Light Bulb Research Articles

Seasonal abundance and trap comparisons of the invasive brown marmorated stink bug Halyomorpha halys (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) adults from its native region

A challenging, yet fundamental part of initiating effective control measures against an invasive pest species is developing reliable means of monitoring the pest’s seasonal abundance. Halyomorpha halys, a polyphagous insect pest native to East Asia, has become a major economic threat to agricultural systems following unintentional introductions to North America, South America, and Europe. Research involving the seasonal phenology and monitoring attractant preferences of H. halys from its native range remain scarce. An 11-year collection of H. halys monitoring trap data from black light, incandescent light, and methyl (E, E, Z)-2, 4, 6-decatrienoate (MDT) lured traps from three locations in Kyoto, Japan was analyzed to fill gaps in knowledge relating to the native seasonal abundance and effectiveness of diferent trapping techniques for the pest. Due to a high amount of zero trap counts, a zero-inflated approach was taken to analyze the dataset. Overall, H. halys followed a bell-shaped population trend in Kyoto, with abundance peaking in the mid-summer. The attractant preference of H. halys varied slightly with the season, with black light traps producing to highest mean trap counts. The MDT lure traps generated the lowest mean trap counts, but displayed potential use in the reliable detection of early season H. halys. This work is expected to provide greater insight on H. halys in its native range and ultimately help refine existing management programs in invaded regions.

Vitamin B5 copper conjugated triazine dendrimer improved the visible-light photocatalytic activity of TiO2 nanoparticles for aerobic homocoupling reactions

In this work, Cu-vitamin B5 (pantothenic acid) bonded to 2,4,6-trichloro-1,3,5-triazine produced a bioconjugated dendrimer giving rise to the visible-light photocatalytic activity of nanocrystalline TiO2. XPS spectra uncovered the coexistence of Cu(II)/Cu(I) oxidation states with a predominant contribution of Cu(I). The new heterogeneous bio-relevant Cu-photocatalyst (Cu(I) Cu(II) [PTAPA G2-B5] @TiO2) revealed a band gap value [Eg = (2.8 eV)] less than those of Cu free components [PTAPA G1-B5]@TiO2 (3.04) and [PTAPA G2-B5]@TiO2 (3.06) and particularly the bare TiO2 (3.15 eV). The reactions showed to be light-dependent with the best performance under room light bulbs. The photocatalytic efficiency of the as-prepared heterojunction photocatalyst was exploited in the aerobic Csp2–Csp2 homocoupling of phenylboronic acid and Csp–Csp homocoupling of phenyl acetylenes under visible-light irradiation to prepare structurally and electronically different biaryls. A radical pathway relying on the photogenerated e− and h+ and involving the Cu(I)–Cu(II) synergistic cooperation was postulated. The reusability and stability of the catalyst were verified by the recycling test, FT-IR spectra, and ICP-OES analysis.

Solvent‐Resistant Wearable Triboelectric Nanogenerator for Energy‐Harvesting and Self‐Powered Sensors

Wearable triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) have attracted attention owing to their ability to harvest energy from the surrounding environment without maintenance. Herein, polyetherimide–Al2O3 (PAl) and polyvinylidene fluoride‐co‐hexafluoropropylene (PVDF‐HFP, PH) nanofiber membranes were used as tribo‐positive and tribo‐negative materials, respectively. Phytic acid‐doped polyaniline (PANI)/cotton fabric (PPCF) and ethylenediamine (EDA)‐crosslinked PAl (EPAl) nanofiber membranes were used as triboelectrode and triboencapsulation materials, respectively. The result showed that when the PAl–PH‐based TENG was shaped as a circle with a radius of 1 cm, under the pressure of 50 N, and the frequency of 0.5 Hz, the open‐circuit voltage (Voc) and short‐circuit current (Isc) reached the highest value of 66.6 V and −93.4 to 110.1 nA, respectively. Moreover, the PH‐based TENG could be used as a fabric sensor to detect fabric composition and as a sensor‐inductive switch for light bulbs or beeping warning devices. When the PAl–PH‐based TENG was shaped as a 5 × 5 cm2 rectangle, a 33 μF capacitor could be charged to 15 V in 28 s. Interestingly, compared to PAl nanofiber membranes, EPAl nanofiber membranes exhibited good dyeing properties and excellent solvent resistance. The PPCF exhibited <5% resistance change after washing, bending, and stretching.

Simultaneously Recovery of Thorium and Tungsten through Hybrid Electrolysis-Nanofiltration Processes.

The recovery and recycling of metals that generate toxic ions in the environment is of particular importance, especially when these are tungsten and, in particular, thorium. The radioactive element thorium has unexpectedly accessible domestic applications (filaments of light bulbs and electronic tubes, welding electrodes, and working alloys containing aluminum and magnesium), which lead to its appearance in electrical and electronic waste from municipal waste management platforms. The current paper proposes the simultaneous recovery of waste containing tungsten and thorium from welding electrodes. Simultaneous recovery is achieved by applying a hybrid membrane electrolysis technology coupled with nanofiltration. An electrolysis cell with sulphonated polyether-ether-ketone membranes (sPEEK) and a nanofiltration module with chitosan-polypropylene membranes (C-PHF-M) are used to carry out the hybrid process. The analysis of welding electrodes led to a composition of W (tungsten) 89.4%; Th 7.1%; O2 2.5%; and Al 1.1%. Thus, the parameters of the electrolysis process were chosen according to the speciation of the three metals suggested by the superimposed Pourbaix diagrams. At a constant potential of 20.0 V and an electrolysis current of 1.0 A, the pH is varied and the possible composition of the solution in the anodic workspace is analyzed. Favorable conditions for both electrolysis and nanofiltration were obtained at pH from 6 to 9, when the soluble tungstate ion, the aluminum hydroxide, and solid thorium dioxide were formed. Through the first nanofiltration, the tungstate ion is obtained in the permeate, and thorium dioxide and aluminum hydroxide in the concentrate. By adding a pH 13 solution over the two precipitates, the aluminum is solubilized as sodium aluminate, which will be found after the second nanofiltration in the permeate, with the thorium dioxide remaining integrally (within an error of ±0.1 ppm) on the C-PHF-M membrane.

A Community Project to Supplement Social Care Services

Solva in West Wales, UK, is a small community with about 700 people on the electoral roll. In 2013, Solva Community Council faced the fact that things were not going well for the elderly in our village. Many had to leave home and go “into care.” They didn’t want to go and we didn’t want to lose them. A community councillor at that time, author Mollie Roach, did some research and decided that the village could look after its own. A small working party including first author Frances Barker was set up to plan the way forward. The original idea was not a volunteer service. We wanted to set up a local domiciliary care service, where the carers would live locally and not have to spend their precious time travelling between wide-spread destinations. We soon found that there were several administrative and monetary barriers in the way of setting up such a scheme, especially for a small community. Registration needed money and qualified people. and the “rules” were such as to prevent rather than encourage individual response to individual circumstances. However, we could see that there was a need for a local volunteer service. It is disturbing when you discover you cannot go up a ladder and change a light bulb. It is devastating when you are told you cannot drive anymore because of an eye problem. It is worrying when you cannot take the dog for a good walk or collect your prescription because of arthritis. All these problems are under the radar of statutory services. This is a gap that can be alleviated by a local community-based volunteer scheme. Solva Care evolved with a paid co-ordinator to mediate between volunteers and those needing help. We are now getting closer to the original idea, doing our best to integrate domiciliary and social care, working with agencies, private carers, families, and individuals, as well as continuing to run the volunteer service.

Dimming Compatibility of 60W Replacement LED Lamps with Legacy Dimming Infrastructure

The paper summarizes basic problems of dimming compatibility of modern LED lamps with the legacy dimming infrastructure. In 2016 the legacy incandescent bulbs are going to be forbidden on the European market and thus it must be replaced by modern and energy efficient solid state lighting. The problems with dimming compatibility appeared. Standards phase-cutting dimmers are widely used in the households and consumers expect the modern lighting to have the same properties as the incandescent bulbs. The legacy dimmers are designed for some minimal load (usually 40 – 60 W) while the modern LED lamps replacements have only about 12 W keeping the 60 W incandescent bulb luminous flux (800 lm). Several different problems must be solved in order to keep the dimming ability, avoid the light flickering and keep the dimmer in the safe operation region. There are two basic dimmer types. The leading edge dimmers that are usually based on triac switch and trailing edge dimmers that use MOSFET switches and electronic control. Both types have its specific demands and need different approach for ensuring the dimming compatibility. New LED driver must be developed in order to be compatible with the legacy dimmers.

THE RARE EARTH ELEMENTS: AN IN-DEPTH EXPLORATION OF INDUSTRIAL UTILIZATION, RECYCLING POTENTIAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL RAMIFICATIONS

This comprehensive study delves into the extensive spectrum of applications attributed to rare earth elements (REEs), their potential for effective recycling, and the intricate environmental considerations entwined with their extraction and utilization. The realm of rare earth elements is undergoing rapid transformations fueled by technological progress and the escalating demand for these essential components. The spectrum of REEs encompasses the lanthanide series elements, namely La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Pm, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, and Lu, as well as Sc and Y. These metals currently hold utmost significance across a multitude of contemporary technologies, spanning from smartphones, televisions, LED light bulbs, to wind turbines. This paper concisely outlines the environmental perils encompassing human health that stem from REE mining practices and the large-scale disposal of electronic waste containing noteworthy concentrations of REEs. Within these pages, we encapsulate novel strategies aimed at ensuring the future availability of REEs, including recent advancements in REE extraction from Coal Field Ash and innovative e-waste recycling methodologies. Additionally, we spotlight recent breakthroughs in the domain of individual REE separation techniques, encompassing both metallurgical and recycling operations.

Propose of a low cost integrating sphere

This paper proposes the development of a low cost integrating sphere used for measuring flux characteristics and luminous spectrum lamps. The proposal provides the use of alternative materials as well the replacement of measuring high level equipment for more practical and common hardware accessories, providing a reduction in the cost of development. The objective is to minimize the cost of light sources assays, currently with a high cost, for research purposes, educational issues and the opportunity to use this alternative system for validation of new products, light bulbs and/or tubular daylighting devices for lighting indoors.

Anti-Fatigue Tandem Organic Photovoltaics for Indoor Illumination.

The ability of achieving high efficiency makes tandem organic photovoltaics (PVs) a competitive technique in potential indoor applications. Except high efficiency, reliable indoor energy supply also calls for outstanding stability. However, unavoidable unstable voltage supply from the circuit control system for indoor light sources like light emitting diodes (LED) and incandescent lamps would cause carrier density fluctuation and device fatigue driven by periodic light/dark switching. In this work, the strobing-induced fatigue within the bulk heterojunction (BHJ)/interconnecting layer (ICL) interface is first revealed and overcome. Based on reliable and effective interfacial doping between conjugated acceptor and metal oxide, the interfacial capacitance that determines the strobing-induced fatigue, has been significantly restrained. The imbalance carrier migration and fierce inter-layer accommodating during the burn-in stage caused by light strobing are substantially diminished. Benefit from this method, the stability of tandem devices is highly enhanced under strobing indoor illumination, and a champion efficiency (35.02%) is obtained. The method provides guidance for further material design for interconnecting layers in organic photovoltaics.

Concentration and distribution patterns of rare earth elements (REEs) in stream sediments of Pakistan

Currently, the metals of Rare Earth Elements (REEs) have become very critical to various modern technologies ranging from cell phones and televisions to LED light bulbs and wind turbines. This work was carried out as the Pakistani contribution to the National-scale Geochemical Survey of South and Central Asia (NGSSCA) project. The objective of this study was to document and study the amounts and distribution of REEs in stream sediment of Pakistan, where such national-scale geochemical mapping was launched for the first time. A total of 4277 regular and 168 duplicate samples were collected, encompassing approximately 360,000 km2 of Pakistani outcrop regions. The findings from the geochemical analysis of stream sediment in Pakistan revealed a spectrum in the total Rare Earth Elements (ΣREE) concentration, spanning from 10.22 mg/kg to 1403.1 mg/kg, averaging at 132.5 mg/kg. LREEs are relatively enriched compared to HREEs with an average of LREEs/HREEs of 3.08. The distribution patterns of REEs in stream sediment are demonstrated. It's has been concluded that high concentrations of REEs are mainly distributed in the Himalayan fold and thrust belt, the Karakoram terrane and the Kohistan island arc in the northern part of Pakistan. The bedrock mineralogy and lithology significantly affect the distribution patterns of REEs in stream sediments. The national geochemical mapping of Pakistan provides a useful method for locating alkaline igneous rocks and identifying potential REE mineralization.

Hierarchically nanofibers embedded with NiMnS nanocrystals as anode for high-performance lithium-ion batteries: Experimental and theoretical studies

Transition metal sulfides (TMSs) have been appraised as promising anode materials for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), however, the average conductivity and drastic pulverization produced by specific volume variation during discharge–charge cycles limit their practical application. To resolve these critical issues, an in-situ fabrication approach has been utilized to develop binary TMS-embedded carbon nanofibers (CFs) by regulating the loading of metallic (cationic) components. Herein, a series of NiMnS/CFs-n composites was prepared by controlling Ni/Mn feeding ratios (n) via successive electrospinning, carbonization and sulfidation method. The inventive engineering procedure provides excellent durability (∼99 % compared to 2nd cycle) up to 250 cycles at 1 A g−1 and superb rate performance for NiMnS/CFs-2.0 anode. The final discharge capacities of NiMnS/CFs-2.0 are 730, 608, 562, 468, 370, and 306 mA h g−1 at 0.1, 0.3, 0.5, 1, 3, and 5 A g−1, respectively. Theoretical calculations enable us to understand the role of typical Ni/Mn feeding ratio on electronic properties and confirm that the hybrid NiMnS/CFs-2.0 surface provides enhanced material conductivity, improved Li adsorption energies for S-top sites, and fast discharge–charge rate with low diffusion energy barrier. Meanwhile, the full-cell containing NiMnS/CFs-2.0 anode outperforms the commercialized graphite anode with a high specific energy of ∼529 W h kg−1 and stable durability, which also successfully enlightens a light bulb. The present study will provide a scalable and simple method to fabricate the integrated composite of binary TMS/CFs by proper cationic regulation and offer useful guidelines for commercial applications of TMS-based anode.

Pengaruh Harmonik Akibat Pengoperasian Motor Induksi Tiga Fasa Pada Sistem Tenaga Satu Fasa

The research conducted focuses on analyzing the harmonic effects resulting from the operation of a three-phase induction motor in a single-phase power system and examining changes in harmonic values due to load variations using two capacitors. This study is a continuation of previous research, which only addressed the influence of a single capacitor on a three-phase induction motor in a single-phase power system, without further exploration of the extent of harmonic impact on the motor. The induction motor operates based on the principle of magnetic induction. This investigation employs a single-phase induction motor with lower power capacity compared to a three-phase induction motor. Three-phase induction motors have a small starting torque, preventing them from starting under full load. The study involves increasing the starting torque of the three-phase induction motor and operating it in a single-phase electrical power system using capacitors to improve power factor during the starting process while analyzing its harmonic effects. The research findings indicate that as the load on the motor increases, both the motor speed and harmonic current values decrease. This is evident when there is no load, and the motor speed is 1475 rpm; adding a load does not exceed this speed. The motor speed decreases as the load increases, while the presence of harmonic current values is due to the linear load, such as incandescent light bulbs. The study is conducted by enhancing the starting torque of the three-phase induction motor, imposing a significant load. The motor demonstrates more optimal and stable performance with the new method compared to the old method. Additionally, the harmonic current values with the new method are lower than those with the old method.

Emergency Microscope Light Modification by External Source in Absence of Power Supply

Introduction: Microscope is an instrument for visualizing fine detail of an object so that observer can observe the object being examined in detail. The object of examination vary from cells (normal or pathologic), microorganism (such as parasite and bacterium), and even non biological part. There are several types of microscope, one of the oldest forms and still used today is the light microscope. A light microscope relied on continuous light source to operate. The most common source for today's microscopes is an incandescent tungsten-halogen bulb, which is solely electric dependent, positioned in a reflective housing that projects light through the collector lens and into the sub-stage condenser. Current situations sometimes require readiness for conducting microscopic examination anytime, anywhere. Unfortunately, problem occur if the electricity goes out, most people will not be able to continue their microscopic observations. This problem raises the question of what if in an emergency it is necessary to carry out a microscopic examination but unfortunately there is no power source. Below we propose emergency modification efforts so that the microscope can still be used even in conditions without a power source.
 Aims: to modify an electric light microscope in such a way that it can continue to be used in the absence of an electrical power source using external source of light.
 Discussion: Adding an external source of light is a brilliant approach in order to make the electric dependent light microscope still useable in emergency condition.
 Conclusion: it is possible to modify an electric light microscope in the condition of no electric source available and make it operable.

Enhancing the Output of Liquid-Solid Triboelectric Nanogenerators through Surface Roughness Optimization.

The advent of liquid-solid triboelectric nanogenerators (LS-TENGs) has ushered in a new era for harnessing and using energy derived from water. To date, extensive research has been conducted to enhance the output of LS-TENGs, thereby improving water utilization efficiency and facilitating their practical application. However, in contrast to intricate chemical treatment methods and specialized structures, a straightforward operational process and cost-effective materials are more conducive to the widespread adoption of LS-TENGs in practical applications. This work presents a novel method to enhance the output of LS-TENGs by increasing the liquid-solid contact area. The approach involves creating roughness on the solid surface through sandpaper grinding, which is simple in design and easy to operate and significantly reduces the cost of the experiment. The theory is applied to the solid triboelectric layer commonly used in the LS-TENG, demonstrating its universality and wide applicability to improve the output of the LS-TENG. The practical performance of the device is demonstrated by charging the capacitor and external load and driving the hygrometer and commercial 5 W LED light bulb, which can directly light up 300 commercial light-emitting diodes (LEDs) driven by a drop of water. This work provides a new method for the optimization of LS-TENGs and contributes to the wide application of LS-TENGs. This is a significant step forward in the field of energy harvesting and utilization.

Idaho Falls: “They're not replacing the light bulbs – they're all burned out.”

Idaho Falls: “They're not replacing the light bulbs – they're all burned out.”

Evaluation of broiler performance reared under monochromatic light emitting diode (LED) tubes vis-a-vis incandescent light supplemental lighting

This study was conductedto evaluate the effect of different monochromatic LED lightson the performance of broiler chickens. A total of 120 day-old Lohmann Meat (Indian River) broiler chicks were randomly assigned to three treatment groups: incandescent light (control), red LED light and white LED light, with each group consisting of four replicates of 10 chicks. The chicks exposed to LED lighting showed higher average live weight and liveweight gain compared to the control group, while no significant differences(P>0.05)were observed in feed intake, feed conversion ratio and survivability. Carcass yields, including breast, thigh, drumstick, wing, neck, liver, heart, and spleen, were not significantly affected by the different monochromatic lighting sources (P>0.05). However, significant differences(P˂0.05)in the weights of the back and proventriculus were observed between the white LED group and the other treatment groups. These results suggest that LED lighting could serve as a better alternative to incandescent bulbs in broiler houses, with the potential to enhance broiler performance and carcass yield.

Relay demonstration on board for final year student

The present invention relates to a relay demonstration board, characterized by a microcontroller, numbers of relays are connected to the microcontroller by a plurality of switches, wherein the first relay is connected to a light bulb for controlling the lighting of the bulb and the second and third relay are connected to a DC motor for controlling the rotational direction of the motor. Accordingly, these objectives may be achieved by following the teachings of the present invention. This invention relates to a relay demonstration board for teaching and learning purpose. An electrical relay is an electromagnetic switch operated by a relatively small electric current that can control a much bigger current and thus enable both circuits to be electrically isolated from each other. Relays have been used in wide variety of applications such as home appliances, digital computers and automation system due to its simplicity, long life and high reliability. The project present invention relates to a relay demonstration board. It is developed to allow students to understand the function of relay and how to connect relay in circuit. The major components include three relays, one light bulb and one direct current (DC) motor. The relays are used for control purpose while the light bulb and DC motor are used as the output. Furthermore, the light can be connected in alternating current (AC) or DC circuit to show students how to connect AC circuit and DC circuit. Besides, this tool are invention can be connected to an external microcontroller such as an Arduino board to provide input and or signal to the circuit.

Smart home appliances control system using mobile phone

Smart home automation refers to the interconnection of home and all the appliances in the building. There are some challenges encounters through the manual operation of Home appliances. These challenges such as stress, electric shock, difficulty for old aged people and handicap. These problems stated above as called for the development of Home automation system. This home automation system permits user to operate their home appliances such as light bulb, fan, television etc. at their own convenience on their mobile phone. This system was utilizes Bluetooth technology through the connection of Bluetooth enabled. Android phone with HC-05 Bluetooth module. Arduino Nano Microcontroller was serves as the Controlling unit for the whole system. The Mobile phone was also serves as the Input Unit to the system through the Bluetooth Mobile App. It has some specific features, which enable it to communicate with the system. The Microcontroller will send impulse to the specific appliance in which command will sent to through the Relay to switch it ON or OFF. The system was tested and the result was present in this work. The result shown that the Bluetooth has some ranges in which it could cover. The Bluetooth could cover up to the distance of about 20metres when there is no obstruction. However, when there is obstruction it can cover up to 10metres. This works thus revealed the usefulness of home automation to the development of Technology in the country.

Бесконтактная оценка питательной ценности сельскохозяйственных кормов с использованием оптических технологий

The nutritional value of feed is assessed with optical instruments using infrared incandescent or halogen lamps as a source of excitation of the spectral signal of the feed. However, no use is still made of energy-efficient diode optics of the visible radiation range. The authors conducted research to identify the possibility of developing a portable feed value analyzer using a spectral analyzer based on diode optoelectronics. First, the Micran‑3 infrared microscope was used to study the microstructure of concentrated feed components; then, measurement ranges were selected. The authors studied characteristic ranges of photoluminescence of corn grain, sunflower meal, grain stillage, and rapeseed meal. Excitation (absorption) spectra were measured at synchronous scanning by the SM 2203 spectrofluorimeter monochromators to analyze luminescence spectra of corn silage and concentrated mixed fodder. As a result, integral parameters of spectra were calculated: integral absorption capacity and the photoluminescence flux index. It has been established that the intensity of luminescence spectra of corn silage in the range between 360 and 370 nm and that of concentrated mixed fodder in the range between 420 and 440 nm differ in more than four times. The value of captured photovoltage of corn silage and concentrated mixed fodder differs in six times. The results of optical measurements have proved that the discrepancy of indicators characterizing the nutritional value of feed (dry matter content, total protein content, etc.) has a significant influence on the parameters of optical signals. The authors have proposed the functional design of a portable optical analyzer with diodes, which is capable of estimating the nutritional value of feed by the non-contact method for 12 hours running without additional recharging.

Thermally-activated locomotion of a bilayer polymer actuator

The development of smart actuators based on renewable or biocompatible materials, which are able for delivery of specific cargo is of great importance in robotics, medical and material science engineering, food industry, etc. Here, we report the original design of a bilayer polymer actuator consisting of two polymer materials with an interface adhesive layer between them, able for macroscopic locomotion step by step on a special ratchet substrate through repetitive bending and straightening. This was triggered by heat alternation due to incandescent lamp radiation on/off switching, with a rapid reaction time of the actuator to heat exposure of the order of few seconds. Specifically, a relatively fast locomotion of the actuator was achieved due to the large amplitude of its reversible bending deformation of up to ∼40% measured in terms of the actuator's elevation-to-length ratio. As a result, a typical actuator demonstrated the locomotion velocity of about 3 cm/min, where each cycle of contraction/expansion yielded a walking step of ∼1 cm for about 20 s. It was demonstrated that the actuator, while moving, is able to carry a cargo almost twice heavier than the mass of the carrier itself. Based on optical microscopy and atomic force - infrared spectroscopy data it was concluded that the adhesive interface layer plays an important role in the stable operation of the actuator as it retards linear expansion of the rear polymer layer and thus assists conversion of different linear expansion of the adjacent layers into their effective bending.