Field Of International Relations Research Articles

From the Lens of Constructivism: The Culture & History of Johor in International Relations via the Johor Heritage Foundation

Why are certain state actors actively promoting their cultural and historical heritage to others?. While many scholars in the field of international relations (IR) often stress the importance of national interest in understanding a state or country's behaviour, IR is a multifaceted field that cannot be fully comprehended from a single perspective. Therefore, this article explores the significance of culture and history within international relations by examining key concepts of Constructivism, an IR theory, with Johor, a prominent southern state of Malaysia, as a case study. The primary objective of this article is to explore the Constructivism perspective on the role of Johor's culture and history in its international relations. Additionally, the article comprehensively discusses the role of the Johor Heritage Foundation (JHF), a statutory body under the state government, in preserving the culture and history of this state. For findings, Johor through JHF is a significant state which highly emphasized on the importance of culture and history within its rapid development. The qualitative methodology and relevant themes were analysed and categorised to illustrate the different components of the role of Johor's culture and history within international relations from the perspective of Constructivism.

A Review of on China by Henry Kissinger: Insights into Diplomacy and History and its Implications for Afghans

This book review critically examines On China by Henry Kissinger, exploring its significance in the fields of international relations, diplomacy, and history. The review summarizes the book's key themes and sections, with a focus on Chinese foreign policy and the evolution of Chinese leadership. Additionally, it contextualizes the book's relevance for Afghan scholars, policymakers, and students by highlighting China's expanding influence in Afghanistan. The review emphasizes the importance of understanding China’s geopolitical strategies and concludes with insights into how the book can inform future policy decisions.

Ideas and Methods of Cognitive Science in the Studies of International Relations and Foreign Policy

International studies have recently witnessed a renaissance of interest in the study of decision-making patterns related to the influence of individual and group actors and the resulting need to understand their deep psychology, the nature of their incentives and motivations. Such studies update the application of behavioral and cognitive sciences in the field of international relations and foreign policy, and encourage the adaptation of the methodology of specialized disciplines to solve complex socio-political problems. The present paper is an attempt to inventory key research subject areas and related literature, as well as to demonstrate the application of existing theories to the analysis of current political issues.

Использование сценарных условий международного взаимодействия национальных хозяйств в антикризисном управлении

One of the main questions that economic science seeks to answer in the field of international economic relations is the question of the impact of free trade on economic development. The article analyzes the main approaches and theories of international trade, and also examines the characteristics of economic systems involved in trade from the point of view of information theory and cybernetics, and the influence of these parameters on the management of economic development as national economies, and the world economy as a whole. In some cases, successful specialization in the international division of labor is actually achieved through measures of liberalization of trade, financial markets and capital rules. But these measures do not always produce the expected effects. Information and cybernetic interpretation of the processes of interaction of national economic systems opens up opportunities for the development of a new scientific approach to describing phenomena in the field of international trade.

Pakistan-US relations: examining sustainable bilateral cooperation via civil society collaboration

Pakistan and the United States (US) have struggled to form mutually beneficial foreign policies that withstand volatile political phases. In the current global context, there is an urgent need for innovative and practical approaches to enrich the field of international relations, allowing policymakers to overcome diplomatic deadlocks. This research examines the potential role of a sustainable development approach with civil society organisations (CSOs) as the implementing instrument of foreign policies. Through case studies of successful CSO initiatives across economic, social, and environmental pillars, specifically covering SDGs 3, 8, 13 and 17, the study observes and empirically examines the multisectoral operations of US-based civil society in Pakistan, highlighting its comprehensive impact on the people as well as uncovering the resilient nature of civil society-led cooperation between states. The research finds that integrating civil society into foreign policy can create resilient and sustainable development-oriented bilateral relations, offering a practical strategy for enhancing collaboration and achieving sustainability. This model presents a pathway for countries to transcend transactional ties and establish lasting, mutually beneficial partnerships. The study also opens doors for further research in IR to welcome the sustainable development paradigm in bilateral studies.

The Function of International Law in Modern International Relations: A Constructivist Perspective

Following World War II, the ongoing process of globalisation led to a proliferation of international conflicts and disputes, prompting an increase in the application and regulation of international law. International law, as a legally binding framework for the rights and responsibilities of sovereign states and other entities with international status, has been crucial in reducing global strife, maintaining peace and promoting cooperation. The post-Cold War era coincided with the rise of constructivist theory, which offers a sociological perspective on world politics, emphasising social normative structures over economic material ones. This perspective underscores the influential role of ideas, norms, and culture in shaping state behaviour constructively. Theoretically, constructivist theories within international relations elucidate the legal function of international law while bolstering its authority and status; thereby further explaining its significance within global affairs. The research encompasses three main components: First, an exploration of the theoretical underpinnings of international law and an analysis of constructivism within the field of international relations will be presented. Secondly, a detailed examination of specific operational mechanisms in modern international relations and their contribution to establishing an orderly framework will be undertaken; and thirdly case analysis to examine how these mechanisms have influenced specific events thus revealing their practical impact. Ultimately concluding that as a normative institutional construct, international law has significantly contributed towards rule-making processes conflict resolution efforts as well as maintaining order within global relations while also highlighting that its construction is an ongoing evolutionary process necessitating continual adjustment within the broader context.

National schools of diplomatic training: divergences in the global epistemology of international relations

The proposition of establishing “global international relations” (Global IR) as an amalgamation of diverse national epistemologies in the field of international relations, potentially superseding the Western-centric paradigm, presents significant challenges. A critical inquiry emerges: Is it possible to form a discipline based on the polyphony of national approaches, despite the fact that the ontology of international relations has remained fundamentally unchanged since the mid-17th century? This study evaluates the thesis of extant national epistemologies in international relations by examining national traditions of diplomatic training. The primary research question is formulated as follows: What are the foundational approaches employed by leading states in the training of IR specialists, and can these approaches be considered reflective of national epistemologies regarding the nature of international relations? The research methodology involves a synthesis of findings from an examination of diplomatic training institutions across a diverse sample of countries. This sample encompasses Western nations (United Kingdom, Hungary, Poland, United States, Finland, France, and Germany), Asian countries (Vietnam, Indonesia, India, China, and the Republic of Korea), Middle Eastern states (Egypt, Iran, Saudi Arabia, and Turkey), African nations (Nigeria and South Africa), and Latin American countries (Brazil, Mexico, and Cuba). The article is structured in two principal sections. The theoretical section explores the hypothesis of “global international relations” within the context of existing literature and theoretical frameworks. The second section synthesizes the empirical findings from the study of national approaches to diplomatic training, testing the hypothesis of its correlation with national epistemologies in the field of international relations.

Diplomatic webs: the influential figures shaping U.S. policy in Israel, Qatar, and Iraq

Abstract Purpose This study examines the Twitter/X networks of U.S. ambassadors in Israel, Iraq, and Qatar from 2017 to 2024, aiming to assess how digital diplomacy is conducted through these platforms. Utilizing Sprinklr, we gathered 586,736 mentions involving the ambassadors’ Twitter handles, with a focus on evaluating the influence and communication strategies within these networks. Design/methodology/approach We analyzed a random sample of 30,000 tweets from the collected data using network analysis techniques. This approach enabled the examination of centrality metrics within the ambassadors’ digital networks, providing insights into the influence patterns and communicative interactions via Gephi. Findings The analysis revealed a significant influence of state actors and established political elites who predominantly engage in unidirectional communication, despite the platforms’ capabilities for interactive and reciprocal dialogues. We identified elected officials and specific non-governmental organizations as key actors shaping the diplomatic narratives, highlighting the diverse yet controlled actor interplay in digital diplomacy. Practical implications This research underscores the need for strategic adjustments in digital diplomacy practices to enhance interaction and inclusivity. Our work provides policymakers with insights into leveraging digital platforms for more effective and dynamic diplomatic exchanges. Social implications The study illuminates the role of digital platforms as critical venues for shaping diplomatic narratives by both state and non-state actors. Notably, our findings highlight the use of hashtags in advancing human rights movements and in discussions surrounding the Israel–Palestine conflict, demonstrating hashtags’ impact on global and regional advocacy efforts. Originality/value This research offers a unique perspective on the integration of traditional diplomatic roles with contemporary digital strategies, particularly highlighting the constraints and potentials within Middle Eastern contexts. We suggest ways to enhance the inclusivity and effectiveness of diplomatic engagements through improved social media utilization, thereby contributing to the evolving field of international relations and public diplomacy.

RUSSIAN AS A FOREIGN LANGUAGE IN THE CONTEXT OF INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION

The article examines the importance of developing a cultural background as an accompanying tool for learning Russian as a foreign language. The complexity in this regard may be the organizational component for solving the problem due to the insufficient level of attention to it. The article is of interest to those who make decisions on the organization of the educational process, both at the level of universities and government departments, as well as to students and specialists in the field of political science, international relations, pedagogical and philological sciences.

FEATURES OF THE REGIONAL POLICY OF THE PRC AND ITS REFLECTION IN RELATIONS WITH KAZAKHSTAN

The article examines the specific features of the regional policy of the People's Republic of China in historical perspective and provides a critical assessment of the foreign policy views of generations of Chinese authorities. It shows how the complex international situation during the first generation of Chinese power influenced the country's foreign policy positions and the level of influence of Chinese foreign policy views on the world order during the Cold War. The study aimed to determine the reflection of China's regional political views in Kazakh-Chinese relations, to find out the features of the adaptation of the core of the Chinese authorities' foreign policy positions to modern criticism. The novelty of the study lies in identifying the features of the regional policy of the People's Republic of China and its reflection in Kazakh-Chinese relations. The objectives of the work include identifying the main strategic features of the foreign policy of each generation of the Chinese government, identifying its influence on the regional political situation and influence on Kazakh-Chinese relations, as well as studying the nature of topical issues between Kazakhstan and China. The topic of the study was considered on the basis of the theory of neorealism, neoliberalism and integration using the methods of historical-comparative, statistical, structural analysis and systematization. These methods helped to comprehensively consider the problem and systematize the results of the analysis. The results of the study allow theoretically comprehending China's regional policy and gaining a deeper understanding of its impact on Kazakh-Chinese relations. The results of the research work can be widely used in studies in the field of international relations, oriental studies, political science, sinology, and history.

Biased Mediators in Conflict Resolution

Abstract One of the most important and disputed questions within the fields of international relations and conflict studies concerns the issue of mediator impartiality. Should mediators be biased—supportive of one but not both of the main disputants—or should mediators always be impartial? This paper contributes to this debate by studying the effectiveness of mediation with regard to the role of mediator bias in a game-theoretic model of cheap talk. This study shows that the institutional design of a mediation process is affected by two factors: the relative degree of conflict and the incentives to misrepresent private information. We find that a necessary (but not always sufficient) condition for the success of a mediation process is a sufficiently low likelihood of a misrepresentation problem. If in addition, the relative degree of conflict is low enough, mediation is effective, and the institutional design of a mediation process is the same regardless of the bias. Otherwise, the design will be quite different depending on the direction of the bias. (JEL D63, D74, D82)

경계 사이에서 : 한국 입양인의 민족주의와 초국적 정체성의 교차

This article explores the complex interplay between nationalism and transnational adoption, using the case of Korean adoptees in the United States to highlight how nationalist ideologies and transnational realities intersect and affect individual identities. The argument posits that while nationalism traditionally seeks to create a homogeneous national identity, transnational adoption introduces nuances that challenge these homogenizing forces by presenting a form of hybridity and transnational identity that cannot be easily reconciled with conventional nationalist narratives. It delves into how Korean adoptees navigate their identities between ethnic nationalism in Korea and civic nationalism in the US, suggesting that transnational adoptees live within a tension of being neither fully one nor the other. The purpose of this paper is to deepen the understanding of how transnational adoptees form their identities amidst contrasting nationalisms and to examine the implications of these identities for broader debates on nationalism and globalization. By focusing on Korean adoptees, the paper seeks to illuminate the broader social and political mechanisms at play in shaping transnational identities, thereby contributing to academic discussions in the fields of sociology, cultural studies, and international relations.

Цифровизация международных связей российских регионов (на примере Республики Татарстан)

Being involved in complex processes of global politics, subnational actors face a lot of challenges, including the growing impact of global digitalization of international relations. The subject of this study are issues of practical use of information technologies in paradiplomacy and adequate response by regional authorities to digital transformation of international relations. Studying the case of the Republic of Tatarstan which systematically applies digital technologies in the field of international relations contributed to identifying priority areas for digitalization of paradiplomacy. The study used regulations and state origin documents of federal and regional levels, and materials produced by international organizations. Basic trends of digitalization of paradiplomacy include issues of development and implementation of management decisions based on the interaction of remote partners together with information support for international cooperation. The work considers the variety of implementation of digital technologies, identifies status of communication members in paradiplomacy, and different forms of communication. The importance of integrating electronic document management with information systems to support decision making is substantiated. The issues of creating special purpose information services for participants in foreign economic activity, cultural and humanitarian relations are considered. The experience of the Republic of Tatarstan testifies the need of legal regulation at the regional level to provide efficient use of information technologies by government authorities. Actual areas of digitalization include development of feedback forms with participants in external relations and creating computer systems of processing data sets to substantiate decision-making.

The potential of the enterprise's foreign economic activity: essence and structure

In the paper, on the basis of resource, functional-target, effective approaches, the foreign economic potential of the enterprise as a set of resources, opportunities and abilities of the enterprise to ensure the achievement of the results of economic activity in the field of international economic relations at the highest possible level is determined. The multifaceted content of the foreign economic potential as a complex component of the economic potential of the enterprise is revealed, the internal resource and performance potentials as well as the potential of external factors and conditions of foreign economic activity are characterized. The polystructural nature of the foreign economic potential is substantiated and its components are revealed: – the potential of the foreign trade model of the enterprise's foreign economic activity as a set of resources, capabilities of the enterprise, as well as its ability to conduct effective export-import activities; – the potential of the production and investment model, the structural elements of which are the resource and productive potential of such types of foreign economic activity as international leasing, franchising, subcontracts, international investments, international production specialization and cooperation, joint entrepreneurial activity; – the potential of an infrastructural model focused on the provision by the enterprise of consulting, insurance, transport and forwarding, marketing, legal and other services to foreign economic entities. The structural elements of the potentials of models of foreign economic activity are: marketing potential - a set of resources, opportunities and abilities of an enterprise to ensure the competitive advantages of its products (services) in the target segments of the world market; logistics potential - a set of resources, opportunities and abilities of the logistics system of foreign economic activity.

THE PROBLEM OF MODEL ADEQUACY IN THE APPLICATION OF GAME THEORY IN INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS

The article considers the use of game theory in international relations and the risks associated with it. An analysis is made of the possibility of reflecting the same real situations using different game models with different connotations. The concept of the adequacy of the model in relation to the situation is considered, as well as the necessary logical stage of proving this adequacy and the risk of manipulative influence in the absence of such proof. Attention is paid to the phenomenon of the model itself and its relation to the real object of modeling.The opinion is argued about the need to prove the similarity before using the analogy as an argument for attempts to persuade on the basis of this similarity. The mechanism of manipulation is considered in which, by skipping the discussion of the adequacy of the model, it is automatically considered adequate, so the author of the model can impose his own forecasts on the consumer of information regarding the development of events, as well as his own subjective vision of the positivity of the results.As an example, two well-known problems in game theory are considered, actively used for modeling international relations: the Prisoner's Dilemma and the Chicken game. An example of modeling the same hypothetical situation using both games and differences in subjective perception of the same results, which are manifested in the choice of which of these games to use, is given. The opinion is given that although both games can be very useful in the field of international relations, when consuming information which incorporates these and other games, it is necessary to carefully check not only the author's forecasts regarding the development of events, but also the assessment of the positivity of the results in the model.

Confrontation between Shamkhalate and Kabarda in the 16<sup>th</sup> century (the issue of international relations in the North Caucasus)

The article is devoted to the problems of the development of the regional system of international relations in the North Caucasus in the 16th century. The era of the Horde khans and Shirvanshahs is forever a thing of the past, and they were replaced by new empires: the Safavids, the Ottomans and the Moscow state. With the help of world-system analysis the article reveals the transformation of the political landscape of the region that took place at that period. A new look at the Caucasian communities and their place in the history of civilization, as well as the forms happened to occur in the process of their integration into a particular state is offered to the reader's attention. The methods of identity formation used at that period are of great interest, as well as the hierarchical ideas that existed in the field of international relations. For the first time, the paper comes as an attempt to reconstruct the views on the balance of power then prevailing in the North Caucasus that correspond to the epoch under study.

The meeting of two worlds: strategic corruption as an emerging concept in (anti-)corruption studies and international relations

ABSTRACT In the wake of significant international events like the Russian invasion of Ukraine and China’s assertive diplomacy, the recently developed concept of strategic corruption has been increasingly employed to discuss how corruption infiltrates international affairs. Unlike traditional corruption, strategic corruption is commonly understood to be a sophisticated mechanism that states use to achieve geopolitical objectives, intertwining economic and security concerns. This paper explores this concept, analyzes its relationship with related phenomena, and proposes a theoretical framework to contextualize strategic corruption within national and international arenas. The framework depicts strategic corruption as a multifaceted process spanning three spheres: domestic (source), international, and domestic (target). Each sphere involves unique pathways aimed at corrupting institutions in the target domain. This approach contributes to our understanding of the complex dynamics between corruption, national security, and foreign affairs, offering a coherent tool to address these challenges within the fields of international relations and anti-corruption studies.

The Involvement of Diplomatic Missions in Facilitating the International Expansion of Companies

One of the main objectives of diplomatic activities is aimed at fulfilling economic interests and adjusting to global developments, placing economic diplomacy as a key priority of foreign policy. As of late, there has been a growing interest regarding the diplomatic representations, as actors of economic diplomacy, and the role they hold in increasing foreign trade, attracting foreign direct investments or expanding the presence of companies on foreign markets. Decision makers and academic representatives call attention to the benefits that economic diplomacy, through the activity employed by diplomatic missions, can bring to the field of economic international relations. Therefore, the purpose of this article is to underline the contribution of diplomatic representations in the growth of national companies in the international markets, based on the qualitative and quantitative research studies on the subject of economic diplomacy.

Indonesians Perception on the South China Sea Dispute: Support Vector Machine and Naïve Bayes Approach

In recent years, relations between Indonesia and China have become increasingly cordial. However, a potential source of tension is emerging in the form of a heightened dispute in the South China Sea. The government of Indonesia is considered an ally, however there has been a long-standing negative opinion among Indonesians regarding China, which has influenced the way both the general public and the political elite have perceived the relations between Indonesia and China. This research has two objectives. The first is to examine Indonesian perceptions regarding the South China Sea conflict. The second is to compare the performance of Support Vector Machine (SVM) and Multinomial Naïve Bayes as a method of sentiment analysis. Using 7.051 Indonesian-language posts from social media X as a dataset, the result shows that a significant portion of Indonesians view the dispute negatively, fearing potential escalation and threats to national security. Despite these concerns, there is reason to believe that Indonesia can play a proactive role in resolving the conflict through ASEAN and UNCLOS frameworks. Meanwhile, SVM has been demonstrated to be an effective method for handling sentiment analysis data, achieving an accuracy of 87.95%. This work contributes to the field of sentiment analysis by highlighting social media as a valuable platform and by demonstrating the effectiveness of SVM. Furthermore, the study offers new insights for the field of international relations by analyzing the South China Sea dispute through a machine learning lens, which may lead to the development of novel perspectives.

Hacer Topaktaş o poselstwie Franciszka Piotra Potockiego do Stambułu (1788–1793)

Reading Ottoman-Polish diplomatic relations leads to a clear conclusion that in the late 18th century, the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth had an opportunity to enter into an international alliance as a partner alongside the Ottoman Empire. Topaktaş has not attempted to create hypothetical scenarios regarding the survival or otherwise of the First Republic, but has reconstructed the idea of an Ottoman-Polish alliance in a scholarly manner, drawing on a rich body of historical sources. The publication contains innovative insights from the fields of history, political science and international relations. It takes into account the latest state of research and the results of searches personally conducted by the author. Topaktaş has almost managed to avoid factual mistakes and errors. The scale of the research apparatus used and the high specialisation of the technique of the historian of Polish-Turkish relations makes this monograph a work complementary to the diplomatic relations between the Republic of Poland and the Ottoman Empire. The reader is presented with a convincing argument alternating with a narrative that gives the impression of a reportage on the journey and stay of Franciszek Piotr Potocki - all wrapped up in academic terminology. The author has accomplished the research goals declared in the introduction. I personally believe that Topaktaşs book is a groundbreaking and inspiring treatise on the late 18th century. It is worth recommending to enthusiasts of Ottoman studies, but also to students of history interested in the subject.