FIFA World Cup In Russia Research Articles

ВАРИАНТЫ РЕКОНСТРУКЦИИ БОЛЬШОЙ СПОРТИВНОЙ АРЕНЫ СТАДИОНА «ЛУЖНИКИ» К КУБКУ МИРА ПО ФУТБОЛУ В 2018 ГОДУ

The article presents the results of comparing the options for choosing the type of console part, which is additionally mounted to increase the coverage area, which is necessary to meet the strict requirements of the International Football Federation (FIFA) for the possibility of holding the opening and final matches of the FIFA World Cup at the stadium. Based on the results of comparing the options, the type of cantilever part and the roof material were selected, the process of determining snow loads obtained by blowing the frame model in a wind tunnel is presented. The paper presents the main results of the calculation, as well as the first values of the natural shapes and frequencies of vibrations. The surface was reconstructed for the 2018 FIFA World Cup in Russia, which made it possible to successfully host the opening and final matches of the championship and increase the prestige of our country in the world.

Mrežna diskriminacija u Hrvatskoj

In light of growing research on online misogyny and sexism, this study investigates the online discrimination faced by the first woman president of Croatia, Kolinda Grabar-Kitarović, who served from 2015 to 2020. Specifically, it examines the Facebook communication of the three leading Croatian news sites, as well as related readers’ comments, pertaining to two events that got excessive media coverage: Grabar-Kitarović’s appearance at the 2018 FIFA World Cup in Russia and an educational video of the President reading Astrid Lindgren’s Pippi Longstocking to Croatian children in Sweden. In both cases, Grabar-Kitarović ventured beyond the safety of political discourse and entered what is often seen as a »slippery« territory for women politicians - a space of emotions and celebrity politics. An analysis of the media content established that the analyzed media outlets resorted to ridicule, sexism, and insults to report about Grabar-Kitarović on both occasions. A content analysis of related readers’ comments showed that she was the target of sexist discrimination and aggressive, even violent insults. However, discrimination was overall less present in the readers’ comments than in the media texts. Readers were generally less critical and more appreciative towards Grabar-Kitarović’s display of spontaneity and emotions than the media. This suggests that the informal setting of social media discussions may provide a less hostile environment for women to display their femininity, emotions and private persona compared to traditional media.

In which rounds were the most rotations of key players made, and how did this affect physical activity? Analysis of the eight best teams of the 2018 FIFA world cup Russia

BackgroundTeam management, especially player selection, rotation, and availability, are critical issues when dealing with the high demands of modern training and gameplay. As such, research continuously seeks ways to improve these actions or implement new ideas to gain a competitive advantage through the rotation of players in the starting line-up. The current study aimed to examine the rounds of the 2018 FIFA World Cup Russia in which the most rotations of key players were made and how this affected physical activity.MethodsThe sample consisted of 110 players from the top eight teams in the 2018 World Cup Russia who played entire matches for up to 90 min in seven consecutive games. All players were divided into key players (KPs, n = 58) and non-key players (NKPs, n = 52). The analysis used data collected by an advanced motion analysis system known as STATS®, with physical activity variables analyzed, including total distance covered (TDC), distance covered with high intensity over 20 km/h (HIR), and the number of sprints undertaken. In statistical analysis, differences between categories and consecutive matches were calculated using the Kruskal-Wallis H test, and if a significant effect size was found, a multiple comparisons p values test was performed.ResultsThe best teams at the 2018 FIFA World Cup Russia used the most KP rotations with NKPs in the third match of the group stage. In addition, this was even more visible among more successful teams than less successful teams. The rotation strategy among the best eight teams allowed them to maintain the physical activity of KPs and NKPs in all rounds of the tournament.ConclusionsCoaches and coaching staff should incorporate squad rotation that includes a large group of players in their team management to improve their success. Team management expertise in player rotation during matches played over congested schedules at top tournaments maintains high levels of physical activity indicators (TDC, HIR, and sprints).

'Setting the Benchmark' Part 2: Contextualising the Physical Demands of Teams in the FIFA World Cup Qatar 2022.

This study aimed to contextualise and benchmark the physical demands of teams in the FIFA World Cup Qatar 2022. With FIFA's official approval, all sixty-four games were analysed during the competition (n = 32 teams) using a multi-camera computerised tracking system. On average, teams during Qatar 2022 covered around 108.1 ± 3.6 km in total, with 9.0 ± 0.9 and 2.3 ± 0.3 km covered at the higher intensities (≥20.0 and ≥25.0 km · h-1), respectively. Compared to the FIFA World Cup Russia 2018, national teams in Qatar 2022 covered only 3% more total distance but 16-19% more distance at the higher intensities (P < 0.01; Effect Size [ES]: 0.9-2.0). When the data was adjusted based on the number of minutes played, tournament differences at the higher intensities were less pronounced (9-12%; P < 0.01; ES: 0.7-1.3). The United States, Canada, Saudi Arabia, Germany and IR Iran covered 19-34% more high-intensity distance than Argentina, Ecuador, Qatar, Poland and Costa Rica during the 2022 tournament (P < 0.01; ES: 3.2-3.5). Match-to-match variation of each team in Qatar 2022 revealed Ecuador and Uruguay were particularly consistent for the distances covered at higher intensities (Coefficient of Variation [CV]: 2-3%), whilst Japan demonstrated considerable variation (CV: 23-29%). Teams generally covered more total distance on a per-minute basis in the first versus the second half (P < 0.01; ES: 1.2), but no differences existed at higher intensities (P > 0.05; ES: 0.0-0.1). Correlations between the number of high-intensity runs and various phase of play events across all teams were strongest for defensive transitions and recoveries, in addition to progressions up the pitch and into the final third (r = 0.63-0.75; P < 0.01). The present findings provide valuable context into the contemporary team demands of international football. This information could be useful for practitioners to benchmark team performances and to potentially understand the myriad of factors impacting physical performances.

Unique architecture in conditions of conflicting objectives and subjective factors (stadium case studies) (Moscow)

Unique buildings reflect a social demand for innovative urban space organization, new perspectives of human activities, and growing need for a safe and favorable environment. Architectural design of unique buildings, especially at early stages, is complicated by uncertainty of functional tasks, absence of regulatory requirements, and necessity for significant modifications during the process. The design experience of stadiums for 2018 FIFA World Cup in Russia shows the development of a productive creative idea. The development of this typology is identified by a comprehensive analysis of the architectural heritage and scientific literature. Requirements of international sports organizations for spatial and planning solutions of sports arenas are summarized herein, which form the basis of the Russian construction standardization. Recommendations are provided for the architectural concept preservation.

World Cup Advertising Pricing and Comprehensive Value Analysis for Companies

The contemporary sports industry is rapidly expanding, and sports are assuming greater significance in people's everyday routines. The World Cup is the largest sporting event globally, boasting a massive market that offers a plethora of benefits to companies. This article aims to delve into the advertising pricing system of the World Cup and the driving factors and logic of exhibitors. It studies the division of the World Cup pricing system, the rights enjoyed by each system, and the reasons for corporate sponsorship, as well as the benefits it brings. The significance of this article is to introduce the pricing of World Cup advertising and analyze the various benefits for companies sponsoring the event. Data related to the FIFA World Cup Russia 2018 and the FIFA World Cup Qatar 2022 will be examined to determine the approximate pricing of the FIFA World Cup Russia 2018 and the FIFA World Cup Qatar 2022 advertisements and the overall value of these two World Cups to companies.

MONITORING STRESS-STRAIN STATE OF THE UNIQUE TRANSFORMED LONG-SPAN SHELL OF THE GAZPROM ARENA STADIUM AS A BASE FOR ITS SAFE OPERATION

Introduction. The main provisions for the development of a system for monitoring the stress-strain state (SSS) of the shell covering the Gazprom Arena stadium are described. This shell characterized by an elevated consequence level under Federal Law 384-FZ belongs to a CS-3 class as per GOST 27752 «Safety of structures in buildings and civil engineering works». According to these documents, a stress-strain state monitoring system should be installed in such a building, functioning for the entire life of the structure.Aim. In this work, an SSS monitoring system was developed and installed in order to determine the parameters of the stress-strain state under continuous control of the unique shell operated at the Gazprom Arena stadium.Materials and methods. The method of determining the parameters of the stress state, including the snow load over the stadium surface, as well as the strain state, was described. The parameters of the strain state were defined using an automated system installed for the first time in construction practice on a unique long-span shell. The process of installing and configuring an automated system of monitoring the strain state was described.Results. A stress-strain state monitoring system was developed that allows continuous monitoring of the unique long-span transformable shell operated at the Gazprom Arena stadium in St. Petersburg. Examples of a graphical deformation scheme were obtained as a result of processing the parameters of the strain state.Conclusions. The development of the most sophisticated stadium in the world having a transformable unique large-span shell and a football field resulted in a sports complex that meets FIFA’s strict requirements for arenas of the World Cup. The system of monitoring the stress-strain state allowed the semi-final and several group matches of the 2018 FIFA World Cup in Russia, as well as eight matches of the European Championship in 2021, to be successfully and safely held. The stadium was ready to host the Champions League Final. Scientific and technical support, including SSS monitoring, ensured the following: monitoring the stress level in the metal elements of a unique long-span shell; determining the movements of its elements; plotting a deformation scheme of the structure; preventing possible emergency situations that occurred and may further occur during the operation of the unique structure.

Factors influencing event media personnel's frame building process at the 2018 FIFA World Cup Russia

Holding major events has the capacity to improve a host city's tourism image. Effective event leverage for image benefits requires host destinations to implement strategies to influence event media coverage in the lead up, during, and after the event. This research takes a media frame building perspective to understand the processes behind how event media personnel frame coverage of an event host. Fourteen semi-structured interviews were conducted with event media personnel at the 2018 FIFA World Cup Russia. We developed a grounded theory model that depicts how event media personnel's pre-event frame repository and event period experiences influenced their perceptions and potential frames of the host destination. We advance knowledge of event leveraging, and media framing theory, by demonstrating the importance of experience and unofficial sources in event media framing. This knowledge can be used by stakeholders involved in event leveraging to better design strategies aimed at positively influencing media coverage of events.

FIFA/Coca-Cola World Rankings on the Predictability of the Men’s and Women’s FIFA World Cup: A Comparative Analysis

Since 1992, the International Federation of Association Football&#x0D; (FIFA) has been ranking senior men’s national soccer teams based on a variety&#x0D; of criteria. In 2003, FIFA extended the FIFA/Coca-Cola World Rankings into&#x0D; ranking senior women’s national soccer teams. The FIFA/Coca-Cola World&#x0D; Rankings published just before the 1994 FIFA World Cup USA, 1998 FIFA&#x0D; World Cup France, 2002 FIFA World Cup Korea/Japan, 2006 FIFA World Cup&#x0D; Germany, 2010 FIFA World Cup South Africa, 2014 FIFA World Cup Brazil,&#x0D; 2018 FIFA World Cup Russia, 2003 FIFA World Cup USA, 2007 FIFA World&#x0D; Cup China, 2011 FIFA World Cup Germany, 2015 FIFA World Cup Canada,&#x0D; and the 2019 FIFA World Cup France were considered. These rankings were&#x0D; compared to the final results of those FIFA World Cups based on two different&#x0D; methods of displaying the teams finish and were analyzed. Of the top 16&#x0D; teams in each of the Men’s FIFA World Cups, 74.1% of those teams advanced&#x0D; to the Round of 16. Meanwhile, 83.9% of the top 12 teams in each of the&#x0D; Women’s FIFA World Cups advanced to the Round of 16 or Quarterfinals.&#x0D; The Pearson correlation coefficient between the Pre-Tournament rankings and&#x0D; final results was calculated using both ranking methods. The Women’s World&#x0D; Cups had higher Pearson correlation coefficients for both methods than the&#x0D; Men’s World Cups. In addition, the Women’s World Cups had higher t-values&#x0D; and z-scores than the Men’s World Cup when tested for independence and&#x0D; association between the Pre-Tournament rankings and final results using both&#x0D; ranking methods. These findings indicate that the Women’s World Cups were&#x0D; more predictable than Men’s World Cups based on the FIFA/Coca-Cola World&#x0D; Rankings.

Intergovernmental bargaining in multilevel autocracies: the case of the 2018 FIFA World Cup Russia

ABSTRACT This paper studies intergovernmental bargaining in multilevel electoral autocracies, focusing on the case of the 2018 FIFA World Cup held in Russia. Qualitative Comparative Analysis of 14 cases reveals that well-connected political elites were able to secure the right for their regions to host the championship and, as a result, to receive additional transfers from the centre. While previous studies find that intergovernmental bargaining in multilevel electoral autocracies is determined by the ability of sub-national elites to mobilize voters, this study shows that regional elites’ political connections shape the distribution of politically sensitive transfers. However, as control over the electoral arena remains vital for national regime survival, it is politically connected elites who are also able to deliver electoral support that render the best service to the regime. These results capture the complexity in the functioning of multilevel authoritarian systems and suggest that intergovernmental bargaining may contribute to the longevity of the national regime.

Characterisation of Goal Scoring Patterns during Open Play Related to Zone Pitch Division and Number of Players Involved in the 2018 FIFA World Cup.

The aim of this study was to characterise all the goal scoring patterns during open play (elaborate attacks versus counterattacks) related to zone pitch division and the number of players involved in the 2018 FIFA World Cup in Russia. An Iterative Dichotomiser 3 (ID3) decision tree algorithm was used to classify all the goal scoring patterns (94 goals in 64 matches). The results did not show statistical differences between the type of scoring goal during the 2018 FIFA World Cup (p > 0.05; ES = Moderate). According to the result of the patterns of how the goals were achieved, an ID3 algorithm decision tree with seven classification decision nodes was calculated. Consequently, this study may aid national team coaches for the next World Cup to establish notational analyses and spatial-temporal relations to understand how scoring patterns during open play are related to zone pitch division and the number of players involved.

Characterization and analyses of dribbling actions in soccer: a novel definition and effectiveness of dribbles in the 2018 FIFA World Cup RussiaTM

PurposeDribbling is a significant skill in soccer, owing to its effectiveness to create opportunities for scoring, and has been analysed from different perspectives, including the development of talented players. This study proposes a more comprehensive definition than the one earlier applied, considering key elements present in other suggestions found in the literature.MethodsThis study aims to validate the proposed definition, considering evaluations with experts working with events from the 2018 FIFA World Cup Russia&lt;sup&gt;TM&lt;/sup&gt; and applying our definition in the analysis of the effectiveness of dribbling actions performed by elite players. We designed a protocol to collect the opinions from experts regarding the classification of events as dribble or non-dribble. To evaluate the quality of experts’ opinions working with the novel dribbling definition, we computed the accuracy, precision, and Krippendorff’s alpha coefficient to measure the agreement between them.ResultsThe obtained results indicate that our definition of dribbling was clear and easily understood by the experts, which suggests that it could be useful to support soccer scouting of dribbling actions. The agreement value showed a near-perfect consensus between experts. We also analysed the effectiveness of dribbling actions considering the number of dribbles and success rates, from which we could observe that 2 CONMEBOL players performed more dribbles than the others.ConclusionsThe proposed 2-dimensional graphs for assessing the effectiveness of players and teams could be a useful tool for coaches to analyse technical actions toward detecting talented players.

공간적 자기상관성을 이용한 축구 태클 핫스팟 분석 : 2018 러시아월드컵 자료를 중심으로

The research purpose to find the hot-spot of tackle by incorporating spatial statistical techniques into soccer, and to identify the correlation between the regional distribution of tackle and provide basic data to reduce tactical utilization methods and potential injury risks in soccer sites. In all 64 matches of the 2018 FIFA World Cup Russia in attendance 32 teams, 2,078 tackle data were used to calculate Local Moran

Price discrimination in informal labor markets in Bogot\xe1: an audit experiment during the 2018 FIFA World Cup

We conducted an audit experiment to examine whether street vendors in Bogotá (Colombia) exert price discrimination based on buyers’ attributes, such as gender and nationality, and based on product characteristics, such as the increasing marginal valuation of items needed to complete a collection. We exploited the seasonal demand for album stickers related to the FIFA World Cup Russia 2018. In our within-subjects design, experimenters carried out in-person audits and quoted a pre-determined list of missing stickers. They interacted with 59 sticker vendors located in five geographic clusters and collected 287 vendor–buyer interactions. We find that prices quoted to foreign buyers are higher than prices quoted to Colombian buyers. By contrast, we do neither find evidence supporting direct gender-based discrimination, nor that vendors charge a higher price per sticker when the list of missing stickers is shorter. We complement the study with a qualitative analysis based on interviews that reveal vendors’ pricing strategies, their awareness of price discrimination, and the trade of counterfeits. The qualitative results suggest that price discrimination appears to be unconscious.

Mega-sport football events’ influence on destination images: A study of the of 2016 UEFA European Football Championship in France, the 2018 FIFA World Cup in Russia, and the 2022 FIFA World Cup in Qatar

The purpose of this study is to examine whether mega-sport events influence visitors' destination images and to explore which factors influence their perceptions of and intentions to attend a mega-sport event in certain destinations. We examine visitors' perceptions of the 2016 UEFA European Football Championship in France, the 2018 FIFA World Cup in Russia, and the upcoming 2022 FIFA World Cup in Qatar through a structured questionnaire published on the Facebook group Camp Sweden, a community of Swedish football supporters. We find differences among supporters’ destination image after they attended the mega-sport football events. The study also shows that positive destination images after visits were based on whether the destinations were able to satisfy important factors for supporters when visiting the destination. Qatar will be challenged to improve its destination image, as supporters do not connect factors important for visiting destinations with their current perceptions of Qatar. • Destination images can be positively enhanced through mega-sport events. • To enhance the destination image, it is important to obtain knowledge of visitors' motivation for traveling. • Event organizers and destination marketers need to satisfy visitors' expectations to enhance the destination image. • Event organizers' and destination marketers' need to cooperate to be able to satisfy visitors.

Direction of travel of time zones crossed and results achieved by soccer players. The road from the 2018 FIFA World Cup to UEFA EURO 2020

ABSTRACT The study detailed here has sought to assess the physical and technical activity engaged in by football players in the light of the direction of travel in which time zones were crossed as players transferred from training centres to match venues, in the context of matches played at the 2018 FIFA World Cup in Russia. The material consisted of 945 observations of 340 players. Analysed: total distances covered [km], distances covered with high-intensity running (20–25 km/h) [m], numbers of sprints, numbers of shots, numbers of passes, pass accuracy [%] and the official ranking of national teams. Three categories of time-zone shift (training centre → match venue) were taken account of, i.e. (1) West→East (WE), (2) Same Zone (SZ) and (3) East→West (EW). Analysis of results revealed that players in the EW and SZ categories were able to achieve results significantly better than those moving WE (total distances covered H = 11.815(2); p = 0.003; numbers of passes H = 7.630(2); p = 0.022), and this in relation to team placings in the end-of-tournament ranking (H = 18.099(2); p = 0.001). The results will be valuable in searching places for training centres during future FIFA World Cup and UEFA European Championship competitions.

Using Optical Tracking System Data to Measure Team Synergic Behavior: Synchronization of Player-Ball-Goal Angles in a Football Match.

The ecological dynamics approach to interpersonal relationships provides theoretical support to the use of kinematic data, obtained with sensor-based systems, in which players of a team are linked mainly by information from the performance environment. Our goal was to capture the properties of synergic behavior in football, using spatiotemporal data from one match of the 2018 FIFA WORLD CUP RUSSIA, to explore the application of player-ball-goal angles in cluster phase analysis. Linear mixed effects models were used to test the statistical significance of different effects, such as: team, half(-time), role and pitch zones. Results showed that the cluster phase values (synchronization) for the home team, had a increase with respect to the away team () and that changing the role from with ball to without ball increased synchronization by (). The interaction between effects was also significant. The player-team relative phase, the player-ball-goal angles relative frequency and the team configurations, showed that variations of synchronization might indicate critical performance changes (ball possession changes, goals scored, etc.). This study captured the ongoing player-environment link and the properties of team synergic behavior, supporting the use of sensor-based data computations in the development of relevant indicators for tactical analysis in sports.

Women vs men – technical and tactical efficiency in football

Women’s football is the sports game with the most spectacular development in recent years both in terms of the number of participants (approximately 40 million) and all other factors involved in this process (international federations, investments, spectators, etc.). The general perception that most specialists have about women’s football is: “Like amateur football, but in slow motion”. This perception has fundamentally changed with the significant improvement in the level of performance shown on the field by football players. The questions we are trying to answer by conducting this research are the following: Are there important technical and tactical differences between women’s and men’s high-performance football? If there are such differences, what relevance do they have for the preparation process? In this context, the present study represents a comparative analysis, from a technical and tactical point of view, of the teams ranked in the top 3 at the last World Cups for both men (2018 FIFA World Cup Russia) and women (2019 FIFA Women’s World Cup France). The data were obtained from the FIFA website and from live statistics provided during each World Cup game. The conclusions that will emerge from this study may represent directions for the further technical and tactical development of women’s football.

The influence of thermal stress on the physical and technical activities of soccer players: lessons from the 2018 FIFA World Cup in Russia

The present study attempts to assess changes in soccer players’ physical and technical activity profiles due to thermal stress, measured with the Universal Thermal Climate Index (UTCI), in training centres and during matches of the 2018 FIFA World Cup in Russia. The study also verifies the theoretical models of soccer players’ physiological parameters. The study sample consisted of 945 observations of 340 players of national teams taking part in the World Cup in Russia. The measured variables included physical activities: total distance covered, distances covered with an intensity of 20–25 km/h, number of sprints; technical activities: number of shots, number of passes, pass accuracy and physiological indicators: evaporative water loss and heart rate. In addition, the final ranking places of each national team were also used in the study. The UTCI was calculated based on meteorological data recorded at training centres and during matches. The UTCI records were then classified into two ranges: NTS—no thermal stress (UTCI 9–26 °C) and TS—thermal stress (UTCI > 26 °C). Climatic conditions at soccer training centres assessed as involving “no thermal stress” are found to be more beneficial for increasing the total distance covered and the number of sprints performed by players during a match. The theoretical models for determining soccer players’ physiological parameters used in the study reduce the players’ heart rate effort and evaporative water loss, which is in line with findings in studies by other authors. The climatic conditions at soccer training centres and during tournament matches should be taken into account in planning preparations for future World Cup tournaments, especially those in hotter countries.

Using the Legacy of the 2018 FIFA World Cup in the Constituent Entities of the Volga Federal District

Introduction. One of the most important issues facing the host cities of the 2018 FIFA World Cup in Russia is the efficient use of the championship’s legacy in the future. In this regard, the purpose of the study is to consider the first results (economic indicators) and territorial features of using the legacy created during the preparation for and holding of the World Cup in the host cities in the Volga Federal District. Materials and Methods. The main provisions of the article are based on materials from periodicals, Internet sources, and statistical data. When implementing the article, statistical research methods were used to identify the territorial features of the impact of the 2018 FIFA World Cup on the gross regional product of the host regions. Comparison of regions was carried out using indicators of the development of the tourism industry such as the size of tourist flow, creation of new jobs, commissioning of new service enterprises, etc. Results. The influence of the expenses associated with organizing and holding the 2018 FIFA World Cup on the economy of the country as a whole, as well as on the gross regional product in those regions of the Russian Federation where the matches were held, has been studied. The authors have concluded that assessment of the effectiveness of using the World Cup legacy should be based on two indicators: the ratio of the effect obtained to the annual gross regional product and the share of tourism in the effect. The authors have examined the existing experience of using the World Cup legacy in four constituent entities of the Volga Federal District that hosted the World Cup matches and have identified the problems facing the tourism industry in these regions. Discussion and Conclusion. The legacy of the 2018 FIFA World Cup is of great importance for the development of tourism, since tourism infrastructure is an important factor in attracting tourists and will be in demand for a long time to come. The results of the study can contribute to the development of regional programs for the use of the legacy of the 2018 FIFA World Cup