Isolation

Testing is a significantly time-consuming, yet commonly employed activity to improve the quality of software. Thus, techniques like dynamic symbolic execution were proposed for generating tests only from source code. However, current approaches usually could not create thorough tests for software units with dependencies (e.g. calls to file system or external services). In this paper, we present a novel approach that synthesizes an isolation sandbox, which interacts with the test generator to increase the covered behaviour in the unit under test. The approach automatically transforms the code of the unit under test, and lets the test generator choose values for parameters in the calls to dependencies. The paper presents a prototype implementation that collaborates with the IntelliTest test generator. The automated isolation is evaluated on source code from open-source projects. The results show that the approach can significantly increase the code coverage achieved by the generated tests.

Biodiversity databases in Russia: towards a national portal

Russia holds massive biodiversity data accumulated in botanical and zoological collections, literature publications, annual reports of natural reserves, nature conservation, and monitoring study project reports. While some data have been digitized and organized in databases or spreadsheets, most of the biodiversity data in Russia remain dormant and digitally inaccessible. Concepts of open access to research data is spreading, and the lack of data publishing tradition and of use of data standards remain prominent. A national biodiversity information system is lacking and most of the biodiversity data are not available or the available data are not consolidated. As a result, Russian biodiversity data remain fragmented and inaccessible for researchers. The majority of Russian biodiversity databases do not have web interfaces and are accessible only to a limited numbers of researchers. The main reason for lack of access to these resources relates to the fact that the databases have previously been developed only as a local resource. In addition, many sources have previously been developed in the desktop database environments mainly using MS Access and, in some cases, earlier DBMS for DOS, i.e., file-server system, which does not have the functionality to create access to records through a web interface. Among the databases with a web interface, a few information systems have interactive maps with the species occurrence data and systems allowing registered users to upload data. It is important to note that the conceptual structures of these databases were created without taking into account modern standards of the Darwin Core; furthermore, some data sources were developed prior to the first work version of the Darwin Core release in 2001. Despite the complexity and size of the biodiversity data landscape in Russia, the interest in publishing data through international biodiversity portals is increasing among Russian researchers. Since 2014, institutional data publishers in Russia have published about 140 000 species occurrences through gbif.org. The increase in data publishing activity calls for the creation of a GBIF node in Russia, aiming to support Russian biodiversity experts in international data work.

Tuning and Optimizing Network File System Server Performance

Network file system is one of distributed file systems that are used over network to provide remotely access to data on the servers. The last version of NFS has a number of features that help in increasing server performance. However, the provided features are limited to a specific type of operations on the server. Therefore, finding more options may work alongside to enhance server performances. This research is discussing the provided features in NFSv4 and activates one of the tuning options to tests NFS server performance.

PAReS: A Proactive and Adaptive Redundant System for MapReduce

Recently, MapReduce has been a key and popular technology for tackling data-intensive applications. But its two master servers in current MapReduce implementations have a single-failure problem, which may interrupt MapReduce operations and filesystem services. In this paper, we propose a hybrid takeover scheme, called the Proactive and Adaptive Redundant System (PAReS for short), which employs three service-quality improvement mechanisms, including a proactive synchronization and replication method, a mutual monitoring algorithm, and an adaptive warm-up mechanism, to mitigate the above problems. The extensive experiments show that PAReS enhances service quality at acceptable energy consumption level and synchronization cost as compared with four stateof- the-art schemes.

Automatic I/O scheduling algorithm selection for parallel file systems

SummaryThis article presents our approach to provide input/output (I/O) scheduling with double adaptivity: to applications and devices. In high‐performance computing environments, parallel file systems provide a shared storage infrastructure to applications. In the situation where multiple applications access this shared infrastructure concurrently, their performance can be impaired because of interference. Our work focuses on I/O scheduling as a tool to improve performance by alleviating interference effects. The role of the I/O scheduler is to decide the order in which applications' requests must be processed by the parallel file system's servers, applying optimizations to adjust the resulting access pattern for improved performance. Our approach to improve I/O scheduling results is based on using information from applications' access patterns and storage devices' sensitivity to access sequentiality. We have applied machine learning to provide the ability to automatically select the best scheduling algorithm for each situation. Our approach improves performance by up to 75% over an approach that uses the same scheduling algorithm to all situations, without adaptability. Our results evidence that both aspects – applications and storage devices – are essential to make good scheduling decisions. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Enhancement of cooperation between file systems and applications — on VFS extensions for optimized performance

Modern operating systems incorporate an abstract layer called Virtual File System (VFS), which is positioned between user applications and real file systems to hide the differences of various file systems and to expose generic application interfaces for requesting file system services. However, VFS sometimes does not give applications an opportunity to pass information to file systems to help them make correct optimization decisions. In this paper, we review the Linux VFS, discuss its deficiencies and propose several extensions to allow applications to cooperate with the file systems more efficiently. We introduce simple prefetching interfaces and advisory flags to allow applications to communicate application-related semantics to VFS and/or the underlying file systems. These suggestions, which neither affect the semantics of applications nor modify their programming models, not only lead to simple VFS/file systems but also guide them to make correct performance-related decisions, if required. We demonstrate that these interfaces and flags are also easy to implement and can boost application performance by up to 4.29X.

Highly reliable message-passing mechanism for cluster file system

With the increase in personal computer clusters in popularity and quantity, message passing between nodes has been an important issue for high failure rate in the network. File access in a cluster file system often contains several sub-operations; each includes one or more network transmissions. Any network failures cause the file system service unavailable. In this paper, we describe a highly reliable message-passing mechanism (HR-NET), which tolerates both software and hardware network failures. HR-NET provides fine-grained, connection-level failover across redundant communication paths. With it, the file system can keep passing messages because HR-NET handles failures automatically by either recovery from network failures or failed over to a backup; therefore, it screens network failures from requests or data transmission of cluster file system. Load balance for messages is also achieved to relieve network traffic. For transmission timeout, HR-NET proposes a priority-based message scheduling which dynamically manages messages in an appropriate order to tolerate request–response failures between clients and servers. HR-NET is implemented upon standard network protocol stack. Performance results show that HR-NET can provide almost full underlying network bandwidth with average 6.17% throughput loss and provide a fast recovery. Experiments with cluster file system show that the overall performance degradation is below 8% due to failover of HR-NET while the reliability is highly enhanced.

MFS: A Lightweight Block-Level Local Mirror of Remote File System

Nowadays individual users often have more than one computing platform, such as traditional desktop, laptop computers, and mobile smartphones . More and more users store their data into remote file system and access them over network in every time , b ut user has to download the whole file before access ing one file , so user has the poor experience, especially access large file over wireless network. We have developed MFS, which is a lightweight client-side local mirror of remote file system. MFS mainly provides four mechanisms to solve the above problems. One mechanism is that MFS uses client-side file system based on disk as a persistent cache for files, and the capacity of the persistent cache is limited. The second mechanism is that MFS uses block-level granularity as the smallest unit of file access operations and transmission. The third mechanism is that taking event publish–subscribe pattern to keep files system consistent between user client and remote network file system server. The fourth mechanism is that taking different file consistency priority strategies for different types of files. All files will be stored on cloud or remote file system, but only some files which are often accessed recently will be stored on user persistent disk transparently. User’s applications can always access files, and do not wait until all the blocks of the file is downloaded. So user can have a larger logical storage space and high accessing speed. Our evaluation demonstrates that MFS has a good performance, reliability, transparent scalability and simplicity. MFS can run on a diversity of user computers, and it is independent of any computer.

FastDu: Efficient Directory Summaries Harvest by Tracking File System Changes

FastDu is a file system service that tracks file system changes by intercepting file system calls to maintain directory summaries, which play important roles in both storage administration and improvement of user experiences for some applications. In most circumstances, directory summaries are independently harvested by applications via traversing the file system hierarchy and calling stat () on every file in each directory. For large file systems, this brute-force traverse-based approach can take many hours to complete, even if only a small percentage of the files have changed. This paper describes FastDu, which uses a pre-built database to store harvested directory summaries, and tracks the file system changes by intercepting file system calls, so that new harvesting is restricted to the small subset of directories that contain modified files. Tests using FastDu show that this approach reduces the time needed to get a directory summary by one or two orders of magnitude with almost negligible penalty to application-aware file system performance.

Doing Your Science While You're in Orbit

Large-scale neutron facilities such as the Spallation Neutron Source (SNS) located at Oak Ridge National Laboratory need easy-to-use access to Department of Energy Leadership Computing Facilities and experiment repository data. The Orbiter thick- and thin-client and its supporting Service Oriented Architecture (SOA) based services (available at https://orbiter.sns.gov) consist of standards-based components that are reusable and extensible for accessing high performance computing, data and computational grid infrastructure, and cluster-based resources easily from a user configurable interface. The primary Orbiter system goals consist of (1) developing infrastructure for the creation and automation of virtual instrumentation experiment optimization, (2) developing user interfaces for thin- and thick-client access, (3) provide a prototype incorporating major instrument simulation packages, and (4) facilitate neutron science community access and collaboration. The secure Orbiter SOA authentication and authorization is achieved through the developed Virtual File System (VFS) services, which use Role-Based Access Control (RBAC) for data repository file access, thin-and thick-client functionality and application access, and computational job workflow management. The VFS Relational Database Management System (RDMS) consists of approximately 45 database tables describing 498 user accounts with 495 groups over 432,000 directories with 904,077 repository files. Over 59 million NeXus file metadata records are associated to the 12,800 unique NeXus file field/class names generated from the 52,824 repository NeXus files. Services that enable (a) summary dashboards of data repository status with Quality of Service (QoS) metrics, (b) data repository NeXus file field/class name full text search capabilities within a Google like interface, (c) fully functional RBAC browser for the read-only data repository and shared areas, (d) user/group defined and shared metadata for data repository files, (e) user, group, repository, and web 2.0 based global positioning with additional service capabilities are currently available. The SNS based Orbiter SOA integration progress with the Distributed Data Analysis for Neutron Scattering Experiments (DANSE) software development project is summarized with an emphasis on DANSE Central Services and the Virtual Neutron Facility (VNF). Additionally, the DANSE utilization of the Orbiter SOA authentication, authorization, and data transfer services best practice implementations are presented.

GS3: a Grid Storage System with Security Features

Technological trend and the advent of worldwide networks, such as the Internet, made computing systems more and more powerful, increasing both processing and storage capabilities. In Grid computing infrastructures, the data storage subsystem is physically distributed among several nodes and logically shared among several users. This highlights the necessity of a) availability for authorized users only, b) confidentiality, and c) integrity of information and data: in one term security. In this work we face the problem of data security in Grid, by proposing a lightweight cryptography algorithm combining the strong and highly secure asymmetric cryptography technique (RSA) with the symmetric cryptography (AES). The proposed algorithm, we named Grid secure storage system (GS3), has been implemented on top of the Grid file access library (GFAL) of the gLite middleware, in order to provide a file system service with cryptography capability and POSIX interface. The choice of implementing GS3 as a file system, the GS3FS, allows to protect the file system structure also, and to overcome the well-known problem of file rewriting in gLite/GFAL environments. In the specification of the GS3FS, particular care is addressed on providing a usable user interface and on implementing a file system that has low impact on the middleware. The final result is the introduction of a new storage Grid service into the gLite middleware, whose overall characteristics are never offered before, at the best of authors’ knowledge. The paper describes and details both the GS3 algorithm and its implementation; the performance of such implementation are evaluated discussing the obtained results and possible application scenarios in order to demonstrate its effectiveness and usefulness.

An Evaluation Of Electronic Product Design Education Using Hypermedia-Resourced Learning Environments

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