Fig Cultivars Research Articles

Seasonal variation of fig tree (Ficus carica L.) physiological characteristics reveals its adaptation performance

In the context of climate change, understanding fig trees physiology is very important, since the areas of fig production registered a large climate variability that severely affects fruit quality. The present study was conducted to evaluate the seasonal changes of physiological leaf behaviour of two Tunisian fig cultivars, Zidi and Bither Abiadh during two years. Plants were subjected to full irrigation to maintain the soil moisture around pot capacity through the experimental period. Leaf gas exchange characteristics (net photosynthetic rate (PN), stomatal conductance (gs), and transpiration rate (E)), chlorophyll content index, leaf temperature and the maximum photochemical efficiency of PSII (Fv/Fm) were measured. Results showed that the photosynthetic characteristics changed during the growing season. Changes of photosynthetic CO2 assimilation, stomatal conductance, and chlorophyll content were not significantly affected by cultivar, and their variation was attributed to year. Seasonal changes of PN and gs were similar suggesting that both processes are dependent. Indeed the best photosynthetic performance of fig occurred about 80-87 days after bud break (spring) of the second season of growth, being supported by a high stomatal aperture. The lowest values of PN, E and gs were recorded 156 days after bud break (summer) for 2017. The decrease of gas exchange rates and high temperatures were registered during the same dates. A little increase of the photosynthetic characteristics and chlorophyll content was noticed in the autumn period, about 180 days after bud break, until a definitive decrease at the end of the growing season with the occurrence of low winter temperature. These results revealed particular adaptive behaviour and could be used as preliminary criteria to predict the future impact of environmental abiotic stresses on ecophysiological fig tree behaviour.

Evaluation of the Physicochemical and Sensory Characteristics of Different Fig Cultivars for the Fresh Fruit Market.

Physicochemical and sensory properties of nine fig cultivars: ‘San Antonio’ (SA), ‘Blanca Bétera’ (BB), ‘Brown Turkey’ (BT), ‘Tres Voltas L’Any’ (TV), ‘Banane’ (BN), ‘Cuello Dama Blanco’ (CDB), ‘Cuello Dama Negro’ (CDN), ‘Colar Elche’ (CE), and ‘De Rey’ (DR), were compared at three different ripening stages. Weight, size, titratable acidity, pH, skin and flesh colours, firmness, maturation index (MI), and volatile compounds were determined in samples from two consecutive seasons, in addition to both descriptive and hedonic sensory analysis. The mechanical behaviour of figs determined by firmness analysis and colour changes in both skin and flesh was the most important trait for the discrimination of ripening stages. Notable differences among cultivars were found in most of the parameters studied, in particular the inter-cultivar differences highlighted for MI, pH, acidity, and skin colour analyses, followed by volatile compounds. Principal component analysis (PCA) indicated that MI, pH, colour parameters of flesh (h and L*), and terpenes were the best physicochemical indices to determine overall acceptability which is highly correlated with the sensory attributes flesh colour and fruit flavour. The results suggested that CDN and SA showed huge consumer acceptability among the fig cultivars studied.

Evaluation of the comparative morphological and quality in fig (Sichuan, China) with different colors under different ripening stages

Fig (Ficus carica L.) has been used in China as food and medicine for millennia, and globally has been consumed increasingly as a healthy food. Sichuan, especially the Weiyuan area, always had the reputation of producing best fig quality. The comparative morphological and quality of 6 fig cultivars were correlated with the main planting fig with three different colors in Sichuan, China: Yellow (Orphan, Browns Wick), Red (Bpjihon, Masui Dauphine, Wild-type), Purple (Japanese Purple Fruit). This study aimed to explore the morphological characteristics in fig, and composition, content and dynamic changes rule of the organic acids and anthocyanins in different parts (peel and pulp) of fruits under different ripening stages (eight mature and full mature). These provide important theoretical bases for the improvement, production, and quality assessment of fig cultivars. In this experiment, high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) for the determination of organic acids and anthocyanins in figs was established for the first time. Each organic acid and anthocyanin component had a linear coefficient of >0.996, and good values were obtained for linear correlation, precision, and reproducibility. During the ripening of fig, malic acid, quinic acid, and citric acid were the main organic acids of fig, followed by tartaric acid and succinic acid, with the lowest content found for fumaric acid. The highest anthocyanin content was observed for cyanidin-3-O-glucoside, followed by cyanidin-3-O-rutinoside, and cyanidin-3,5-diglucoside had the least content. The accumulation pattern of organic acids and anthocyanins was observed to change. The organic acids accumulation pattern changed from malic acid and quinic acid to malic acid, citric acid accumulation or malic acid, citric acid and quinic acid to the accumulation of the three organic acids. The accumulation pattern of anthocyanins was mainly composed of cyanidin-3-O-glucoside and cyanidin-3-O-rutinoside accumulation, and the change during ripening was not significant. This pattern may play an important role in the determination of acidity, sweetness, and flavor quality of fig fruits in Sichuan, China.

Assessment of Morphological Traits and Fruit Metabolites in Eleven Fig Varieties (Ficus Carica L.)

ABSTRACT In the present study, morphological traits, organic acids, sugars, total phenols, total flavonoids, total anthocyanins, total anthocyanidins, antioxidant activity and color parameters such as lightness(L*), Chroma (c*) and hue angle (h°) were investigated in 11 local and introduced fig cultivars cultivated in Moroccan climate. Since only limited information on that topic is available in the literature, this study was performed in order to compare local clones with some of introduced varieties based on their morphological and biochemical attributes. Results showed highly significant differences among genotypes. The cultivar ‘Kadota’ had the most promising morphological traits. Reducing sugars levels were slightly similar among all cultivars. Thus, glucose varied from 5.55 ± 0.27 to 29.94 ± 0.81 g.kg−1 dw, while fructose amounts were in the range of 6.23 ± 0.28–28.15 ± 0.78 g.kg−1 dw. ‘Palmera’ exhibited the highest level of Malic acid (4.99 ± 0.2 g.kg−1). The latter was predominant in all cultivars. Total phenols, flavonoids and total anthocyanins were, generally, abundant in dark-colored cultivars, while total proanthocyanidins were dominant in light-colored ones. The local cultivars ‘Fassi’ and ‘Noukali’ contained the highest amounts of total phenols and total anthocyanins, respectively (524.74 ± 35.9mg GAE 100 g−1 dw and 23.77 ± 6.41 cyanidin-3-rutinoside/100 gdw). Free radical scavenging activity (DPPH and ABTS) was, generally, higher in light-colored figs, while, ferric reducing ability (FRAP) was generally higher in dark skin-colored cultivars. The study confirmed the effectiveness of combining morphological and biochemical analyses in fig assessment and its use pre-breeding programs of the species in Morocco.

First report on fatty acids composition, total phenolics and antioxidant activity in seeds oil of four fig cultivars (Ficus carica L.) grown in Morocco

With the progresses of oilseed industry, an important interest is currently being focused on exploiting novel and underutilized sources for vegetable oils. Being so far the less studied part in fig fruits, seeds separated from four fig cultivars were assessed for their oil content, fatty acids identification, total phenolics and invitro antioxidant analysis. A one-way Anova yielded statistically significant differences for all parameters, with the exception of pentadecylic, margaric and arachidic acids besides the total saturated fatty acids. Fig seeds presented a yellow colored oil, of which the content ranged from 21.54 ± 1.71 to 28.52 ± 0.62%. Gas liquid chromatography analysis of the seed oil showed high percentages of linolenic acid in the four cultivars ranging from 38.43 ± 0.01 to 43.57 ± 0.04, followed by linoleic acid (28.9 ± 0.06–34.5 ± 0.04%). Palmitic acid and stearic acid were the dominating saturated fatty acids in all samples, where the amounts were in the range from 8.54 ± 0.04 to 9.05 ± 0.06% and from 2.59 ± 0.13 to 3.3% respectively. The efficiency of the desaturation from oleic acid to linoleic acid estimated within desaturation pathway, was higher among all cultivars than the efficiency of the desaturation from linoleic acid to linolenic acid. This explains the large increase of 18:3 concentration in all samples. The local cultivar ‘C11A21’ exhibited the highest total unsaturated fatty acids and the lowest level of saturated fatty acids, while the cultivar ‘White Adriatic’ combined the most relevant phenolics content, antioxidant activity and half maximum inhibitory concentration. All sampled oil possessed an important phenolics content that displayed variable levels of antioxidant activity. The objective of this study is to bring new data on the biochemical attributes of fig seeds as a new source oil that can be used for nutritional, pharmaceutical and cosmetic purposes.

Diversity Screening of Fig (Ficus Carica L.) Germplasm through Integration of Morpho-agronomic and Biochemical Traits

ABSTRACT This study aimed to screen 135 cultivars of fig (Ficus carica L.) to identify the most suitable cultivars in terms of morpho-agronomic and biochemical characters. The free radical scavenging activity was assessed through DPPH, ABTS and β-Carotene bleaching assays. The studied genotypes exhibited significant variability (p < .01) following all traits analyzed. The Canonical Correlation Analysis (CCA) revealed a significant relationship between biochemical components and morpho-agronomic traits of fig. With the exception of the drop at the ostiole, lenticel color, and seed sizes, all variables showed highly significant differences. All studied genotypes averaged the fruit weigh of 34.41 ± 14.78 g with a dominance of globose shape. Based on the principal component analysis, the most discriminant attributes were the fruit geometrical traits, color, and peel characteristics. Also, the total sugars (10.08–15.10 g/100 gdw), total anthocyanins (0,41 to 47.95 mg cy-3-rutinoside/100 gdw) and flavonoids (103,7 ± 8.9–14.6 ± 4.6 mg CE/100 gdw) contributed significantly in fig assessment. Unweighted pair group cluster analysis based on Euclidean distance revealed five distinct groups. The local genotype ‘Ounq Hmam PS14ʹ showed a typical profile and was classified as an independent branch. The findings confirmed the effectiveness of combining morpho-agronomic and biochemical analyses in fig assessment. They also showed that the studied fig germplasm has high phenotypic diversity, which is probably more genetically related. The studied accessions can be recognized as an important gene pool for future breeding programs.

Allelopathic potential and phenolic allelochemicals discrepancies in Ficus carica L. cultivars

The phytotoxic effect of some tree species could act as an ecological filter through chemical production that influences plant growth of other species. Despite this widespread interest, few studies have investigated the allelopathic effect of some Moraceae species, while this mechanism has not been studied in Ficus carica. To address this research, we attempted to identify the allelopathic mechanisms of thirteen local preserved fig cultivars on the germination and seedling growth of common weeds and standard target species. The results stated that all fig extracts displayed significant phytotoxic impact, and the degree of inhibition was appeared to be dependent on the cultivars and target species. In general, leaf extracts were more toxic and significantly influenced the seedling elongations, as compared to twig extracts. It was clearly marked that the germination and growth of weed species were totally affected by leaf aqueous and methanol extracts of cultivars Kahli and Bouhouli, respectively, at 40 g/L and 6 g/L. The phytochemical analysis through high performance liquid chromatography detected similar profile among cultivars but with a significant disparity in phenolic composition. Among the identified compounds, rutin is the major flavonoid compound recorded in cv. Zidi and was highly accumulated in leaf rather than in twig. It was obvious that the different fig cultivars or even their tissues can be characterized and clustered in three groups based on their allelopathic potential and phenolic compounds.

Comparative physiological behavior of fig (Ficus carica L.) cultivars in response to water stress and recovery

Fig (Ficus carica L.) is a highly valued fruit crop for its nutritional and health benefits and it is widely cultivated in arid and semi-arid regions. Thus, understanding its responses to abiotic stresses is of great importance since fig fruit production and quality were affected by water shortage. In the present work, the effects of water stress and subsequent irrigation on physiological characters were investigated on two Tunisian commercial fig cultivars: Zidi ‘ZD’ and Bither Abiadh ‘BA’. Water stress was imposed by suspending irrigation for two weeks. After that, fig plants were well re-watered in the recovery period. The experiment was conducted for two consecutive years. Results showed that gas exchange parameters: photosynthesis rate (PN), stomatal conductance (gs) and transpiration rate (E) decreased significantly in drought-stressed plants in comparison to well-watered ones. The maximum photochemical efficiency of photosystem II (Fv/Fm) and chlorophyll index were also affected. Water stress induced an increase in leaf temperature and a massive leaf abscission in both cultivars, while re-hydration stimulated emergence of new leaves and restored photosynthetic apparatus function in previously stressed-plants. Water recovery promoted the vegetative growth and the duration of vegetation cycle. Both cultivars ‘ZD’ and ‘BA’ did not show differences in their water stress sensitivity and recovery. It was conclude that fig is a drought avoider that abscises leaves to reduce water loss. Although fig is able to revegetate when water becomes available, it is recommended do not exceed one week of water stress by suspending irrigation, during summer season, to avoid total leaf abscission. Our research highlighted the need for additional long term studies under different climatic and edaphic conditions to provide more information about the ecophysiology of fig tree.

Assessment of genetic diversity in Moroccan fig (Ficus carica L.) collection by combining morphological and physicochemical descriptors

There are not many exhaustive works emphasizing the amount of genetic diversity based on multivariate analysis of a large sample of fig (Ficus carica L.) cultivars in Morocco. In this study, 96 local and 44 introduced fig cultivars were assessed using 41 descriptors. The studied genotypes exhibited a highly significant variability based on morphological, colorimetric and physicochemical traits. Most of characters showed a high coefficient of variations (> 30%) revealing a high level of phenotypic diversity among the genotypes. Principal component analysis showed that the first 10 components explained 60.26% of the total inertia. Fruit weight, caliber, stalk, neck size, fruit shape, and skin color coordinates contributed to most of the total variation. Matrix of correlations showed significant positive and negative correlations among variables particularly fruit sizes, shape and skin color. Cluster analysis using the Unweighted Pair Group Method with Arithmetic Averages procedure for studied accessions revealed two major clusters and five subclusters. Principal component analysis scatter plot expressed a low level of variance compared to the cluster. It confirmed the same classification of the fig accessions, where fruit dimensions and skin color coordinates were the most discriminant descriptors. The results highlight a high phenotypic diversity within studied fig germplasm, which is probably more genetically related. The accessions panel can be recognized as an important gene pool for future breeding programs. The present study is of importance for planning fig genetic resources inventory, preserving the existing genetic variability and establishing national collections.

Effect of Time and Amount of Supplemental Irrigation at Different Distances from Tree Trunks on Quantity and Quality of Rain-fed Fig Production

Supplemental irrigation under prolonged drought conditions has a key role in providing water for transpiration of rain-fed fig trees. The effect of different times and amounts of supplemental irrigation at different distances from the tree trunk on quantity and quality of Estahban rain-fed fig production was evaluated during two years. A randomized complete block design with four replications on fig cultivars of Sabz was used to conduct the experiment. Treatments of supplemental irrigation included three different application positions including: close to tree trunks (NT); 1-1.1 m from tree trunk (UT) and outside of tree canopy (OT), using three different quantities of irrigation water as no supplemental irrigation (control), 1000 and 2000 liters irrigation water per tree, and with two different supplemental irrigation times in early spring and mid-summer. Results showed higher soil water content for irrigation during early spring, near tree trunk with 2000 liters irrigation water per tree. Despite the reduction in total soluble solids (TSS), supplemental irrigation improved the yield, size and skin color of fruits compared to the control. In both years, fig yield was higher in NT and OT treatments compared to UT. Irrigation out of canopy produced more fruits with higher quality. A non-significant difference between yields in irrigation water amount treatments during the second year indicated the adequacy of 1000 liters per tree. Application of 1000 liters, out of canopy in mid-summer would be recommended to fulfill marketing goals and sustainable use of regional water resource under drought conditions in rain-fed fig orchards.

Content of essential elements in fig fruits of foreign selection cultivars

Objective. Fruits of figs from the collection of the Nikitsky Botanical Gardens: Figue Grise, Randino and Fig Blanche were studied for use as raw material for health products. Methods. The content of elements was determined using AAS “Kvant 2MT” in the emission mode (K) and in the absorption mode (Ca, Mg, Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn). Results. The content of seven essential elements in the fruits of two generations (yields) was studied for the first time. It was revealed that the fruits of the studied fig cultivars contain high quantities of potassium, calcium and magnesium, and satisfactory quantity of ferrum. In the first generation of fruits, the ferrum content is higher by 72-73%, potassium by 4.5-18.4%, than in the second generation of fruits. The fruits of the second generation accumulate more calcium (by 28-31%), magnesium (by 11.6-26.8%), zinc (by 9.9-23.3%) and manganese (by 5.2-17.7 %). Conclusion. The cultivar of early maturity Fig Blanche, in which the fruits of two generations are characterized by the maximum of three cultivars of potassium (15970 mg / kg in the I-st generation, 13020 mg / kg - in the II-nd generation), magnesium (2520 mg / kg and 2810 mg / kg), ferrum (15.54 mg / kg and 9.05 mg / kg), zinc (1.51 mg / kg and 1.69 mg / kg), cuprum (2.24 mg / kg and 1.93 mg / kg) and manganese (2.38 mg / kg and 2.51 mg / kg) content.

Differential responses of fruit quality and major targeted metabolites in three different cultivars of cold-stored figs (Ficus carica L.)

Fig fruit are highly perishable after harvest. To elucidate the relationship between fruit physiological performance and major targeted metabolites during cold storage, fig fruit of three major cultivars, ‘Masui Dauphine’, ‘Bongresi’, and ‘Banane’, were stored at 0.5 °C for up to 30 d, followed by 1 d at 20 °C. Fruit fresh weight loss increased and fruit length and diameter decreased during cold storage, regardless of cultivars. Lightness and chroma from peel and cortex tissues decreased, although differences were detected among cultivars. Hue angle was differently responsive according to cultivars, fruit regions, and tissues. Soluble solids content (SSC), titratable acidity (TA), and the levels of glucose and fructose increased, irrespective of fig cultivars but individual organic acids remained unchanged during cold storage. The contents of aspartic acid and glutamic acid increased, but the levels of other free amino acids decreased, regardless of cultivars during cold storage. The overall heatmap responses were highest at 30 d, compared with the other removal times during cold storage. Principal component analysis (PCA) scores plot. indicated the biochemical and physiological fruit responses of the three fig cultivars were clearly separated and diverged based on storage times and cultivars. Based on the results of the PCA loading plot, SSC, TA, glucose, fructose, and fruit fresh weight loss were closely linked with glutamate and aspartate. Therefore, the results indicated the physiological and biochemical responses of fig fruit quality attributes and major targeted metabolites could be affected either by storage duration or by fig cultivar.

Construction of genetic linkage map for Ficus carica L. based on AFLP, SSR, and SRAP markers

A new genetic linkage map of Ficus carica (2n = 2x = 26) was constructed using 149 F1 progeny derived from the cross between two fig cultivars, ‘Bursa Siyahi’ (BS) and ‘Ak Ilek’ (AK). Fifty-two amplified fragment length polymorphism, 49 simple sequence repeat (SSR), 16 sequence-related amplified polymorphism (SRAP), and 12 sequence characterized amplified region (SCAR–SRAP) combinations were used to generate markers for the map. The BS map consisted of 229 markers, distributed to 16 linkage groups (LGs), with an average marker density of 5.98 cM and map distance of 1342 cM. The AK linkage map carried 244 markers, distributed to 16 LGs, with an average marker density of 4.90 cM and map distance of 1191 cM. The consensus map comprises 355 markers, 1474 cM in length, with average marker density of 4.15 cM. The map indicates the location of new SSRs, nine of which were transferred from related species, and might be helpful for mapping quantitative trait loci that control important horticultural traits in the future.

Structural and functional features of leaves in some Ficus carica L. cultivars in situ and in vitro

This paper presents the results of morphology, anatomy, photosynthetic activity and water regime studies in the leaves of common fig cultivars with and without symptoms of fig mosaic disease (FMD), growing in the collection plots of Nikita Botanical Gardens. In the common fig cultivar ‘Medovyiy’ with FMD symptoms, significant decrease was noticed in the linear dimensions of the leaves compared to symptomless plants. Reliable differences in adaxial epidermis thickness of the cultivars ‘Medovyiy’ and ‘Smena’ were identified. Index of chlorophyll fluorescence induction varied from 0.75 and 0.73 in the symptomless plants of the cultivars ‘Medovyiy’ and ‘Smena’ and decreased to 0.63 and 0.69 in plants with FMD symptoms, respectively. Leaf tissue structure features in the microshoots of some common fig cultivars grown in vitro was studied for preliminary evaluation of their adaptive potential. Among four studied cultivars, the highest palisade index was noticed for the cultivars ‘Pomoriyskiy’ (0.44%) and ‘Medovyiy’ (0.40%). Analysis of water fractional composition demonstrated that free water proportion in the total water content was lowest in the common fig cultivar ‘Medovyiy’ – 21.26% and highest in the cultivar ‘Figue Jaune’ – 32.42%. Our investigations demonstrated that the cultivar ‘Medovyiy’ was characterized by high plasticity potential that could be possibly realized under the following adaption to in vivo conditions due to the small cells of the covering tissue and the large number of the trichomes and the stomata.

Characterisation and jelly processing potential of different fig cultivars

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to characterise eight different fig cultivars with respect to antioxidant activity and bioactive compound content and to assess the influence of these cultivars on the physicochemical characteristics, rheological properties and sensory acceptance of the obtained jelly to identify cultivars with increased potential for processing when grown in subtropical regions.Design/methodology/approachThe analyses of fig fruits and fig jellies were performed in triplicate. To characterise the fig cultivars, analyses of antioxidant activity, phenolic compound content and ascorbic acid concentration were performed on fresh fruits. For the jellies, the total titratable acidity, pH, soluble solids, colour, texture profile and sensory attributes were analysed.FindingsWith respect to antioxidant activity and bioactive compounds, the Roxo de Valinhos displayed the highest antioxidant activity according to the ABTS method, ß-carotene and DPPH; the Três num Prato, Lemon and Brunswick cultivars presented the highest ascorbic acid values; and the Três num Prato cultivar also had the highest total phenolic content. Generally, the various fig cultivars yielded jellies with different physical and chemical characteristics and different rheological properties. This variation did not significantly affect acceptability. This study demonstrates that all of the evaluated cultivars have high potential for processing.Originality/valueThis study evaluated the processing potential of Roxo de Valinhos and other fig cultivars in the form of jelly, which in view of the food risk concerns of the dried fig, seems to be an interesting alternative for consumption of processed fig.

Phytochemical content, antioxidant potential, and fatty acid composition of dried Tunisian fig (Ficus carica L.) cultivars

This study reports the main phenolic compounds, as well as phenolic profiles and antioxidant activity in nine sun-dried fig cultivars with different skin color, originating from South-Eastern and Middle-Eastern Tunisia. For all evaluated parameters, a considerable variability with high significant differences was observed among the cultivars studied. Dark fruits exhibited a higher total polyphenol contents (201.77 mg GAE/100g DM in cultivar Saoudi Douiret) compared to green fruits (73.74 mg GAE/100g DM in cultivar Bayoudhi Douiret). Fatty acid methyl esters, identified by GC-MS, distinguished the presence of (C16: 0), (C18: 1), ((C18: 2) 9, 12), ((C18: 3) 9, 12, 15) and (C20: 0). Strong correlations between the amounts of total phenolics, phenolic acids, flavonoids, fatty acids and antioxidant capacity were found. A principal component analysis showed three groups of cultivars regarding their similarity level.

Proteome and transcriptome analyses reveal key molecular differences between quality parameters of commercial-ripe and tree-ripe fig (Ficus carica L.)

BackgroundFig fruit are highly perishable at the tree-ripe (TR) stage. Commercial-ripe (CR) fruit, which are harvested before the TR stage for their postharvest transportability and shelf-life advantage, are inferior to TR fruit in size, color and sugar content. The succulent urn-shaped receptacle, serving as the protective structure and edible part of the fruit, determines fruit quality. Quantitative iTRAQ and RNA-Seq were performed to reveal the differential proteomic and transcriptomic traits of the receptacle at the two harvest stages.ResultsWe identified 1226 proteins, of which 84 differentially abundant proteins (DAPs) were recruited by criteria of abundance fold-change (FC) ≥1.3 and p < 0.05 in the TR/CR receptacle proteomic analysis. In addition, 2087 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were screened by ≥2-fold expression change: 1274 were upregulated and 813 were downregulated in the TR vs. CR transcriptomic analysis. Ficin was the most abundant soluble protein in the fig receptacle. Sucrose synthase, sucrose-phosphate synthase and hexokinase were all actively upregulated at both the protein and transcriptional levels. Endoglucanase, expansin, beta-galactosidase, pectin esterase and aquaporins were upregulated from the CR to TR stage at the protein level. In hormonal synthesis and signaling pathways, high protein and transcriptional levels of aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate oxidase were identified, together with a few diversely expressed ethylene-response factors, indicating the potential leading role of ethylene in the ripening process of fig receptacle, which has been recently reported as a non-climacteric tissue.ConclusionsWe present the first delineation of intra- and inter-omic changes in the expression of specific proteins and genes of TR vs. CR fig receptacle, providing valuable candidates for further study of fruit-quality formation control and fig cultivar innovation to accommodate market demand.

Response of Two Fig (Ficus carica L.) Varieties after Receiving Brassinolide on Leaf, Shoot and Root Segment

Background and Objective: The increase in growth after receiving brassinolide may vary between species. The main growth factors which may directly reflect to yield are functional leaf, shoot and root segment. Thus, the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of different concentrations of exogenous application of BL on growth of leaves, shoots and roots segments of fig. Materials and Methods: The experiment was arranged as Split Plot Randomized Complete Block Design (SRCBD) with 4 replications. Two fig cultivars Improved BrownTurkey (IBT) and Masui Dauphine (MD) were considered as a main plot and four level (0, 50, 100 and 200 mL LG1) of BL concentration asa sub plot. Experiment was conducted in an open field at Ladang 15, Faculty of Agriculture, University Putra Malaysia Serdang, Selangor,Malaysia, from May-December, 2017. Data was recorded weekly and monthly. Results: The results showed that growth of fig was affected by brassinolide levels and cultivars. Application of 50-200 mL LG1 BL increased growth of fig on leaves, shoots and roots segments in weekly and monthly observations. There was significant difference treatment of brassinolide and cultivar alone on growth of fig. Inaverage, concentration of brassinolide at 200 ML LG1 resulted highest growth performance of fig. The highest growth value of interaction between brassinolide and fig variety was on treatment of IBT+200 ML LG1. Between the varieties, IBT showed higher growth than MD.Significant negative correlation was noted only on between RL with RAD. Conclusion: The results of this study indicated that growth of fig on leaves, shoots and roots segments was affected by brassinolide levels and cultivars.

Relationship between chlorophyll content and soil plant analytical development values in two cultivars of fig (Ficus carica L.) as brassinolide effect at an open field

Relationship between chlorophyll and relative chlorophyll values obtained using soil plant analytical development (SPAD)-502 meter after brassinolide treatment were determined in two varieties of fig (Fiscus carica L.) at an open field conditions using fresh weight basis. The experiment was arranged as split plot randomized complete block design (SRCBD) with four replications, and each experimental unit containing three plants. A different fig sample was considered as the main plot and brassinolide concentrations as sub-plots. There were four plants as destructive samples observed monthly for each replication. The correlation of SPAD value and the content of chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and total chlorophyll content were significantly correlated in fig leaves. At IBT variety, the optimal mathematic function for SPAD value and chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and total chlorophyll were Y=30.209e−0.081x (r=0.6623), Y=388.42x−1.676 (r=0.3145), and Y=29.738e−0.072x (r=0.5380) respectively. At MD variety, the optimal function models were Y=7.4524e−0.032x (r=0.5318) for chlorophyll a, y=-0.0025x2+0.1268x+0.2896 (r=0.3407) for chlorophyll b and Y=-0.0052x2+0.1961x+3.1882 (r=0.5129) for total chlorophyll. All these data proved SPAD-502 can be an effective tool used for rapid and nondestructive estimation of leaf chlorophyll content in fig.

Changes in Leaf Area Index, Leaf Mass Ratio, Net Assimilation Rate, Relative Growth Rate and Specific Leaf Area Two Cultivars of Fig (Ficus Carica L.) Treated Under Different Concentrations of Brassinolide

There is limited information and insures for next studies on exogenous brassinolide application fig cultivar of Masui Dauphine (MD) and Improved Brown Turkey (IBT). Therefore, the research objective was to determine the impact of concentrations of exogenous brassinolide application on Leaf Area Index (LAI), Leaf Mass Ratio (LMR), Net Assimilation Rate (NAR), Relative Growth Rate (RGR), and Specific Leaf Area (SLA) of fig. Fig resources were propagated using stem cuttings and were transferred into 3:2:1 mixed soil (topsoil:organic matters:sand) media. Two cultivars of fig treated with brassinolide (control, 50, 100 and 200 ml/L) were repeated four times and constructed by Split Plot Randomized Complete Block Design. Changes in the parameter of LAI, LMR, NAR, RGR, and SLA were investigated monthly. There was a significant effect of fig variety alone on LAI, SLA and LMR but it wasn’t affected on NAR and RGR. SLA and LMR were influenced by brassinolide but not on LAI, NAR and RGR. Cultivar IBT showed higher responses to these parameters than cultivar MD after receiving brassinolide treatment. The interaction between brassinolide and variety was significant on LAI, SLA and LMR of fig except in the parameters of NAR and RGR.