Figures Of Speech Research Articles

Türkiyədə Baş Verən Siyasi-İctimai Hadisələr və Azərbaycan Ziyalıları (1914-1920)

The proclamation of Turkish Republic on the 29th of October 1923 was an important event within the entire Turkic world. The first democratic Republic in the East was the Republic of Azerbaijan, which proclaimed independence on May 28 1918. On April 1920 Azerbaijan Democratic Republic has fallen as a result of Russian Bolsheviks occupation. Later the formation of a new Turkish Republic in the West has become an embodiment of hope for Turkic world to exist independently. Prior to the forming of Azerbaijan Republic, the true sons of Turkey became a great support for a young country and were excited about formation of the republic. Azerbaijanians for their part were supporting Turkey towards independence and also became the closest allies and comrades to Turks in this path. At the begining of 20th century the articles at magazines and papers, such as “Hayat”, “Fuyuzat”, “Teze Hayat”, “Achig soz” and “Caspian”, which were published within the support of Azerbaijan intellectuals, have gathered the society of Azerbaijani public for discussion of current at the moment historical events. The speeches of the eminent public figures (such as Ali bek Huseynzada, Akhmed Agaoglu, Alimardan bek Topchubashev, M.Makhmudbekov and Omar Faik) have played a significant role in national spirit rivival formation of patriotism and unity. Starting from the first decade of 20th century there were articles published, which call all muslim turkic nations for unity against the national opression, and in the movement for national independence during the First World War. The society of Azerbaijan has followed the changes, happening in the country and also abroad, especially in Turkey. The research of important topics, such as relationship and approach of Azerbaijan society to the development in Turkey, especially to Anatolian movement, are still valid and are of particular interest.

Advice for East Asian Countries’ English Teaching under the Perspective of Lexical Pragmatics— Taking Modern Family as examples

Though there were sufficient lexical analyses and Pragmatics analyses, researches based on Lexical pragmatics are not enough as it involves the combination of written meaning of text and extended meaning based on context in particular situations. Subsequently, more teaching methods are required for ESL in East Asian countries who aims at communication with native English speakers in cultures where English is the first language. This paper focused on the lexical pragmatics analysis of an episode of Modern Family, a popular American sitcom in which characters’ lines were used to create humor successfully. Aspects in lexical pragmatics including narrowing, broadening and figurative speeches such as metaphor and puns are used for research in this paper. In addition, teaching methods, such as adding English conversation practice and corresponding criteria were proposed for high level ESL in East Asian countries. This paper could help broaden creative mind for English teachers for second language learners to improve teaching quality.

Gestural Ways of Depicting Metaphors and Abstract Concepts

Abstract The aim of the article is to present ways in which gestures combine with the verbal layer of an utterance, thus reflecting embodied thinking and the rooting of abstract concepts in human bodily experience. The article discusses two different ways in which gestures, described in the literature as metaphoric, illustrate both linguistically expressed metaphors and abstract concepts that are not verbally expressed as metaphors. The data analyzed in this paper have been taken from speeches of politicians and other public figures.

Analisis Gaya Bahasa Dalam Novel " Senja, Hujan, Dan Cerita Yang Telah Usai " Karya Boy Candra

Figurative speech is inseparable with literary works, particularly to express intrinsic elements in the works. Practically, authors often insert figurative speech to narrate a story. This study is aimed at analyzing figurative speeches in novel Senja, Hujan, dan Cerita Yang Telah Usai, written by Boy Candra. The researcher employed literary study to finish the study which initiated by (i) reading the research object, (ii) collecting the data by marking, identifying, and transcribing. The data were analyzed by using interactive model of analysis. The result showed that the author used 6 types of f igurative speeches to describe both the setting and character, as follows; (1) allegory, (2) (2) alusio, (3) antitesis, (4) asindenton, (5)Klimaks, (6)interupsi. The result of the study strongly suggested that the use of figurative speech is clearly necessary to improve the quality of literary works.

Arabic Rhetoric as Divine Hermeneutics: mathal and majāz in Ibn Ṭufayl’s Ḥayy b. Yaqẓān

Abstract I read Ibn Ṭufayl’s Ḥayy b. Yaqẓān, a sixth/twelfth-century philosophical narrative, through the lens of two critical terms in Arabic rhetoric: mathal and majāz, loosely equivalent to metaphor and figurative speech. Foregrounding the hermeneutic principles underlying the two concepts allows us to explore the affective and aesthetic means by which knowledge of the divine can be transmitted even through the material limitations of human language. They also provide the epistemological and rhetorical conditions for relating the sensible (maḥsūs) and intelligible (maʿqūl) worlds to each other through repeated crossings that connect divine truth (ḥaqq) with the material conditions of living. By his fractal-like deployment of mathal and majāz, Ibn Ṭufayl brings vividly to life a method of reading that enjoins us to interpret our material world in light of the wider cosmos in the same way that we encounter his text, preparing us to reach for an ever-receding gnosis.

Parti Islam Se-Malaysia (PAS) Versus Parti Amanah Negara (Amanah): A Contestation Over Interpretation of Islam in Malaysian Politics

This study analysed contending views over interpretation of Islam in politics between two major Malaysian Islamist political parties; Parti Islam Se-Malaysia (PAS) and Parti Amanah Negara (AMANAH), and how the differing discourses taken were reflected electorally. It explored the historical dynamics of conservatism and progressivism within PAS, and by extension AMANAH as its splinter party. Primary and secondary documentation analysis was conducted on resources ranging from writings and speeches of respective party figures, official documents and extensive literatures written on the subject. The research concluded firstly, a preference over Malay communalistic ideas in PAS was the main factor that led to the systematic elimination of AMANAH. Secondly, while PAS has a long historical root centred upon creation of Islamic state, implementation of hudud, and exclusivist attitude towards others, AMANAH views Islam from the higher objectives of syariah that emphasizes good governance, justice, and inclusivity regardless of religious and ethnic differences. Thirdly, a mutual contestation existed, id est not only AMANAH challenged the conservative Islamist narrative of PAS, PAS also challenged the progressive Islamist narrative of AMANAH. Finally, electoral contestation between PAS and AMANAH shown that AMANAH managed to edge over PAS in 14th General Election (GE14). However, PAS capitalized on ethnic sentiments to gain unprecedented electoral success in 15th General Election (GE15). While this research was limited to existing data in the field, future studies could utilize quantitative methods to explore how electorates on the ground grasp respective parties’ ideas and contestation.

The concept of «movement» in Evenki phraseology

The publication is devoted to the description of the concept of «movement» in the ethnic picture of the world that is reflected in Evenki phraseology. The relevance of the research is the decline in the functionality of the native language in the conditions of globalization and is determined by the insufficient knowledge of Evenki phraseology. The aim of the research is to demonstrate the potential of figurative speech and the correlation between language and ethnic worldview on the example of a linguistic concept. The basic concept of the Evenki worldview is considered through the prism of the mentality bearer of ethnic culture that is based on the ethnographic traditions of the nomadic way of life. The theoretical basis of the research are the studies devoted to the phraseology of the Russian language and interdisciplinary developments at the interface between linguistics and ethnography. The research material are studies on the language, ritual culture, folklore and literature of the Evenki. The analysis of the used material and cultural traditions indicates a close correlation between the composition of phraseological units and the economic and worldview traditions of the Evenki. Because of the research, the author concludes that the concept of «movement» is one of the basic symbols of the traditional Evenki worldview, formed in the process of historical adaptation of the cultural complex of a nomadic hunter in the conditions of the mountain taiga landscape. In the ethnic picture of the world, this concept is comprehended in connection with the process of human life and is embodied in a significant amount of phraseological units formed from verbs denoting various forms of movement. The most common phraseological units are formed from the verbs ngaenaemi – «to go» and girkumi – «to walk». In the Evenki language, the concept of «movement» is represented in the form of phraseological units with different meanings, among which the most common are phraseological units meaning «to live», «to overcome», «to achieve», «to catch up.» In the Evenki language picture of the world, movement is contrasted with the static condition of objects in the world. The phraseology of the Evenki language reflects the ethnographic, social, moral traditions of the ethnic society and the system of acquired knowledge. The prospects for further research on the topic are associated with attracting interest in the Evenki phraseology from specialists in linguoculturology.

О начальном этапе грузино-осетинского конфликта

Introduction. The article examines the background, causes and initial stage of the Georgian-Ossetian conflict, tied to the aggressive and nationalistic policy of the authorities of the Georgian Democratic Republic during the period of independence - 1918-1921. Materials and Methods. The analysis was carried out on f Russian, Georgian and Ossetian sources of various formats, including those of administrative nature and personal origin. First of all, it is necessary to highlight the memoirs and speeches of major political and military figures of the era in question N. Zhordania, V. Dzhugeli, G. Kvinitadze, F. Makharadze. By applying historicalcomparative and retrospective methods of scientific research, it was possible to construct a complete picture of what happened during the period under review. Analysis. The Georgian dictatorship quickly led to an increase in anti-Georgian sentiment among the residents of South Ossetia and subsequent protests against Georgian authorities. While the latter classified the Ossetians as traitors and organized a punitive expedition of unprecedented cruelty and scope in 1920. The article tracks in detail the progress of the operation, the battles with the Ossetian rebels, and lists the repressive actions of the Georgian armed forces on the territory of South Ossetia, in particular, the People's Guard units led by the notorious leader Valiko Dzhugeli, who did not even interfere with the demonstrative killings of local Ossetians. Therefore, this expedition can be clearly assessed as ethnic cleansing, during which almost the entire population of South Ossetia was forced to flee through the mountains to the territory of North Ossetia. Results. It was the tragic events of 1920 that became the basic stage in the periodization of the Georgian-Ossetian conflict, echoes of which we can see in the 21st century.

Mapu's Meliẓah , Auerbach's Figura and Mendelsohn's Sublime: Rhetoric and the Critique of Haskalah Ideology

Abstract: This article revisits the concept of meliẓah (eloquent language) and its significance in the development of Hebrew literary thought. The study begins with an analysis of meliẓah in the works of maskilim and scholars of Haskalah such as Euchel, Zederbaum, and Finer, who typically viewed meliẓah as a derivative concept that serves a wider philosophical or historical framework. The main body of the article explores how maskilim used meliẓah and figurative language in ways that question the aesthetic affirmation of philosophical knowledge and challenge established views of historical continuity. Drawing from Erich Auerbach's elaborate discussion of figurative speech, this study illustrates how Hebrew writers, including Moses Mendelssohn and Abraham Mapu, employed meliẓot not just to embellish already-accepted images of nature or history. In a manner akin to Auerbach's figura, meliẓah highlights the evasive, transitory, and ideological aspects of literary mediations of history, leading to alternative mediations. The concluding sections focus on Abraham Mapu's fictional portrayal of meliẓah, arguing it should not be read as an imitation of Alexander Pope's concept of "wit." Instead of portraying nature or history in their "methodized" version, I show how Mapu's fiction deprives historical fiction of its rationalist and idealist aura. Rather than self-justifying images, Mapu's meliẓot operate as rhetorical structures that summon up conflicted versions of social reality.

Stylistic Analysis of Laxmi Prasad Devkota's Poem 'The Lunatic'

This study is based on a stylistic analysis of the poem 'The Lunatic' by a great modern poet of Nepal, Laxmi Prasad Devkota. This analysis focuses on the foregrounding, metaphors, graphological, phonological, morphological, and semantic levels to explore and analyze what the poet wants to convey by describing his own experiences, showing the complex relationship between the poet and people living in the society that is going through social transformation. Stylistic techniques and methods are tactfully used to unfold the hidden feelings and experiences of the poet's life. Keeping in view stylistics is the study of different devices employed in language that give literary style and beauty to any writing; this article aims to explore and reveal hidden realities of poetic lines used in the poem 'The Lunatic'. This analysis helps us understand the poetic expression that can beautifully provide the picture of social transformation through the conflict between the poet and society. The stylistic devices used in this poem are the setting of the poem, along with the figures of speech. This study examines how the changing social context affects the poet's feelings and thoughts when composing poetry. Furthermore, the article explores how figurative speech enhances the impact of poetry on the readers' thinking.

РЕКУРЕНТНІСТЬ ЯК ОДИН ІЗ ОСНОВНИХ СИНТАКСИЧНО-СТИЛІСТИЧНИХ ЗАСОБІВ У ПОБУДОВІ ТЕКСТІВ

The article provides a general analysis of the research of Ukrainian and foreign linguists on the study of such a stylistic tool as repetition. A description of the phe-nomenon of recurrence and its defi nition are given. In linguistics, the phenomenon of recurrence is described as one of the sources of enrichment of stylistic means of language. By deliberately and precisely repeating units of speech, the author manages to strengthen the power of his opinion and exag-gerate his feelings. Repetition is the most common, oldest stylistic device in fi ction, and masters of the word used it to express a subjective attitude to the depicted object, to evaluate it, to attract the attention of the listener or reader. Recurrence is the repeti-tion of textual, compositional or thematic units with a certain artistic and aesthetic purpose, marked in the form of fi gurative and thematic repetitions. It is the most used syntactic and stylistic fi gure in the language of artistic and journalistic works.Repetitive units at any level are signifi cant in literary and journalistic texts, in Internet communication, in spoken language. They are distinguished phonetically, into-nationally and graphically, attracting the attention of the recipient and always expressing important intentions of the speaker. Recurrence is defi ned as a fi gure of speech, which consists in the repetition of sounds, words and expressions in a certain sequence, that is, the repetition is diverse in structure. It manifests itself at diff erent levels of speech. In the system of repeating units of the Ukrainian language, every link is important.The peculiarity of recurrence as a stylistic technique consists in strengthening and anchoring the statement in the mind of the reader, in appealing to his emotions, feelings and moods. It is not only a stylistic fi gure, it is an emotionally colored model of pressure on the reader’s subconsciousness, which should be used in the text in a certain place and at a certain time. Therefore, the main stylistic function of this phe-nomenon is the function of enhancing the emotional and aesthetic impact.The issue of recurrence lies at the junction of various disciplines and scientifi c directions, besides it does not limit its theoretical and practical study, but, on the con-trary, contributes to the constant search for new research aspects

The Employment of Figurative Language in a Motion Picture Artwork

This study aimed at finding out the use of figurative language in an artwork, specifically movie called Toy Story 3. The method used in this study was descriptive qualitative which provided the necessary data analysis to gain the information needed from the movie. The data soure was movie entitled Toy Story 3 with xxxx minutes in length. In collecting data, the researcher used document analysis; later in daa analysis, the interactive analysis consisting of data reduction, data display, and dat verification was employed. Te result shows that there are three types of figurative language consisted in the movie: Metaphor, Simile, and Hyperbole. The metaphors were used to describe something by comparing it with other objects, Hyperbole ws employed iin order to make the language used in the film increase a child's imagination to infinity, and Simile usage enhances the sentences to spark the curiosity of the audience—merely children. Then, it was aso found that regarding the frequency, Metaphor occurs nine times and represents 60%, Hyperbole occurs five times and represents 33%, and Simile occurs one time and represents 7%. Iin conclusion, The movie Toy Story 3 used only a few figurative speeches because the target audience is children, hence simple forms of language uses are utilized.

THE USE AND THE PLACE OF FIGURATIVE LANGUAGES IN THE TRANSLATION OF JACK LONDON’S WORK

This article discusses the use of figurative speech in the indirect translation of Jack London's "White Fang" into Uzbek, and whether figurative language retained its structure and meaning when it translated from English.

AXIOLOGICAL ASPECT OF THE CONCEPT IDENTITY OPPOSITION REALIZATION (BY THE EXAMPLE OF THE CREATION ‒ DESTRUCTION DICHOTOMY)

Background. The global redistribution of the balance of power, caused by the imbalance of the geopolitical interests of the leading world powers, contributed to the actualization within the boundaries of the Russian linguistic and cultural space of phenomena associated with the accentuation of existential significance categories among which the concept IDENTITY occupies a special position.
 Purpose. The article is devoted to the study of the implementation of the value aspect of the concept IDENTITY opposition in Russian linguistic culture.
 Materials and methods. The material for this study was the article of the President of the Russian Federation V.V. Putin On the historical unity of Russians and Ukrainians. July, 12, 2021; interview with the Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation S.V. Lavrov; Internet publication of the Russian journalist I.A. Yakovenko Disintegration of the Russian Federation: Scenarios and Prospects; speeches of state and political figures of Russia in the television political show Evening with Vladimir Solovyov. When writing the article, the following methods were used: lexical-semantic, comparative-contrastive, discursive, contextual analysis.
 Results. In the course of the study the specifics of the differentiated objectification of the concept IDENTITY in the Russian language were analyzed; various theoretical approaches to the substantiation of the oppositional nature of the language implementation of the concept under study were systematized; the factual interdependence of the studied concept with the category “linguistic consciousness” was established; an integrative feature of the implementation of the concept IDENTITY in the Russian language space was revealed; the indicative characteristic of the concept IDENTITY in the composition of the subjects of the opposition CREATION ‒ DESTRUCTION was described.
 Practical implications. The results of the study can find practical application in the preparation of teaching aids and textbooks on the linguo-cognitive analysis of concepts based on dichotomous models.

Development trends and main aspects of language policy of Soviet state in the autonomous regions of the North Caucasus (1920-ies – early 1930-ies)

The relevance of the topic lies in the fact that Soviet state purposefully formed legal and socio-cultural norms of language policy, achieving mass literacy in regional languages and a qualitative increase in the status of these languages. The tasks of language policy in the autonomous regions of the North Caucasus are particularly difficult. The purpose of the work is to determine the development trends and the main aspects of language policy of Soviet state in the autonomies of the North Caucasus Region in the 1920-ies – early 1930-ies. The article is based on the methodology of constructivism, systematic and comparative analysis. The source base of the article includes unpublished documents of party and state authorities, the results of censuses, speeches of political figures, articles by publicists. The novelty of the article consists in a systematic study of such aspects as the formation of writing and literature in the languages of the North Caucasus peoples, the elimination of illiteracy in their native languages, the replacement of the Arabic alphabet with Latin, the translation of office texts from Russian into regional languages, the unification of the alphabets of the languages of the North Caucasus, quotas for speakers of regional languages in government bodies. The activity of organizations implementing the Latinized alphabet: the National Commission of the North Caucasus Regional Committee of the VKP(b), the National Council under the Regional Executive Committee of Councils, the Regional National Publishing House, etc. is evaluated. The results of the language reform in the North Caucasus were contradictory and not efficient. Resources for the introduction of regional languages as the main ones in the education system, propaganda, and official records are limited. The causes of this problem were: the low level of literacy of the population, the weakness of publishing houses, the lack of educated teachers and journalists with knowledge of regional languages.

Amharic political sentiment analysis using deep learning approaches

This study delves into the realm of sentiment analysis in the Amharic language, focusing on political sentences extracted from social media platforms in Ethiopia. The research employs deep learning techniques, including Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN), Bidirectional Long Short-Term Memory (Bi-LSTM), and a hybrid model combining CNN with Bi-LSTM to analyze and classify sentiments. The hybrid CNN-Bi-LSTM model emerges as the top performer, achieving an impressive accuracy of 91.60%. While these results mark a significant milestone, challenges persist, such as the need for a more extensive and diverse dataset and the identification of nuanced sentiments like sarcasm and figurative speech. The study underscores the importance of transitioning from binary sentiment analysis to a multi-class classification approach, enabling a finer-grained understanding of sentiments. Moreover, the establishment of a standardized corpus for Amharic sentiment analysis emerges as a critical endeavor with broad applicability beyond politics, spanning domains like agriculture, industry, tourism, sports, entertainment, and satisfaction analysis. The exploration of sarcastic comments in the Amharic language stands out as a promising avenue for future research.

Репрезентация интенциональности в эпидейктических речах в предвыборной кампании США 2020 года

The aim of the study is to identify patterns in the construction of the epideictic speeches of political figures within the 2020 US election campaign. The paper analyses the intentional structures of three campaign speeches of different political figures, Donald Trump, Kamala Harris and Joe Biden, in particular, where they thank their electorate for their support. Patterns in the construction of epideictic speeches were identified from the perspective of the intentionality analysis relying on the analysis of the intentional components inherent in the gratitude speeches in the framework of the election campaign in the form of a monologue. The scientific novelty is due to the fact that the intentional components of epideictic speeches reflecting the current trends of structuring the pre-election speech were identified, as well as the influence of the intentional structure of an utterance in pre-election discourse on the perception of speech by the recipient. As a result, it was proved that the gratitude speeches of political figures within the framework of the election campaign have not only common features from the point of view of intentionality analysis, but also differences, which are characterised by the stage of the election campaign.

Saying (Nothing) and Conversational Implicatures

AbstractI defend an alternative theory of conversational implicatures that does without Grice's notion of making‐as‐if‐to‐say. This theory characterises conversationally implicating thatpas a way to mean thatpby saying thatqor by saying nothing. Cases that Grice's theory cannot capture are captured, and cases that Grice's theory misdescribes are correctly described. A distinction between conversational implicatures and pragmatic inferences from what speakers express is required, as well as a non‐implicature treatment of figurative speech.

THE USE OF INTERROGATIVE SENTENCES IN V. ANANIAN'S NOVEL "ON THE SHORE OF SEVAN"

Interrogative sentences express a question. The most typical and common characteristic of these sentences is the interrogative tone, the inquiry. In that sense, the stylistic value of interrogative sentences is large and varied. In Ananyan's artistic speech, first of all, it makes the speech vivid and impressive, gives a national color to the speech of both the author and the characters, reveals the linguistic thinking characteristic of each of them. The work presents the use of interrogative sentences in V. Ananyan's work “On the Shore of Sevan”, which artistically reveals the spiritual inner world of the native people, its national character, the author's attitude towards the characterized phenomena. Targeted quotations of carefully selected relevant original examples from the literary work reveal the stylistic uniqueness of the speech, the logic of what is being said, the feeling and emotionality. In the work "On the Shore of Sevan" the author skillfully creates a figurative speech, mood and state of mind of the characters through interrogative sentences. The use of these syntactic means more fully represents the author's thought, emotion, feeling, preserving the tonal integrity. It is undeniable that in the mentioned novel the interrogative sentences not only convey a unique artistic style, which are constructed with exceptional skill, but also provide the emotional coloring of the great writer's speech. The use of interrogative sentences in various epic and verbal situations, their appropriate use and knowledge is a necessity, as it contributes to the development of students' language thinking, the skill of constructing beautiful and attractive speech.

FIGURATIVE LANGUAGE SEMANTIC ANALYSIS IN ADHITIA SOFYAN'S ALBUM "Forget YOUR PLAN"

Figurative language is part of the semantic. As we know that with semantic we can know the true meaning in a song. Figurative language is language which employs various figures as speech. This analyzes the figurative languages are used in Adhitia Sofyan's album “Forget Your Plans”. It is expected that the result of this study will be useful for the student of linguistics since this study is done based on the theory of Figurative Language. The benefit of figurative language and category used in this thesis is that the readers will comprehend that such theory can be used to give clearer and better understanding about the meanings of figurative language. Kind of figurative language was found in Adhitia Sofyan song selected songs lyric are paradox, metaphor, hyperbole, personification, rhetoric, allegory, repetition, and antithesis. Figurative language in the song could make the readers understand that the lyric of the song can describe massages that must be known by learning them deeply in terms of categories. This study attempts to provide a description about figurative language in human daily life. The type of data that is used in this study is a qualitative data. The data analyzed in this study are some written texts. The text discuss is song taken from Adhitia Sofyan's album “Forget Your Plans”. By these classifications, we can recognize well which one includes each figurative speech. The result of this study will be able to give contribution to the readers who are interested in learning