Figure Size Research Articles

Adaptive grid-based document layout

Grid-based page designs are ubiquitous in commercially printed publications, such as newspapers and magazines. Yet, to date, no one has invented a good way to easily and automatically adapt such designs to arbitrarily-sized electronic displays. The difficulty of generalizing grid-based designs explains the generally inferior nature of on-screen layouts when compared to their printed counterparts, and is arguably one of the greatest remaining impediments to creating on-line reading experiences that rival those of ink on paper. In this work, we present a new approach to adaptive grid-based document layout, which attempts to bridge this gap. In our approach, an adaptive layout style is encoded as a set of grid-based templates that know how to adapt to a range of page sizes and other viewing conditions. These templates include various types of layout elements (such as text, figures, etc.) and define, through constraint-based relationships, just how these elements are to be laid out together as a function of both the properties of the content itself, such as a figure's size and aspect ratio, and the properties of the viewing conditions under which the content is being displayed. We describe an XML-based representation for our templates and content, which maintains a clean separation between the two. We also describe the various parts of our research prototype system: a layout engine for formatting the page; a paginator for determining a globally optimal allocation of content amongst the pages, as well as an optimal pairing of templates with content; and a graphical user interface for interactively creating adaptive templates. We also provide numerous examples demonstrating the capabilities of this prototype, including this paper, itself, which has been laid out with our system.

Perception of relative size of authority figures and subjects figure by sociopaths and normals.

Both the etiology and description of sociopathy are conceptual problems that have plagued the research on this phenomenon. One reason for this, as Barocas (1970) indicates, is that a specific group of behaviors that constitutes sociopathy has yet to be pinned down. The present study investigated the perception of human size as one behavior that n~ay have significance for the description of sociopathy. Perception of human size has been shown to be a good indicator of certain pathological conditions in several studies (Beller & Turner, 1964; Hamersma & Papson, 1973; Zahn, 1959). In the present study, a group of adolescent sociopaths constituted the experimental group and a group of normal adolescent Ss constituted the control group. Classification of Ss into the sociopathic category was done on the basis of clinical interviews and psychometric testing. The control group was randomly selecred from a high school and then the selected Ss were checked for possible pathology. The method used to test the perception of both groups was to have both groups adjust slides on a screen containing pictures of: S himself, a male authority figure, and a female authority figure. Ss adjusted the figure's size on a screen from both an ascending and descending position. Data were collected in five separate phases. In Phase 1, both groups adjusted their own pictures on the screen. In Phase 2, both groups adjusted the size of the male authority figure. In Phase 3, both groups adjusted the size of the female authoriry figure. In Phases 4 and 5, both groups had to adjust their own size in relation to the male and female figures which were projected on the screen. Means were computed for the five phases of the study and a t test was conducted for each phase. Two phases, where S compared himself with the male and female authority figure, were significant (p < .05); sociopaths overestimated themselves more than the normals. In Phase 4, where both groups adjusted self figures to a male authority figure the sociopaths overestimated themselves more than the normals (t = 2.45, df = 27, 0 = .05), and in Phase 5 where both groups adjusted rhemselves in relation to a female authority figure the sociopaths again overestimated their size (t = 2.33, df = 27, p = .05). These results indicate that there is a significant difference in the way sociopaths and normals perceive themselves in relation to male and female authority figures presented in this study.

視覚認知領域に関する実験的研究

The purpose and the method of this study was stated in the other paper named "An Experimental Study on the Visually Recognizable Area in the case of the Frontal Observation", and also in it the frontal Observation was stated, Synthesizing the above study and the present one, treated the oblique observation, it was scientifically clarified that; not only the small distance but also the small inclination make the difficulty of the observation increase; the larger both the distance and the inclination, the easier to observe; and its variation is proportioned to the solid angle, whose vertex is the eye, within the small distance and the large inclination; and when the eye goes across a certain limitting line, extended over a wide area containing both the front and the obliqueness, the difficulty becomes invariable. The inside of the limitting line could be called the "Nahbild-area", the outside the "Fernbild-area". The Nahbild-area is under the control of a physical principle such as the Solid angle law, and the Frenbild-area is under the control of a pyschological principle such as the perceptual constancy law. The Jimitting or critical line, in the case of the frontal observation, correspondes to the solid angle amounted of 0.154 steradian, and to the visual angle of 25°, and to the 2.5 times distance of the figure's size. Furthermore, the oblique limit of the Fernbild-area is 30° to the figure.