Fifties Of 20th Century Research Articles

Family-centered care

Family-Centered Care (FCC) is a way to provide health care that recognizes the importance of family for a hospitalized child. According to it, it is essential to involve families in their children’s recovery plan [1]. FCC was born in the Fifties of 20th century as a reaction to the leading idea in Pediatric care that emphasized physical care, technical abilities and emotional detachment and considered the family as a potential threat to a child’s path to recovery. Thus, families -particularly mothers- were physically separated from their sick children, being “substituted” by healthcare professionals, who took on parents’ caring functions. FCC is aimed to maintain and strengthen family roles and the natural bond the family has with the child, in order to promote a healthy family functioning, even through sickness. The physical presence of the family at bedside was FCC’s first achievement [2]. Some Authors define FCC as: “the professional support to the child and its family, through participation, engagement and sharing, in a contest of empowerment and negotiation” [1]. According to some Authors, there are eight core concepts that accomplish FCC in everyday clinical practice: 1- to consider family to be the centerpiece of a child’s life, remembering that healthcare professionals and healthcare delivery structures should be temporary entities, thus they have to enter on tiptoe in a little patient’s own world; 2- to promote cooperation between families and healthcare professionals; 3- to facilitate communication and a bidirectional exchange of information between families and healthcare professionals, with no omissions, nor falsifications; 4- to recognize and respect each family’s peculiarities (cultural, ethnic, spiritual etc) and its strengths; 5- to recognize and respect each family’s coping strategies, to value them and to include these strategies in every recovery plan; 6- to encourage support between families; 7- to assure the best and highest grade of flexibility and accessibility when providing health care services, particularly for those families whose children need specialized and chronic therapies;8- To always care about emotions, fears and desires of the family [3]. Even though FCC is the common gold standard philosophy of health care in the pediatric departments of Western industrialized countries, it has recently been introduced in Italy, where FCC is still uncommon. In order to evaluate to what extent FCC is implemented in a hospital, a FCC questionnaire is available [4].

Five Periods in Development of Medical Informatics

Medical informatics, as scientific discipline, has to do with all aspects of understanding and promoting the effective organization, analysis, management, and use of information in health care. While the field of Medical informatics shares the general scope of these interests with some other health care specialities and disciplines, Medical (Health) informatics has developed its own areas of emphasis and approaches that have set it apart from other disciplines and specialities. For the last fifties of 20th century and some more years of 21st century, Medical informatics had the five time periods of characteristic development. In this paper author shortly described main scientific innovations and inventors who created development of Medical informatics.

Historycznie stosowane impregnaty do wzmacniania zniszczonego drewna polichromowanego – próba przeglądu. Część I: Impregnaty naturalne

This paper deals with the number of materials, based on synthetic constituents, used for strengthening impregnation treatment of antique, wooden objects since about fifties of 20th century. To this group belong: paraffin wax, microcrystalline wax, amino resins, polymers derived from cellulose, urea resins, cycloheksanone polymers, polystyrene and polyester resins, formaldehyde resins, vinyl polymers, epoxy resins and acrylic resins. The reader is introduced with their properties, lying stress on drawbacks, negative aspects and harmful effects of their applications to wood, polychromy and gilding.

Udělování vědeckých hodností na Vysoké škole ekonomické v Praze v padesátých letech 20. století

The purpose of this paper is to analyze awarded scientific degrees at the University of Economics, Prague (EUP) in the fifties of 20th century. Methodological approaches of economic, social, cultural and political history, economics and statistics were pursued and required in this study. An interdisciplinary approach that enabled further determination of factors will serve as the approach for all subsequent research of the UEP position in science in the fifties of the 20th century. Yet untapped primary sources from UEP Scientific Council Meetings were used, also published sources, newspapers, etc. We came to the conclusion that UEP failed to significantly increase the number of professors and associate professors in the first seven years of its existence. The reasons behind were: 1) Policy of the Communist leadership that followed cadre policies which frustrated many personalities and prevented them a chance to work for universities. 2) Only highly politically reliable teachers were awarded. 3) Bureaucratic apparatus rigidity and poor flexibility of the Ministry of Education and the State Committee for Scientific Degrees. 4) Ongoing continual changes in laws and regulations. 5) Lack of experienced teachers who had also been overwhelmed with paperwork and various out of university activities so they had little time to immerse in intense research activity. Analysis showed that some of the preferred fields after 1948 such as political economy were not preferred at the expense of others.