Pharmaceutical Field Research Articles

Chemical Composition and Assessment of the Anti-Inflammatory, Antioxidant, Cytotoxic and Skin Enzyme Inhibitory Activities of Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck Essential Oil and Its Major Compound Limonene

Background/Objectives: Essential oils (EOs) from Citrus species have attracted attention for their diverse properties, including anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and cytotoxic effects, which address critical health challenges such as chronic diseases and skin disorders. Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck, which is a widely cultivated citrus fruit, is attracting increasing attention in the field of medicinal research due to its richness of limonene (comprising approximately 85–90% of the oil). This study investigates the chemical profile of CS-EO and biological activities of CS-EO and limonene. Methods and Results: This study used gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS), confirming limonene as the predominant compound (70.15%) along with other minor constituents, including thujene (10.52%), myrcene (5.54%) and α-pinene (2.81%). The biological activities of CS-EO and limonene were examined, specifically focusing on their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, cytotoxicity and dermatoprotective effects. Antioxidant potential was evaluated using DPPH, FRAP and beta-carotene assays, with CS-EO and limonene exhibiting comparable efficacy. Anti-inflammatory properties were assessed via inhibition assays of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and nitric oxide (NO) production, showing significant reductions in LPS-stimulated macrophages treated by CS-EO or limonene. Cytotoxicity testing on various cell lines indicated selective activity of the tested compounds, with low toxicity observed on human skin fibroblasts. Limonene and CS-EO were highly effective on HepG2 cellules, with IC50 values of 0.55 ± 0.01 µg/mL and 15.97 ± 1.20 µg/mL, respectively. Dermatoprotective effects were further confirmed using enzymes, where CS-EO and limonene showed remarkable inhibitory potential against elastase (IC50 of 65.72 ± 1.92 and 86.07 ± 1.53 µg/mL, respectively) and tyrosinase (IC50 of 102 ± 2.16 and 78.34 ± 1.15 µg/mL, respectively) enzymes compared to quercetin used as a standard (IC50 of 111.03 ± 0.1 and 124.22 ± 0.07 µg/mL, respectively). Conclusions: The findings of this study suggest the potential for the development of new therapeutic approaches based on CS-EO, which could be applicable in the pharmaceutical, cosmetic and nutraceutical fields and have protective benefits for skin health.

The role of large language models in self-care: a study and benchmark on medicines and supplement guidance accuracy.

The recent surge in the capabilities of artificial intelligence systems, particularly large language models, is also impacting the medical and pharmaceutical field in a major way. Beyond specialized uses in diagnostics and data discovery, these tools have now become accessible to the general public. The study aimed to critically analyse the current performance of large language models in answering patient's self-care questions regarding medications and supplements. Answers from six major language models were analysed for correctness, language-independence, context-sensitivity, and reproducibility using a newly developed reference set of questions and a scoring matrix. The investigated large language models are capable of answering a clear majority of self-care questions accurately, providing relevant health information. However, substantial variability in the responses, including potentially unsafe advice, was observed, influenced by language, question structure, user context and time. GPT 4.0 scored highest on average, while GPT 3.5, Gemini, and Gemini Advanced had varied scores. Responses were context and language sensitive. In terms of consistency over time, Perplexity had the worst performance. Given the high-quality output of large language models, their potential in self-care applications is undeniable. The newly created benchmark can facilitate further validation and guide the establishment of strict safeguards to combat the sizable risk of misinformation in order to reach a more favourable risk/benefit ratio when this cutting-edge technology is used by patients.

Analyzing The Level of Knowledge, Awareness and Attitude of Muslim Students Towards Halal Medicine In Yogyakarta

This research aims to examine the influence of public knowledge, awareness and attitudes towards halal medicines. The sample for this research was 100 respondents selected using a purposive sampling method in Yogyakarta. Data was collected through questionnaires distributed via social media and analyzed using multiple linear regression. The research results showed that the variables of knowledge, awareness and attitude were 61.4% regarding the halalness of medicines. Meanwhile, other factors contributed 38.6%, the rest was influenced by other variables. So, the knowledge variable has an insignificant influence, while awareness and attitude have a positive and significant influence on the halalness of medicines. This shows that Muslim students tend to still have low knowledge regarding understanding the halal nature of medicines. Apart from that, awareness and attitude also have different positive influences on the halalness of medicines. These findings have implications for the government, pharmaceutical factories and related agencies to pay more attention to the halalness of medicines in an effort to maintain public health and public trust. On the other hand, this research also contributes to researchers in the pharmaceutical field by enriching the literature regarding factors that influence the halalness of medicines.

Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Amino Acid and Peptide Conjugates of 5-Bromovaleric Acid.

Among various carboxylic acid derivatives, valeric acid or pentanoic acid is found to be widely distributed in nature. It is a straight-chain alkyl carboxylic acid containing five carbon atoms. Due to the therapeutic value of valeric acid, it is used as a versatile nucleus in the pharmaceutical field. Valeric acid derivatives are associated with a broad spectrum of biological activities, like anticonvulsant, antiplatelet, antidiabetic, and plant growth activities. It has previously been revealed that peptide derivatives of carboxylic acids are accountable for enhanced antimicrobial activity. Therefore, it was hypothesized that coupling peptides with valeric acid would increase the antimicrobial properties of the target compounds. So, the objective of the present study was to synthesize peptide derivatives of 5-bromovaleric acid and evaluate their antibacterial and antifungal activities. 5-bromovaleric acid was synthesized by the reaction of cyclopentanone and hydrogen peroxide in the presence of copper bromide and sodium bromide. Additionally, 5-bromovaleric acid was coupled with amino acid methyl esters, dipeptides, tripeptides, and tetrapeptides in the presence of dicyclohexylcarbodimide (DCC) and N-methylmorpholine (NMM) as a base under continuous stirring for 36 hours to produce its peptide derivatives. The results obtained showed that 5-bromovaleric acid possesses more potent antibacterial activity than N-terminal 5-bromovaleric acid conjugates of selected di-, tri, and tetra peptide Cterminal methyl esters against ciprofloxacin as a standard. The selected dipeptide and tripeptide Nterminal 5-bromovaleric acid-conjugated C-terminal methyl ester derivatives were more active than the selected tetrapeptide methyl ester analogue. Using fluconazole as a reference, the antifungal efficacy of 5-bromovaleric acid against C. albicans and A. niger declined as it was combined with C-terminal methyl esters of selected dipeptides, tripeptides, and tetrapeptides. The novel selected peptide derivatives had less antibacterial and antifungal action than the parent 5-bromovaleric acid. Antibacterial and antifungal investigations showed that 5- bromopentanoic acid peptide derivatives might impair antimicrobial efficacy. Further, attaching 5- bromopentanoic acid to di, tri, and tetra peptides did not boost their antibacterial potential.

Verbascum gimgimense an Endemic Turkish Plant: Evaluation of In Vitro Anticancer, Antioxidant, Enzyme Inhibitory Activities, and Phytochemical Profile.

The Verbascum genus has gained significant attention in the pharmaceutical field, particularly in recent years, due to its valuable medicinal properties, which are well-recognized in complementary and alternative medicine. Certain species within this genus contain essential compounds and exhibit a wide range of therapeutic activities. In this study, the ethanolic extract of Verbascum gimgimense (VG) was analyzed for its cytotoxic, apoptotic, antioxidant, and enzyme inhibitory properties, as well as its phenolic and lipophilic compounds. The phenolic compounds in the extract were identified using Exactive Plus Orbitrap HPLC-HRMS, while the lipophilic components were characterized by GC-MS analysis. The Neutral Red Uptake (NRU) cell viability assay and colony formation assay were performed to assess the antiproliferative and anti-colony survival effects of VG on the A549 human lung adenocarcinoma cell line. Additionally, a wound healing assay measured cell migration, and the apoptotic process was evaluated using Caspase-3 ELISA and acridine orange/ethidium bromide staining. Protein expression levels were determined by western blot analysis. DPPH, ABTS FRAP, and CUPRAC assays were used to determine free radical scavenging, reducing power, and metal chelating activities, respectively. VG was rich in dominant phenolic components, including benzoic acid (6.809 mg/g extract), phloretic acid (1.279 mg/g extract), luteolin 7-rutinoside (2.799 mg/g extract), luteoloside (3.300 mg/g extract), kuromanine (3.456 mg/g extract), and rutin hydrate (2.015 mg/g extract). Major fatty acids identified in VG included palmitic acid (17.3%), stearic acid (2.99%), linoleic acid (9.44%), and α-linolenic acid (26.48%). VG treatment significantly reduced colony formation ability, decreased wound closure, and increased both apoptotic cell count and caspase-3 activity compared to the control group. Protein levels of c-PARP, p53, and p21 were substantially elevated compared to controls. In addition to its strong free radical scavenging, reducing power and metal chelating activity, VG exhibited strong inhibitory effects on α-amylase, α-glucosidase, AChE, BChE, and tyrosinase. Our study demonstrates that VG possesses antiproliferative, apoptotic, antioxidant, and enzyme-inhibitory properties. V. gimgimense emerges as a promising natural antioxidant source with potentially significant regulatory effects on key enzymes and proteins, which could contribute to managing various human diseases and inspire the development of novel therapeutic strategies.

A Review on Nanocarrier-based Polyherbal Drug Delivery Systems for Wound Healing

Background: Nanotechnology-based polyherbal drug delivery systems are considered a new and rapidly emerging area in the pharmaceutical field. They improved the drug loading capacity or enhanced encapsulation efficiency of herbal drugs and thus improved permeation efficiency, accelerated wound healing, promoted tissue remodelling, and reduced scarring. Objective: A wound on the skin is an injury of the skin tissues that arises due to a cut or damage and also by an impact, blow, or other forces like a cut, surgery, chemical, heat, cold, friction, or illness like leg ulcers or carcinomas. These wounds result in the loss of skin's protective function by the removal of epithelium or connective tissues (i.e., muscle, bone, nerves). The four sequential but overlapping phases of the typical wound healing process are hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. By encouraging the growth and movement of fibroblasts and keratinocytes, as well as angiogenesis at the site of damage, it has been demonstrated that a polyherbal mixture composed of plant extraction accelerates the lesion recovery process. Polyherbal formulations contain phytoconstituents such as triterpenoids, flavonoids, coumarins, quinones, and carotenoids etc. All these phytoconstituents are used for anti-inflammatory, anti-microbial, antioxidant, and lesion recovery. At the same time, nanotechnology-based polyherbal formulation has the potential to overcome the limitations of traditional polyherbal formulation in wound healing. Wounds are better managed by polyherbal combination rather than an individual plant due to its synergism and fewer side effects. To include these polyherbal components and deliver them to the wound site in a more focused and sustained way, novel drug delivery systems are also being developed. Conclusion: This review discussed many nanotechnology-based polyherbal topical formulations for efficient and faster wound healing and recovery. Nanotechnology-based polyherbal formulations prove their success in promoting wound healing which is a unique approach to improving wound care and development of healthy skin.

The Impact of Carrageenan on Pharmascience

Abstract: Carrageenan (CG) a sulfated polysaccharide (SP) is produced using a variety of seaweeds from the Rhodophyceae family. This type of seaweed is available in areas, like the Atlantic Ocean close to Great Britain, Europe, and North America. Carrageenan has been permitted for the use as food items with the European additive E-number E407. Carrageenan is a widely used polysaccharide derived from red seaweed and is known for its various applications in the chemical, biological, and pharmaceutical fields. It delves into its versatile applications across various sub areas, spanning from the food to the pharmaceutical industry. A significant emphasis is placed on the intricate roles of carrageenan in pharmaceutical science, where it serves as both a drug carrier agent and an active ingredient, owing to its noteworthy biological activity. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of carrageenan's versatile applications, with a focus on its chemical properties, biological activities, and pharmaceutical uses. The pharmaceutical applications of carrageenan are further categorized into various subparts, including its role in treating diseases and its use in drug delivery systems, such as topical, oral, nasal, and unconventional routes. The review also incorporates the most recent developments in clinical trials involving carrageenan and its updated applications, drawing from authoritative sources. This comprehensive analysis aims to offer readers a clear understanding of carrageenan's multifaceted nature and its evolving significance in diverse industries.

Mapping active pharmaceutical ingredients Distributions in tablets using Time-of-Flight secondary ion mass spectrometry with multivariate curve resolution

This study introduces an advanced approach to identifying signals associated with indapamide, amlodipine, and perindopril in solid dosage form using time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS) combined with multivariate curve resolution (MCR). The primary objective was to obtain and characterize these signals through MCR factors, which then led to identifying unique signals specific to each active pharmaceutical ingredient (API). These unique signals were crucial for constructing detailed 2D and 3D images of the API distribution within the tablet. The results demonstrated that indapamide and amlodipine exhibited multiple unique peaks, while perindopril had only one. Additionally, the study revealed non-homogeneous distribution patterns of APIs and excipients, such as SiO2 and Mg stearate. This work highlights the significance of applying advanced analytical techniques such as ToF-SIMS and MCR in the pharmaceutical field to ensure consistent therapeutic efficacy through a better understanding of API distribution.

Microdiagnostic characteristics of the herb Artemisia austriaca Jacq. (Artemisia austriaca Jacq.)

Introduction. Artemisia austriaca Jacq. is a perennial herbaceous plant of the Asteraceae family, popular in folk medicine due to its various biological activities, in particular: wound-healing, anticonvulsant, analgesic, antipyretic and others. In addition, this plant is in the same section as the pharmacopoeial species – wormwood bitter. In the dynamically developing pharmaceutical field, one of the aspects of expanding the base of medicinal plants as sources of phytopreparations is the study of wild plants close to officinal species. One of the initial stages on the way to the development of regulatory documentation for medicinal plant raw materials is the identification of their authenticity criteria that allow reliable identification. Objective: Study of anatomical-diagnostic features of Artemisia austriaca Jacq. of the Saratov region. Material and methods. The objects of the study were samples of Artemisia austriaca Jacq. herbs harvested in 2021 in the Saratov region. The study of the structure of A. austriaca herbs was performed according to the instructions of GPA.1.5.3.0003 "Microscopic and microchemical analysis of medicinal plant raw materials and drugs of plant origin" in the 15th edition of the Russian Federation’s State Pharmacopoeia. Results. The anatomical-histological study of stem, petiole, inflorescence of Artemisia austriaca growing on the territory of Saratov region has been carried out. As a result of the work the markers, luminescent characteristics of tissues, which help to authenticate the raw materials of this taxon, were revealed and clearly presented. Conclusion. The results obtained provide the possibility to identify the mentioned raw material, as an individual, and in addition, in a complex multicomponent phytocomposition.

Crystal Structure of Ritonavir Polymorphs I and II Revisited with the Application of NMR Crystallography.

Ritonavir, a protease inhibitor sold under the brand name Norvir®, is an antiviral medication that effectively targets the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Being probably the most important and best-known example of the crystal polymorphism in the field of pharmaceutics, ritonavir has been extensively studied in the last 30 years, which eventually led to the discovery of its new polymorph, Form III, in 2023. So far, two crystal structures of both Forms I and II of ritonavir were deposited in CCDC database. The aim of this study was to revisit those crystal structures, using NMR crystallography by recording the 13C CP/MAS NMR spectra and performing GIPAW NMR calculations with CASTEP. The obtained results revealed the major discrepancies between the calculated and experimental NMR chemical shift values. Those differences were explained at the molecular level, as resulting from the differences in the experimentally determined and DFT-optimized positions of some atoms, mostly those forming phenyl and thiazole rings. This work is an example of how NMR crystallography can be used to verify and improve the already published crystal structures.

Computational intelligence analysis on drug solubility using thermodynamics and interaction mechanism via models comparison and validation

This study investigates the application of various regression models for predicting drug solubility in polymer and API-polymer interactions in complex datasets. Four models—Gaussian Process Regression (GPR), Support Vector Regression (SVR), Bayesian Ridge Regression (BRR), and Kernel Ridge Regression (KRR)—are evaluated. Preprocessing the dataset using the Z-score approach helped to detect outliers, further improving the accuracy and dependability of the analysis. Also, Fireworks Algorithm (FWA) is employed for hyper-parameter tuning in this work. The GPR model demonstrated superior performance, achieving the lowest MSE and MAE for both drug solubility and gamma predictions, with R2 scores of 0.9980 and 0.9950 for training and test data, respectively. The results of this study show the robustness of GPR in generating reliable and precise forecasts, thus providing a strong method for intricate regression tasks in pharmaceutical and other scientific fields. In addition, the Fireworks Algorithm (FWA) is presented as an optimization method, demonstrating its potential in improving the model’s predictive abilities by effectively exploring and exploiting the search space. The results emphasize the significance of choosing suitable regression models and optimization techniques to attain dependable and superior predictive analytics.

Nanoporous microparticles of cellulose nanofibrils: The effect of fluid bed atmospheric spray freeze drying

Cellulose nanofibers are abundant, low-cost, biodegradable and non-toxic materials that are a technological alternative for products in pharmaceutical field. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of fluid bed atmospheric spray freeze drying on cellulose nanofibers characteristics, and compare to conventional spray and freeze drying methods. The atmospheric spray freeze dried nanofibers had moisture content of 2.3 %, mean size 4.0 μm, circularity of 0.86 and angle of repose of 27.3°. Also, solid state evaluation of atmospheric spray freeze dried cellulose nanofibers and other samples showed very similar chemical and thermal characteristics, but a relative crystallinity of 45.3 %, similar to spray dried powders. Furthermore, the most important feature of atmospheric-spray-freeze-dried cellulose nanofibers is their morphology, since unlike the other methods those resulted in highly nanoporous structures. The atmospheric-spray-freeze-drying of cellulose nanofibers may become a new and attractive alternative for the preparation of microsponges for pharmaceutical applications.

Pd-Catalyzed Decarbonylative Suzuki-Miyaura Cross-Coupling of Pyramidalized N-Mesyl Amides by a Tandem N-C(O)/C-C Bond Activation.

The Suzuki-Miyaura biaryl cross-coupling is the pivotal technology for carbon-carbon coupling in pharmaceutical, polymer, and agrochemical fields. A long-standing challenge has been the development of efficient precursors for the decarbonylative cross-coupling of amide bonds. Herein, we report a highly chemoselective palladium-catalyzed Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling of N-mesyl amides for the synthesis of biaryls by a tandem N-C(O)/C-C bond activation with high selectivity for decarbonylative cleavage. The results demonstrate the first example of a decarbonylative coupling (-CO) of amide bonds activated by an atom-economic, low-cost, and benign N-pyramidalized mesyl group (>30 examples). The reaction shows high generality and functional group tolerance and can be applied in late-stage functionalization of pharmaceuticals. Notably, N-mesyl amides are significantly more reactive than other classes of amides in the decarbonylative Suzuki cross-coupling manifold. Density functional theory (DFT) studies demonstrate considerably lower barrier for rate-limiting transmetalation using N-mesyl amides. The study establishes N-mesyl amides as versatile precursors for Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling to afford valuable biaryls and opens the door to deploy N-mesyl amides in challenging cross-couplings of amides by decarbonylation.

Exploring the potential of a pH-sensitive hydrogel sponge: interpenetrating network of tragacanth and pectin for controlled delivery of levosulpiride.

The development of drug delivery systems that allow precise control over drug release pattern has fetched significant attention in the pharmaceutical field. This research work investigates the potential of a pH-sensitive interpenetrating network (IPN) composed of tragacanth and pectin as a carrier for the controlled release of levosulpiride. To enhance the solubility of poorly soluble drug levosulpiride, inclusion complexes were formed with beta cyclodextrin (βCD). The IPN was prepared by cross-linking tragacanth with pectin by adopting a green chemistry approach. The resulting cross-linked polymeric network was subjected to repetitive freeze-drying cycles for preparation of spongy mass. The physicochemical properties of the resultant product were thoroughly characterized using a range of analytical techniques, including Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), thermal analyses (DSC/TGA), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The physical parameters like sol-gel fraction (%), drug loading (%), swelling behavior, electrolyte responsiveness, and in vitro drug release profile of the developed sponge were systematically evaluated under varying pH conditions. Results of FTIR demonstrated the formation of cross-linked network, ruling out drug-excipient interaction. SEM analysis unveiled porous and rough geometry. Thermal analyses proved the hydrogel network thermally stable whereas, PXRD demonstrated the overall amorphous nature of the hydrogel sponge. The outcomes of physical parameters demonstrated an incremental trend in gel fraction from 63 to 85% on raising the molar concentration of cross-linker from TP1 to TP3. However, increasing tragacanth content escalation in gel fraction from 75 to 79% was noticed. While gel fraction was augmented from 79 to 83% with increasing pectin contents. The maximum drug loading formulation TP3 was computed to be 89%. Hydrogel sponges also demonstrated electrolyte responsiveness. The release profile indicated a pH-responsive behavior, with sustained release up to 10h observed in a buffer solution of pH 6.8 and 7.4. In an acidic medium, a minor amount of drug was released during 10h dissolution. Drug release kinetics was observed to be in zero order. The findings of this study highlight the promising potential of the tragacanth/pectin hydrogel sponge as a pH-sensitive dais for the controlled delivery of levosulpiride, emphasizing its potential application in personalized drug therapy and the treatment of gastrointestinal disorders.

Development and evaluation of innovative enteric-coated capsules for colon-specific delivery of hydrophilic biomaterials

ObjectiveThis research aims to design and evaluate an enteric-coated hard capsule dosage form for targeted delivery of biological materials, such as FMT (fecal microbiota transplant) or live microbes, to the distal parts of the GIT. The capsules are designed to be internally protected against destruction by hydrophilic filling during passage through the digestive tract. MethodsHard gelatin capsules and DRcapsTMcapsules based on HPMC and gellan were used to encapsulate a hydrophilic body temperature-liquefying gelatin hydrogel with caffeine or insoluble iron oxide mixture. Different combinations of polymers were tested for the internal (ethylcellulose, Eudragit® E, and polyvinyl acetate) and external (Eudragit® S, Acryl-EZE®, and cellacefate) coating. The external protects against the acidic gastric environment, while the internal protects against the liquid hydrophilic filling during passage. Coated capsules were evaluated using standard disintegration and modified dissolution methods for delayed-release dosage forms. ResultsCombining suitable internal (ethylcellulose 1.0 %) and external (Eudragit® S 20.0 %) coating of DRcapsTM capsules with the wiping and immersion method achieved colonic release times. While most coated capsules met the pharmaceutical requirements for delayed release, one combination stood out. Colonic times were indicated by the dissolution of soluble caffeine (during 120–720 min) measured by the dissolution method, and capsule rupture was indicated by the release of insoluble iron oxide (after 480 min) measured by the disintegration method. This promising result demonstrates the composition’s suitability and potential to protect the content until it’s released, inspiring hope for the future of colon-targeted delivery systems and its potential for the pharmaceutical and biomedical fields. ConclusionInnovative and easy capsule coatings offer significant potential for targeted drugs, especially FMT water suspension, to the GIT, preferably the colon. The administration method is robust and not considerably affected by the quantity of internal or external coatings. It can be performed in regular laboratories without specialized individual and personalized treatment equipment, making it a practical and feasible method for drug delivery.

Continuous Flow Synthesis of Amides in Bio-Derived Solvent GVL

The amide group is one of the most ubiquitous chemical motifs in the pharmaceutical field. An efficient continuous flow synthesis of amides was achieved by coupling acids with amines using 2-bromo-1-ethylpyridinium tetrafluoroborate (BEP) in the bio-derived “green” solvent γ- valerolactone (GVL). The reaction proceeded under mild reaction conditions (ambient temperature, 1 min) with simple filtration without the need for extensive purification, allowing a safe and ondemand generation of procainamide and VH032-Boc with a productivity of 0.44 g day,-1 and 0.99 g day-1. The finding of our work aligned with green chemistry principles should result in its adoption by the chemistry community.

The Integration of Artificial Intelligence in Drug Discovery and Development : Novel Approach

The drug discovery and development process is complex, time-consuming, and costly. Artificial Intelligence (AI) has emerged as a transformative technology to improve efficiency, accuracy, and innovation in pharmaceutical research. This study explores the applications, benefits, and challenges of integrating AI in drug discovery and development. the role of AI in drug discovery, its transformative impact on pharmaceutical research, and the potential benefits and challenges. Briefly mention the major AI techniques used in different phases of drug discovery and development. The integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI) into drug discovery and development is transforming the pharmaceutical industry by speeding up processes, reducing costs, and enhancing precision. This paper discusses the involvement of AI in drug discovery and development. AI has brought a revolution to drug invention and development, significantly reducing costs and accelerating the process. By integrating AI into these stages, drug development has become more efficient, allowing for faster and more cost-effective innovations in the pharmaceutical field.

Establishment of Dittrichia viscosa L. Hairy Roots and Improvement of Bioactive Compound Production.

Dittrichia viscosa is a ruderal plant species growing along roadsides and well adapting to extreme environmental conditions. D. viscosa plant tissues, especially leaves, are known to be a rich source of bioactive metabolites which have antioxidant, cytotoxic, antiproliferative and anticancer properties. Hairy root cultures are a suitable biotechnological system for investigating plant metabolic pathways and producing specialized metabolites in in vitro conditions. In this study, D. viscosa hairy root transformed lines induced by Agrobacterium rhizogenes ATCC15834 were obtained using leaf explants, and the integration of rolB and rolC genes in the genomes of transformed hairy roots were confirmed by PCR analysis. Three hairy root D. viscosa lines (DvHrT1, DvHrT4 and DvHrT5) having different phenotypic features were characterized in terms of total phenolics, flavonoids and antioxidant activity. Correlated with antioxidant activity, phenolic and flavonoid content of DvHrT1 was significantly higher than control roots and the other DvHrT lines. Our results suggest that D. viscosa hairy roots can be a valuable tool for producing various bioactive compounds having antioxidant activity and are to be further investigated to produce other specific molecules that could find application in agricultural or pharmaceutical fields.

The application and prospect of green chemistry in pharmaceutical field

Abstract. As the global environmental problem gets worse and worse, green chemistry as a sustainable theory and method gets more attention than before. This paper talks about green chemistry in the pharmaceutical industry. Initiate the discussion by introducing green chemistry and its twelve principles, highlighting the methods and technologies of green synthesis. Next, the research will discuss the environmental challenges that the pharmaceutical industry faces, the detrimental effects of traditional processes on the environment, and the analysis required to transition to a greener approach. Next, it delves into the two aspects of green chemistrys application in the pharmaceutical field: green synthetic drugs, green solvents, and green catalysts. Next, it presents a summary of the advancements and future potential of green chemistry technology. Finally, the paper found that using the principle of atom economy properly can minimise the generation of by-products and reduce the after-treatment cost. Whats more, the solvent, which always took up a large amount of total mass, used a lot of resources but resulted in a lower conversion rate.

Optimization strategy of computer numerical control machining process parameters in biomanufacturing mold

With the rapid development of biomanufacturing technology in the medical and pharmaceutical fields, the demand for high-precision and high-quality molds has surged. When Computer numerical control (CNC) machining biomanufacturing molds, the optimization of process parameters becomes the key to improve efficiency and quality. The purpose of this study is to explore the optimization strategy of CNC machining process parameters to achieve the best surface quality, dimensional accuracy and machining efficiency. Through literature review, the spindle speed, feed speed and cutting depth are selected as the key parameters, and the multi-objective optimization model is constructed by response surface method, which is solved by genetic algorithm. The experiment shows that the process parameters of CNC system in mold manufacturing are cutting speed 100 (m/min), feed rate 0.2 (mm/rev) and cutting depth 0.5 (mm), which will effectively reduce the manufacturing cost, and effectively control the alarm times within 35 times in different processing equipment, greatly reduce the risk. The optimization strategy can significantly improve the surface quality and productivity of the mold and reduce the cost. The comparative analysis verifies the effectiveness of the method, which provides new theoretical and technical support for CNC machining in the field of biomanufacturing.