Figurative Sense Research Articles

Makna Frasa “ὁ ἀμνὸς τοῦ Θεοῦ” dalam Yohanes 1:29

One of the theological titles addressed to Jesus Christ is the Lamb of God. This title can be found in John 1:29 and 1:36 which is the title of John the Baptist to Jesus,and is not found in the Synoptic Gospels. A number of scholars have attempted to interpret the phrase Lamb of God both in a literal and figurative sense and there are a number of different meanings. In this paper, the author seeks the meaning of the phrase Lamb of God in John 1:29 using the exegetical method. The exegetical method used three analyses: contextual analysis, historical, and grammatical and literal analysis. From the analysis carried out, it was found that the meaning of the phrase Lamb of God which is directed at Jesus explains the work of Jesus' salvation through His death on the cross which brought redemption and remission of sins for humans by taking Jewish background: the Passover lamb, and the divine qualities possessed by Christ as the Lamb of God.

PERLOCATIVE PRAGMATICS OF DIRECT AND INDIRECT INTERROGATIVE SPEECH ACTS IN THE KAZAKH LANGUAGE

The article analyzes the concepts of categories of direct and indirect communication in linguistics, types and features of indirect interrogative speech acts, reveals the prelocutive pragmatics of direct and indirect interrogative speech acts in the Kazakh language. Namely: if the direct meaning of interrogative sentences is getting an answer, then indirect questions are used in such functions as showing politeness, indirect posing a question, emphasizing a request, posing a question in a suspicious expression, transmitting a request with gestures, evaluation, resentment, chagrin. In a direct interrogative speech act, the illocutionary effect is expressed through the linguistic meaning of the linguistic means that make up speech, while the perlocutionary pragmatics of indirect interrogative speech acts depends on the use of language units in a figurative sense, on the background knowledge of the speaker and listener and the conditions of communication. At the same time, an indirect interrogative speech act enhances the artistic potential of the language and allows expressing various semantic shades.The study used methods of structural grammar «from form to meaning», functional grammar «from meaning to form», structural-semantic description, functional-semantic and contextual analysis, differentiation and hypothetical interpretation.The scientific and theoretical basis of the scientific conclusions obtained in the course of the study were the works on structural, communicative, functional grammar and pragmatic linguistics in linguistics. In addition, the given language examples from various sources (colloquial speech, works of poets and writers) contributed to the argumentation of scientific and practical conclusions presented in the article

Comparative Analysis of the Treatment of the Alcestis-Stuff by Euripides and by Wilder

This is the starting point of the following analysis: Life and death belong indissolubly together, but nobody of us knows what is waiting for us when we will have died. According to Christian religion the dead shall resurrect again and start immediately into an eternal life full of happiness in an unknown atmosphere without any sorrows and any problems to overcome. The ancient writers, that lived before Jesus Christ, had at hand an underworld as the realm of that god that is responsible for death. In very rare and exceptional cases a very deserved dead is given the allowance to enter again into his former earthen life. This procedure of bringing a dead person back to life might be a kind of deal between deities and mankind in this way that another person had to die and then to live in the underworld instead of the doomed person. This stuff is a subject-matter of legends, fairy tales and finally of classical drama. The heroes of the drama are Admetus and Alcestis – a royal couple; Admetus is doomed to death and his wife Alcestis wants to die instead of her husband. This treatise is written by an author who is as well a lawyer as a philologist. The treatise uses modern methods of literary comparison, that the author did learn at the examples of ancient texts and modern texts at the Faculty of Philosophy of the University of Saarland (Germany). The comparison between the Euripides-version and the Wilder-version is not an end in itself, the comparison aims to show the given literary differences based on the history of the development of the Alcestis-stuff in the light of the fact that the ancient text is the source for the modern text. Thus it becomes once more clear that the texts of old Greek authors do live on in a figurative sense until modern times. Wilder himself is a modern American author who consciously sought connection to antiquity, also because he did go through very intensive university courses in archaeology. This connection to ancient Greek literature, of course, makes modern American literature very attractive for European readers and for readers from other areas of the world.

«ЕГИПЕТСКИЕ НОЧИ» А. С. ПУШКИНА: ПОЭТ В РОЛИ КЛЕОПАТРЫ

This article explores Pushkin’s “Egyptian Nights,” which critics consider to be an unfinished work. For the first time, the analysis of the story’s plot structure is carried out exclusively in regard to the autograph draft in prose without taking into consideration the poetic improvisations which are absent in the poet’s manuscript, but are traditionally inserted by publishers into the printed text. The author argues that the story’s plot design is completed in Pushkin’s prose text. An allusive parallel between the story of Cleopatra and the story of the improviser based on the motifs of “prostitution” and the “severed head”, is described. It is shown that the plot structure of the story is built on the juxtaposition of two narrative levels: symbolic and real. In contrast to the ancient legend, in which the public (lovers) pay for the love of the Egyptian queen with their heads in a literal sense, in the main plot the improviser pays for the love of the public with his head in a figurative sense.

Образ дороги в русских и китайских паремиях: сопоставительный анализ

The relevance of the study is due to the development of intercultural relations between Russian and Chinese societies, their interest in learning foreign languages. Russian and Chinese paremia with the road component, which have not been previously described, are considered from the standpoint of linguoculturology. The classification of Russian and Chinese proverbs with the road component from the point of view of verbalized cultural attitudes is presented. Particular attention is paid to stereotypical ideas about the road in two linguistic cultures. It has been established that cultural settings recorded in Russian and Chinese proverbs with the road component have more differences than similarities. It was found that common features are associated with the understanding of the road as a place for movement in the literal sense and as a way of life in a figurative sense. It has been established that in Russian proverbs the road is the path of a person, on which he must show wisdom, observe the law, and help his neighbor. In Chinese proverbs, a person is advised not to rush, gaining practical experience, and take care of his home. An associative experiment conducted with Russian and Chinese native speakers with the stimulus word the road revealed direct associations with the place of movement among Russian and Chinese respondents. In addition, Russians present the road as a way of life in interaction with other people, and the Chinese more often associate the road with ancient poetry, history, and the “One Belt, One Road” economic program.

The root N)P in the Hebrew Bible in relation to ZNH

This article analyses all passages in the Hebrew Bible where the root N)P is used in order to establish its exact meaning, in particular its relationship to the root ZNH. In a literal sense, their meanings are indiscriminately distinct. The root N)P refers to marital infidelity, to adultery, which is nowhere described with the root ZNH. Although figuratively the two roots are used side by side (including within parallelisms), there is no indication of their source domains overlapping. In the oldest passages where they appear next to each other in a figurative sense, i.e. in Hos, a clear distinction is made between their source domains. In the literature, therefore, it is erroneously assumed that the meaning of hnz encompasses that of adultery, believed to be an appropriate metaphor for the people’s religious or cultic infidelity to YHWH.

The lab discovered: Place-for-institution metonyms appearing in subject position are processed as agents.

"Hospital" can refer to a physical place or more figuratively to the people associated with it. Such place-for-institution metonyms are common in everyday language, but there remain several open questions in the literature regarding how they are processed. The goal of the current eyetracking experiments was to investigate how metonyms are interpreted when they appear as sentence subjects in structures that are temporarily syntactically ambiguous versus unambiguous (e.g., "The hospital [that was] requested by the doctor…"). If comprehenders have a bias to interpret metonyms in subject position as agents (Fishbein & Harris, 2014), they should initially access the figurative (institutional) sense of the metonym. This interpretation is rendered incorrect at the disambiguating by-phrase, which should lead to reanalysis (i.e., garden-path effects). In Experiment 1, larger garden-path effects were observed for metonyms compared to inanimate control nouns that did not have a figurative sense. In Experiment 2, garden-path effects were equivalent for metonyms and animate sentence subjects. In addition, there was some evidence that readers exhibited initial difficulty at the verb (e.g., "requested") when it immediately followed the metonym compared to the inanimate control nouns in Experiment 1. Overall, the results suggest that the subject-as-agent heuristic is a powerful cue during sentence processing, which can prompt the comprehender to access a figurative interpretation of a metonym. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

EVANGELICAL NAMES IN THE POETIC LEXICON OF VASYL STUS

The article analyzes evangelical onymia in the work of Vasyl Stus on the basis of his poetic works, which reflect original imagery, an unusual richness of language and expressive means, the seediness of onymes that carry a metaphorical-symbolic meaning. The purpose of the article is to single out evangelical names in the poetry of Vasyl Stus, to confirm the important role of those names in revealing the characteristic conceptual concepts of his worldview. The analysis is focused on anthroponymy, which represents the images of Christ in the context of reflections on his martyr figure, and Judas in his opposition to the righteous. Attention is also drawn to the symbolic aspects of the onymia of Stus’s poetic space. In particular, the attention is focused on the symbol of martyrdom, repeatedly conveyed through the toponym Golgotha / Golgotha. In almost all Stus contexts, Golgotha / Calvary does not appear as the name of the place of Jesus’ execution, but in a figurative sense - as a symbol of suffering and death in the name of a high goal. The analysis is also aimed at systematization, establishing the dynamics of usage and highlighting the evangelical onymia in the poet’s work. Accordingly, the object of the proposed article was the idiostyle of Vasyl Stus, the subject – the structure of the anonymous space of the poet’s works, which was based on evangelical images. To obtain reliable data, the methods of description, induction and deduction, quantitative calculations, as well as component and contextual-interpretive methods are used in the work. The result of the work was a comprehensive substantiation of the importance of the anonymous component in the poet’s idiostyle and the identification of priority proper names used in his works related to biblical themes. Conclusions: the main categories of proper names in the work of Vasyl Stus are concentrated in the anthroponymic and toponymic segment of the author’s onomatopoeia, which was based on evangelical motifs. The most frequent onyms of the biblical circle in the poetic texts of Vasyl Stus are proper names, the source of which was the Gospel.

СОСТАВ И СТИЛИСТИЧЕСКОЕ ИСПОЛЬЗОВАНИЕ РЕЛЯЦИОННЫХ ГЛАГОЛОВ ПРИ СЛОВАХ С КОРНЕМ -ДОМ- В ПРОИЗВЕДЕНИЯХ 1950–1960 ГГ. Ф. А. ВИГДОРОВОЙ

The purpose of the study is to determine the role of relational verbs in words with the root -house- in the works of 1950–1960 by F. A. Vigdorova. The article analyzes relational verbs with words with a root -house- in literary texts of 1950-1960 by F. A. Vigdorova, characterizing an important fragment of the picture of the world “House” for the writer. It has been established that relational verbs with words with the root -house- are used in texts to indicate the relationship of characters in the interpersonal and social spheres, to the ways of their manifestation, express the pragmatic, pedagogical views of the writer. In the works, as well as in the usage, these verbs are presented to a lesser extent (14) compared to actional ones (83), but they are stylistically significant in the mental-lingual complex of F. A. Vigdorova’s linguistic personality. The scientific novelty of the study lies in the fact that for the first time the analysis of the semantics of relational verbs with words with the root -house- in the prose of 1950–1960 was carried out. F. A. Vigdorova, which made it possible to expand the idea of the specifics of the writer’s idiostyle, which consists in describing the spiritual, social life of the country in 1920–1950, in particular, by examining the lexical-semantic groups of verbs with the semantics of 'relationship': verbs of social relations, verbs of interpersonal relations, verbs of possession, verbs of relationship, including those used in a figurative sense. The results of the work make a significant contribution to the developed methodology for the linguistic analysis of the Vigdorova’s text.

Language Transfer in Chinese EFL Learners’ Receptive Vocabulary Knowledge of Delexical and Lexical Verb+Noun Collocations

Restricted verb+noun collocations in English comprise delexical verb+noun collocations and lexical verb+noun collocations. The former are combinations containing verbs with ‘light’ meaning, such as make a mistake, take pictures, and have dinner, while lexical verb+noun collocations refer to combinations with technical meaning or figurative sense, such as draw a conclusion and hold discussions. Many studies have shown that these collocations are challenging to non-native English speakers, but to what extent and why one type is more challenging than the other has not received much research attention. The current study focuses on Chinese EFL learners’ receptive knowledge of delexical and lexical verb+noun collocation, particularly in relation to the influence of their first language (L1). To address this, the study measured Chinese EFL learners’ receptive knowledge of delexical and lexical verb+noun collocations using COLLEX5 collocation test and the extent to which their responses in the test were congruent or incongruent with their L1, i.e., Mandarin. The results show that Chinese EFL learners’ receptive delexical verb+noun collocation knowledge is higher than their lexical ones. The results also show that 92.3% of delexical verb+noun collocation errors are congruent with Mandarin. L1 influence is also evident in lexical verb+noun collocation errors but to a lesser extent, i.e., 72.6%. These findings indicate that L1-influenced errors account for a significant portion of the errors, suggesting that EFL learners' L1 influences how L2 collocations are processed in the mental lexicon.

A Palimpsest of Practice-led Inquiry: A Conversation

This paper aims to interrogate a writer-researcher’s journey through practice-led inquiry (Gray, 1996) within a broader discourse that acknowledges academic writing as contested. Indeed, the quest of a migrant writer for recognition of their writing in another land requires a deep understanding of the many layers that make up the provenance of their writing practice: A second language, and both their cultural identity and literary background, provide layers of knowledge and experience that fuse to form a 'style' and ultimately a writing ‘niche’. The readership of their writing carries its own provenance and therefore the additional bias of ‘the home ground’. As it reads in the title, palimpsest, in its figurative sense, is a notion that implies levels of meaning in a literary work. Although not the first writer to use the concept figuratively, it was Thomas De Quincey who wrote an essay entitled “The Palimpsests” (1845), which would inaugurate “the substantive concept of the palimpsest” (Dillon, 2005, p. 243). Similarly, Barthes (1989, p. 99) referred to a text as a layered discourse, an onion, a superimposed construction of skins (of layers, of levels, of systems) whose volume contains, finally, no heart, no core, no secret, no irreducible principle, nothing but the very infinity of its envelopes—which envelop nothing other than the totality of its surfaces. As a writer surfaces, discriminates, and understands the different layers that fashion their writing, and wields their particular use of English as a second language, their practice becomes more authentic. That authenticity becomes a dual threshold element of an exegesis argument, representing faithfulness to the practitioner, and translating or bridging the gap between first language readers and second language voices.

Sarcasm in Sarawakian NgekTsaiArmy Official YouTube Videos

Sarcasm typically uses particular phrases in a figurative sense, and occasionally contains insults or reproaches, which makes it unpleasant to hear. However, in certain context, sarcasm is also used to make remarks, criticism, or advice towards an individual or a group of people, related to an issue. This study analyses the use of sarcasm in NgekTsaiArmy Official YouTube videos, a channel managed by NgekTsai who is a famous social media influencer or vlogger from Sarawak. The method of content analysis is used in analysing data from the utterances of the characters in videos with themes of family, society, education, work, and culture. The data were analysed based on the Speech Act Theory (Searle, 1969). The findings of the study show that there are four types of language acts that exist in the NgekTsaiArmy Official videos, namely assertive, directive, expressive, and commissive. Although this language act contains elements of sarcasm, it is uttered mostly with the aim of making the public aware of current issues, thus providing useful and positive input to the public. In addition, the culture and dialect of the Sarawak Malay community are also highlighted by NgekTsai in a unique way that attracts the attention of its viewers.

Menopause management for transgender and genderdiverse people

For most transgender and genderdiverse people terms like the menopause and andropause only apply in a figurative sense. Under well-adjusted gender affirmative treatment it is unlikely to get climacteric’ symptoms. More frequently dosage adaptation in elderly transpersons due to concurrent chronic diseases leads to problems and may wrongly be considered ‘menopausal’. If complaints remain for a longer period a laboratory check of the sex steroids involved may be indicated. In case lab results do not show conspicious features, it is recommendable to consider absorption problems as transfemale persons are more prone to skin irritation caused by transdermal hormone patches compared to cisgender women. A switch to estrogen gels or sprays is recommended, but not oral administration. There is robust evidence that oral estrogen in elderly transfemale persons significantly increases the risks for CVD, and in particular for VTE. That is why guidelines from authoritative societies like WPATH or the Endocrine Society recommend to refrain from oral estrogen treatment, at least from the age of 50 or even earlier in case of concurrent chronic diseases or risky lifestyle habits. Some transfemales embrace complaints with a strong female connotation, e.g. PMS or some perimenopausal symptoms, to accentuate their femininity. This may be seen as a desperate attempt to overcome gender bounderies and should not be subjected to ridicule but regarded a last cry for help. Also transmale persons may suffer from climacteric complaints but it would be more appropriate to use the term ‘andropause’. Globally, the majority of transmale persons does not undergo genital surgery and are in need of adequate care in case of complaints irrespective of a male outer appearance. This situation may be challenging for healthcare providers not used to encounter transpeople. Even worse is the fact that transmale persons without gender-affirmative surgery often ignore genital complaints, potentially worsening the situation only because the genital organs left in situ are not regarded part of oneself. Healthcare providers need to proactively address possible complaints rather than waiting for the patient expressing his suffering. Medical management of elderly transpeople is a time-consuming challenge as social, emotional and physical well-being are tightly interwoven and also needs an understanding for life concepts beyond the traditional binary.

THE VIRTUALITY OF INTELLIGENT CITIES - THE ROAD TO HYBRIDIZING OUR NEW CITIES

The incorporation IoT into our social systems and the digitization of our everyday life has become the new norm for societies worldwide. This study posits that digitization should apply to our cities as well. The digital aspect of technology is not always tangible – even in the figurative sense of grasping a concept – and its allure lies in this virtual aspect. That is the starting point of discussion in this paper – the virtuality of intelligent cities, the intangible forces that make these new cities smart, and how said forces can be incorporated to create new smart hybrid cities that also aim to be intelligent, connected, and efficient. This research paper was designed to first set a strong theoretical base, which includes how the Circular City Actions CCA assessment framework works. This framework is applied to the three virtual methods, Sharing Economy, Smart Parking, and Virtual Power Plants VPP, as well as an international case study, the VPP in South Australia. The CCA framework was then applied to the data gathered for the local case study, the New Administrative Capital NAC in Egypt, which was chosen because it is the largest smart city being constructed currently in Egypt right now. Since it is still not fully operational, the data collected was based on governmental plans, proposals, and published papers about the city released within the last 5 years. After theoretically incorporating the proposed virtual methods into the NAC’s plans and reapplying the assessment framework, the results were greatly improved in different aspects. This study made it clear that the NAC has a strong hypothetical foundation to become an intelligent connected city, but there were some missed opportunities of incorporating virtual intelligent solutions to be implemented at different levels as the three proposed in this paper to reach its goal.

Gender Politics at Home and Abroad: Protestant Modernity in Colonial-Era Korea

Gender Politics at Home and Abroad: Protestant Modernity in Colonial-Era Korea

FEATURES OF WORD FORMATION MODELS OF ARABIC AND MAMLUK-KIPCHAK WORDS FORMATION OF (ON THE EXAMPLE OF ‘KITAB BULGAT AL-MUSHTAK’)

Waves of conquests, sweeping across Eurasia and devastating it, destroyed cultural wealth, including manuscripts, the surviving part of which was lost by time, and the other part is stored in different parts of the world. During the period of Soviet power, despite the development of science and technology in general, the history, culture, religion, and language of individual Soviet republics underwent strong fundamental changes. Nomadic culture was considered outside the written cultural heritage, sources in the original language, created by our compatriots in the Middle Ages, were not studied in the original, as a result, voids or incorrect information appeared on all the humanities of Kazakhstan. A huge part of the well-known Kipchak written monuments, made by medieval scientists in the Mamluk state in Egypt, dating back to the 13th-15th centuries, is still in the manuscript depositories of the Netherlands, Italy, France and Turkey. This is a complex of lexicographic and grammatical works, representing the primary source in the study of the history of modern Turkic languages, in particular Kazakh, the reconstruction of its phonetic, morphological and lexical systems. In this research, dedicated to the medieval manuscript of the 14th century “Kitab bulgat al-Mushtaq”, a comprehensive study is planned, consisting of the acquisition of the manuscript or the production of a copy, transfer to the archive and library fund of the Republic of Kazakhstan, translation and careful study of the lexical composition of the entire work. With an extended lexical analysis of the monument, where the vocabulary of the language will be formed, consisting of key words and terms, phrases and term combinations, stylistically colored words, words in a figurative sense, phraseological units, dialectisms, synonyms, homonyms, particles linking sentences, paragraphs, etc. The word-formation analysis will help to demonstrate the potential of the language, the possibilities of word formation, the most productive and active word-formation models of the Arabic and Mamluk-Kipchak languages. Keywords: Arabic, Mamluk-Kipchak, word formation, Ishtikak, medieval manuscript

LE CHAMP LEXICO-SÉMANTIQUE DES NOMS D’ACTIONS ASSOCIÉES AU BIEN ET AU MAL

This study aims mainly to compare and differentiate the meanings of the lexemes included in the paradigmatic class of the names of actions or practices associated with good and evil. In the semic and contextual analysis, such lexemes as: ADULTERY, DEBAUCHERY, UNCLEANNESS, DISSOLUTENESS, ABSTENTION are discussed, all these terms being related to family life, and in a figurative sense they can refer to man's relationship with divinity. Thus, what is good and what is evil from a biblical point of view is highlighted, as well as the standard of the Scriptures in terms of morality. Starting from the lexicographical definitions, a semic analysis is made, while emphasizing at the same time the contextual compatibility of the lexemes in question.

Minor Prophets

Minor Prophets Christopher T. Begg, Fred W. Guyette, and Richard A. Taylor 738. [Spirit, Kingship, and Inner-Biblical Allusion in the Book of the Twelve and the NT] Beth M. Stovell, "Spirit, Kingship, and Inner-Biblical Allusion in the Book of the Twelve and the New Testament," The Spirit Says, 39-60 [see #910]. This chapter has explored how conceptions of God's spirit and presence join with conceptions of God's kingship in the Twelve and continue into the NT via use of inner-biblical allusion. A few key insights have emerged from this analysis. First, the depictions of the spirit as water and the spirit as oil serve key roles in joining the depictions of God's spirit in Joel and Zechariah to their interpretations in Acts and John. … Second, the conceptual understanding of the spirit in relation to God's kingship is based repeatedly on iterations of inner-biblical allusion. Such allusion may come in the form of direct or indirect citation, but in both cases, the purpose is to draw the hearer back [End Page 250] to earlier events and experiences of the spirit that shed light on the conceptualizations of the spirit and kingship. Joel and Zechariah did not come to their understandings of God's spirit and kingship entirely on their own, but are grounded in their predecessors' conceptions of God's spirit and kingship. Joel uses the Exodus account to draw links between the spirit's revelation given to all peoples with the experience of God as Divine Warrior who calls out from Zion. Joel's linking of God as king and the spirit's outpouring upon the people are picked up in the NT by Acts to illustrate the actions of the Holy Spirit in relation to the Father and to Jesus the Son who is Lord and Messiah, the anointed king. Besides the Divine Warrior-king metaphor linked with the spirit in the Twelve, the shepherd king metaphor is also linked with depictions of God's spirit and presence in the Twelve in passages such as Zechariah 9–12. Building on allusions to the Psalter and Ezekiel, Zechariah 9–12 depicts God's recurring presence to protect and fight for his people as their king and the spirit's outpouring on David's house. The interplay of spirit and kingship in these texts enables John the Evangelist … to incorporate the outpouring of the Holy Spirit as oil and as water into his depictions of Jesus' kingship in John 12 and 19. … [Adapted from author's conclusion, pp. 59-60—C.T.B.] *739. [Weather Imagery in Hosea] Szabolcs Ferencz Kato, "Rain, Dew, Flourishing Plants as Images of Monolatry and Righteousness: The Weather Imagery and Its Meaning in Hosea," HTS 77 (4, 2021) 1-7 [see Editor's Notes, p. 367]. Weather imagery plays a major role in the Book of Hosea. The prophet wants us to see an interconnectedness between faithfulness and the fruitfulness of the land. Since Israel has been unfaithful to God, the land is suffering from drought and agriculture is failing (Hosea 2). There is no bread or water, no wool, no flax, and no cooking oil. Hos 4:2-3 describes the withering of the land. In 6:3; 10:12; 14:6, several types of precipitation serve to draw attention to the utterances of Yhwh and the need for righteousness. In 9:10, 13, 16; 10:1; 13:5; and 14:6, 8, Israel is symbolized by different plants that blossom and wither, depending on their relation to Yhwh. Hosea also uses weather imagery to describe the political consequences of idolatry and injustice. Those behaviors cause drought and famine in a literal sense, but they also cause the withering of Israel in a figurative sense. The remedy for the land and for God's people?: Genuine repentance and renewed trust in Yhwh.—F.W.G. 740. [Hosea 7] Kurtis Peters, "Theology in Knead of Language: Bread, Ovens, and the Politics of Hosea 7," From Words to Meanings, 107-17 [see #911]. Hosea 7 contains two separate but related enigmatic cooking images. The first is that of a heated oven...

FIGURATIVE MEANINGS OF ORNITHONYMS IN RUSSIAN AND GEORGIAN

The purpose of this work is to identify, describe and compare the figurative semantics of ornithonyms in the Russian and Georgian languages. Russian Russian and Georgian linguocultures have not been the subject of special consideration and the comparison of ornithonyms with a figurative meaning is relevant and useful in teaching Russian as a foreign language. The following research methods were used: analysis of dictionary definitions of ornithonyms in Russian and Georgian languages; The method of continuous sampling, analytical, descriptive, classification, and comparative methods The contrastive analysis of Russian and Georgian ornithonyms used in a figurative sense showed both cases of coincidence, complete or partial, and cases of discrepancy in values.

CONNOTATIVE PROPER NAMES AS AFFECTONYMS IN THE SPEECH OF FRANCOPHONES

The article is devoted to connotative proper names-affectonyms, which are proper names of people / characters of artistic reality, used in a figurative sense as synonyms for the name of the addressee of the speech (rarely the third person). The research was implemented on the basis of questionnaires and analysis of social media texts. The purpose of the research is to analyze the semantics of connotative proper names used as affectonyms, to demonstrate their (in)dependence on the cultural preferences of generations, to find out the motivation of such naming. In the course of the study, it was found that proper names-affectonyms, regardless of the origin of the primary signified (a real proper name or a literary proper name), are metaphors: mostly positive features of the primary signified are transferred to the addressee of speech. Despite the fact that a certain part of proper names-affectonyms remains unchanged over time (usually we are talking about well-known connotative proper names such as Roméo, Juliette, Don Juan), this is a rather dynamic group of names that reflects the interests and cultural demands of society. However, there are general models of metaphorical transfer, the semantics of such names, which are meant to refer to the ideas of strength, beauty, intelligence, power, and the romanticism of fictitious or real personalities. So, instead of mon Alain Delon, mon petit Timothée Chalamet is used, instead of Einstein — mon Steve Jobs — both in an approving and ironic sense. In certain cases, affectonyms of this kind are formed through metonymy — according to the sphere of interests of the addressee of the speech. Sometimes the phonic structure of the affective names plays a role. Through reduplication or the use of diminutive suffixes in the name, diminutive effect is created. In the context of the use of proper names-affectonyms, we note the presence of a language play, which is manifested both in the modification of the primary proper name and in playing with logical connections between concepts.