Fifty-third Session Research Articles

News from the United Nations Commission on International Trade Law (UNCITRAL): The Work of the Fifty-third Commission Session

The United Nations Commission on International Trade Law (UNCITRAL) is the core legal body of the United Nations system in the field of international trade law. Since 1966, UNCITRAL has been carrying out its mandate to further the progressive harmonization and unification of international trade law.1 This article provides an overview of the fifty-third session of UNCITRAL and the activities of its working groups and Secretariat from mid-2019 to mid-2020. The UNCITRAL session was originally to be held in New York, but because of the COVID-19 pandemic, the session format and location had to be modified. Instead of being held in New York, the UNCITRAL session was held in two parts. The first part of the session was held on 6–17 July 2020 and the second part was held on 14–18 September 2020. The meetings were held in a hybrid format—with delegates attending both remotely and in person—with most...

Cyber Attacks in International Law: From Atomic War to Computer War

There can be no doubt, computers and especially the Internet have developed the way we live our lives. Information is stored in vast databases, and through the Internet, is literally at our fingertips. Many essential services and structures are dependent on computers, and they also control physical objects such as electrical transformers, trains, pipeline pumps, chemical vats, radars and stock markets. The revolution of computers and Internet has also brought with it a potential for misuse, and cyber criminals can be a serious threat. They can do anything from breaking into protected networks, stealing anything from personal files to money, or vandalize the networks by deleting or altering information, to hijacking it and controlling the computers actions. Recognizing the potential for misuse, numerous states have issued statements on the need of regulating conduct on the Internet. The United Nations General Assembly has issued numerous statements on the possibilities of cyber abuse. For instance, fifty-third session the General Assembly recalled that technological developments could have both civilian and military application. They also stated that the use of information technologies could affect the interests of the whole international community, and disturb international stability and security. In its fifty-fifth session it called on states to criminalize cyber abuse and deny their territory from being used as a safe haven. There is also an international convention on Cybercrime which pursues a common criminal policy to protect society against cybercrime, by adopting appropriate legislation and development international co-operation. But as the U.N. General Assembly noted, the technological developments can have both civilian and military applications. In recent years numerous countries have established their own cyber branches/units within the military. To name a few examples, the USA has the US Cyber Command, China’s People’s Liberation Army has a cyber-division called Blue Team, Norway has Cyberforsvaret, and the United Kingdom’s Ministry of Defence has started recruiting personnel for a new cyber unit. The USA has declared that it reserves the right to use all necessary means, including military to defend against hostile acts in cyberspace. Cyber-attacks have the potential to cause a lot of damage. There have already been large scale cyber operations that have had a significant effect on countries, but so far the effects have not been devastating. The most notorious cyber-attacks in history are “Robert Tappan Morris and the Morris Worm (1988), MafiaBoy causes $1 billion dollars in damages (2000), Google China hit by cyber-attack (2009, Teen hacks NASA and US Defense Department 1999. Recently some cases “in June 2016 that Russian intelligence had hacked a Democratic National Committee (DNC) server in an attempt to steal opposition research on Republican presidential candidate Donald Trump, in 2010 in Iran targeted through cyber-attack. In early 2007, Estonia was the recipient of repeated denial-of-service attacks.

Opening Statement by Mr. Ruud Lubbers, United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, at the Fifty-Third Session of the Executive Committee of the High Commissioner's Programme: (Geneva, 30 September 2002)

Opening Statement by Mr. Ruud Lubbers, United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, at the Fifty‐Third Session of the Executive Committee of the High Commissioner's Programme: (Geneva, 30 September 2002) Get access Refugee Survey Quarterly, Volume 21, Issue 4, December 2002, Pages 7–17, https://doi.org/10.1093/rsq/21.4.7 Published: 01 December 2002

Report of the Fifty-Third Session of the Executive Committee of the High Commissioner's Programme: (Geneva, 30 September-4 October 2002)

Report of the Fifty-Third Session of the Executive Committee of the High Commissioner's Programme: (Geneva, 30 September-4 October 2002)

A Review of the Fifty-Third Session of the United Nations Sub-Commission on the Promotion and Protection of Human Rights

A Review of the Fifty-Third Session of the United Nations Sub-Commission on the Promotion and Protection of Human Rights

United Nations General Assembly 11 September 2002: Executive Committee of the High Commissioner's Programme Fifty-third session. Note on International Protection

United Nations General Assembly 11 September 2002: Executive Committee of the High Commissioner's Programme Fifty-third session. Note on International Protection

The Fifty-Third Session of the International Law Commission

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The Work of the International Law Commission at Its Fifty-Third Session (2001)

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United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) Input to the Secretary-General's Report to the Fifty-Third Session of UNGA on the Implementation of UNCLOS, in Particular Part XII

United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) Input to the Secretary-General's Report to the Fifty-Third Session of UNGA on the Implementation of UNCLOS, in Particular Part XII

The Work of the Sixth Committee at the Fifty-Third Session of the UN General Assembly

The Work of the Sixth Committee at the Fifty-Third Session of the UN General Assembly

IUPsyS — United Nations Activities

International Journal of PsychologyVolume 33, Issue 6 p. 439-440 Article IUPsyS — United Nations Activities Michel Sabourin, Michel Sabourin Member of the Executive Committee of IUPsyS and Coordinator of IUPsyS UN ActivitiesSearch for more papers by this author Michel Sabourin, Michel Sabourin Member of the Executive Committee of IUPsyS and Coordinator of IUPsyS UN ActivitiesSearch for more papers by this author First published: 21 September 2010 https://doi.org/10.1080/002075998400187AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article. Volume33, Issue6December 1998Pages 439-440 RelatedInformation

The Fifty-third Session of the UN Commission on Human Rights

The fifty-third session of the UN Commission on Human Rights took place in Geneva from March 10 to April 18, 1997, with Miroslav Somol of the Czech Republic serving as chairman. More than twenty-three hundred individuals were in attendance, representing fifty-three member and ninety-two observer states, over two hundred nongovernmental organizations, and some forty specialized agencies, UN bodies and other organizations.

FIFTY‐THIRD SESSION OF WHO EXECUTIVE BOARD

Medical Journal of AustraliaVolume 1, Issue 11 p. 380-380 Comment FIFTY-THIRD SESSION OF WHO EXECUTIVE BOARD First published: 01 March 1974 https://doi.org/10.5694/j.1326-5377.1974.tb47765.xAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article. Volume1, Issue11March 1974Pages 380-380 RelatedInformation

Institut de Droit International: Session of Nice, 1967

The fifty-third session of the Institut de Droit International, originally scheduled to meet in Athens under the presidency of Judge Jean Spiro-poulos, met instead at Nice, September 7-16, 1967, with Haroldo Valladão, First Vice President of the Institut, in the chair. The session was well attended and included, among the eighty-five participants, the Honorary President, Charles De Visscher, eight judges of the International Court of Justice and eighteen members or former members of the International Law Commission.

American association of anatomists. Fifty‐third session: Proceedings, officers and list of members

The Anatomical RecordVolume 68, Issue 1 p. 1-43 American Association of AnatomistsFree Access American association of anatomists. Fifty-third session: Proceedings, officers and list of members First published: April 1937 https://doi.org/10.1002/ar.1090680111AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat Volume68, Issue1April 1937Pages 1-43 RelatedInformation

List of Officers and Members for the Fifty-Third Session, 1932–1933

List of Officers and Members for the Fifty-Third Session, 1932–1933

Abstract of the Minutes of the Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society for the Fifty-Third Session, 1931–1932

Abstract of the Minutes of the Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society for the Fifty-Third Session, 1931–1932 Get access Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society, Volume 32, Issue 1, 1 June 1932, Pages 329–332, https://doi.org/10.1093/aristotelian/32.1.329 Published: 22 July 2015

List of Officers and Members for the Fifty-Third Session, 1931–1932

List of Officers and Members for the Fifty-Third Session, 1931–1932 Get access Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society, Volume 31, Issue 1, 1 June 1931, Pages 303–312, https://doi.org/10.1093/aristotelian/31.1.303 Published: 22 July 2015

Results of experiments with a water-tube boiler with special reference to superheating : Harold E. Yarrow. (The Fifty-third Session of the Institution of Naval Architects, March 28, 1912.)

Results of experiments with a water-tube boiler with special reference to superheating : Harold E. Yarrow. (The Fifty-third Session of the Institution of Naval Architects, March 28, 1912.)

TO THE MEDICAL PROFESSION OF THE UNITED STATES

The necessity for a thorough organization of the medical profession was never more urgent than at the present moment, nor has the appreciation of this necessity ever been more keenly felt than at this time. The American Medical Association, which will hold its fifty-third annual session at Saratoga on June 10, 1902, being the only national representative association of the medical profession in the United States, is entitled to and claims the earnest support of every medical practitioner who has at heart the highest and best interests of the profession. An organized profession represented in this great central bodv with affiliated and influential state and territorial associations extending through their subdivisions into all the districts or counties, is the only real guarantee of the protection of the public health and of the medical profession. The enactment and enforcement of rigid medical laws; the establishment of reciprocity or interstate comity by