Fields Of Experimental Science Research Articles

Refined and supplemented author's criterion for the study of dependent and independent samples in the field of experimental sciences (with the focus on education)

Introduction. The article is devoted to the triune system: 1) the selection of primary information about the problem under study; 2) the principle of comparing pairs of samples; 3) the criterion for determining a promising technology among competing ones. It is a continuation of the author’s previous research. The work is directly related to the research of samples in the field of experimental sciences and deals with education. Materials and Methods. The methodology for solving the problem of creating a triune system (selection - comparison - criterion) is a systematic analysis of the shortcomings of functioning criteria and the use of a cluster approach. Results. A mathematical complex (MC) has been developed containing the following components: matrix models that take into account the academic performance and personal development of students and allow to collect first–hand information about students’ activities; a new system for comparing the results of the application of innovations and the criterion of the author of QL: free from all the shortcomings of the predecessor criteria, with no restrictions on the number of students and categories; contributing to the identification of the best technologies among competing; reducing the volume of theory tenfold, which gives significant savings in time and finances, and its consistency attracts professionals. All this is achieved due to the fact that the QL criterion is two-parameter, unlike the one-parameter criteria, they do not have access to about 50% of the information about the problem under study. Conclusions The implementation of a mathematical complex in the scientific and educational processes not only contributes to the selection of an appropriate technology among competing ones, but also solves the problem of predicting the direction of changes in "improvement – deterioration" system. The transition to a single and consistent quality of life criterion enhances the accessibility and attractiveness of this criterion, does not frighten or repel teachers and academic staff– who are the main consumers of research results and active participants in the process of improving the quality of education.

Colonial Fantasies, Imperial Realities: Race Science and the Making of Polishness on the Fringes of the German Empire, 1840–1920

Colonial Fantasies, Imperial Realities: Race Science and the Making of Polishness on the Fringes of the German Empire, 1840–1920

Photogrammetry as a New Scientific Tool in Archaeology: Worldwide Research Trends

Archaeology has made significant advances in the last 20 years. This can be seen by the remarkable increase in specialised literature on all archaeology-related disciplines. These advances have made it a science with links to many other sciences, both in the field of experimental sciences and in the use of techniques from other disciplines such as engineering. Within this last issue it is important to highlight the great advance that the use of photogrammetry has brought for archaeology. In this research, through a systematic study with bibliometric techniques, the main institutions and countries that are carrying them out and the main interests of the scientific community in archaeology related to photogrammetry have been identified. The main increase in this field has been observed since 2010, especially the contribution of UAVs that have reduced the cost of photogrammetric flights for reduced areas. The main lines of research in photogrammetry applied to archaeology are close-range photogrammetry, aerial photogrammetry (UAV), cultural heritage, excavation, cameras, GPS, laser scan, and virtual reconstruction including 3D printing.

Media hysteresis

For media scholars, locating the old in the new helps to debunk the inflation around the “newness” of contemporary media. Several approaches have been put to work in the exploration of these multiple temporalities within media: remediation, media revival, residual media, media archeology. In this article, we explore another temporal concept—hysteresis—as a way to think through the folding of time within and across media. The first part of the article presents a theoretical overview of the concept of hysteresis, from the field of experimental sciences in the late nineteenth century to Marx, Bourdieu, Baudrillard and others in the social sciences. In the second part, we introduce the concept of “media hysteresis” and illustrate it with two examples: the design of the keypad by Bell System’s push-button phones and the QWERTY keyboard. In the third and final part, we weave the concept of media hysteresis through a discussion of some of the major changes in cinema. More specifically, we examine how the aesthetic of the analogue persists in digital media and how media hysteresis can be useful to apprehend the celluloid revival. Our main argument throughout the article is the need for a theory of asynchronous simultaneity to analyse persistence and continuity across technological changes.

Effect of Self-Believe of Students on Educational Progress of Mathematics

In educational system of Iran, the students entered to high school after passing elementary school and junior high school by selecting their interested field of study. Among them, the students with weak performance in mathematics continue their studies in the field of human sciences, the students with average performance in mathematics continue their studies in the field of experimental sciences and student with high performance in mathematics continue their studies in the field of mathematics. It seems that there may be a hypothesis telling students with weak performance in mathematics have low self-believe. Therefore, their performance in mathematics may be improved by promoting their self-believe. The purpose of the present research is analysis the factor of self-believe on progress and performance in mathematics. The sample of this study contains 85 girl students of third grade of high school in Karaj City. The method of this research is correlation and the tools of this research include: self-believe test prepared by the researcher for measurement and test of mathematics as index for performance of students in mathematics in three fields of human sciences, experimental sciences and mathematics. The data gained with Pearson correlation coefficient statistical method shows that there is a direct meaningful relationship between self-believe and performance of students in mathematics. Moreover, it is shown that there is a different meaningfulness between the students of experimental sciences and human sciences from viewpoint of self-believe and according to the mean of self-believe it can be concluded that the students in the field of experimental sciences have the most self-believe. Therefore, it seems that the teachers and instructors can promote and establish efficient strategies for promotion of self-believe among students in school and educational institutes and this needs more studies and researches in this regard.

Frontiers in Genomic Assay Technologies: The Grand Challenges in Enabling Data-Intensive Biological Research

We live in astonishing times, not least when we consider the recent rate of progress in science. We are experiencing a revolution, underpinned and empowered by Moore’s famous law and the computational power enabled by that law (Mollick, 2006), that has largely eliminated the traditional sci-entific bottle-neck associated with data acquisition. Biologists now find themselves a situation familiar to any of us that has, over the last decade or so, replaced their conventional film camera with its digital counterpart. The biologist now has the ability to take technological “snapshots” of almost any attribute of a living organism, whether it be DNA sequence, protein iden-tity, 3-, 4-, and 5-dimensional distributions of macromolecules, composition of small molecules, and ions, identity of mutations, the mapping of phenotypes to genotypes, and so-on, and this has provided an unprec-edented amount of data for analysis. This situation, which extends across all fields of experimental science, has been canonized as the emergence of a “Fourth Paradigm” in scientific research, termed Data-Intensive Scientific Discovery, the first, second, and third paradigms representing conven-tional empirical observation, abstraction and theory, and computational simula-tion, respectively (Gray, 2009). As you will see below, biologists now face much of the same grand challenges as experienced by the recreational photographer.The purpose of this article is to sum-marize grand challenges confronted at the frontier of genomic assay technology, and to provide some talking points as to the purpose of this new journal. Several grand challenges are relatively easy to define. At least three are directly associated with our recent and unprecedented ability to gener -ate biological data in digital form. Given this ability, immediate challenges are: (1) How does one design the most meaning ful experiments to generate the most useful data? (2) How does one handle the resultant data stream? and (3) What is the best way to archive data, and to harvest and integrate this archived data?A fourth grand challenge naturally arises from the process of technology innova-tion, being associated with the identifi-cation of new ways to analyze biological organisms and systems, and the develop-ment of the associated technologies and experimental platforms.A final grand challenge arises from the concept of stepping back and focusing on the source materials used for generating biological knowledge, the families, genera, and species, discovered and undiscovered, representing life on this planet, and asking the question as to whether we know all pos-sible ways in which evolution can give rise to successful life-forms based on detailed understanding and study of only a very lim-ited subset of these life-forms.

La connaissance en sciences humaines

The authors indicates what were the basic epistemological principles used in the field of experimental sciences; he shows how this has lead to the definition of the randomised control trial, main reference of EBM. He then goes on to demonstrate how the recent developments in the field of cognitive sciences has allowed psychiatry to go beyond the historical splitting between explaining and understanding, between the search for signification and the search for causality.

The role of measurement uncertainty in doping analysis

The determination of measurement uncertainty is a critical issue in all fields of experimental science; its importance becomes maximal in the specific case of forensic analytical chemistry (including doping analysis), where uncertainty has not only to be calculated with precision, but it also has to be both small and reliable enough to support effective decision making. This contribution gives a general view of the organisation of the activity of the network of the anti-doping laboratories accredited by the World AntiDoping Agency (WADA), focusing in particular on the current situation related to the determination of measurement uncertainty in doping analysis. Representative examples referring to the procedures followed in the case of threshold substances are also presented and discussed.

How much power is enough? Against the development of an arbitrary convention for statistical power calculations

How much power is enough? Against the development of an arbitrary convention for statistical power calculations

El destino de las revistas científicas nacionales. El caso español a través de un muestra (1950-90)

The aim of the present work was to analyse the evolution of Spanish scientific journals in the fields of experimental sciences and medicine from the viewpoint of what might be called their appeal to the national and international research community, to determine to what degree these journals are or are ceasing to be a valued or attractive channel of communication for the said researchers. To this end, we studied the changes that a sample of Spanish scientific journals have undergone over the last 40 years. The journals were: Anales de Fisica, Anales de Quimica, Estudios Geologicos, Medicina Clinica, Revista Espanola de Fisiologia and Revista Iberoamericana de Matematicas. They cover all the traditional academic fields except Biology, and were considered to be the most representative of their respective specialities. The aspects analysed were: productive capacity, affiliation, and the authors’ national origins. We considered these to be particularly sensitive to the image and appeal of the journals for their respective communities: changes in these aspects would reflect the role and importance that researchers attribute to the journal. Three tri-annual sequences were studied from the decades of the 50’s, 70’s, and 90’s. The results show: a process of rise and fall of the productive capacity; a successive leadership, in terms of number of articles, with affiliations first in the CSIC (the Government Research Council) and later in the Universities; and lastly a growing presence of foreign authors, especially from Europe and Latin America which partially compensates the reduction in Spanish authors. Some possible causes of these changes are indicated. The issue of the survival of these journals is discussed in the Conclusions.

A Working Model of a Fully Digital Academic High-Throughput Microscopy Facility

Abstract The Electron Microscope Unit at the University has a good selection of microscopes: two tungsten SEMs, two FESEMs, a microprobe analysis system, a 125 kY TEM, a 200 kV TEM, an AFM, an FIB miller, a Zeiss Photomicroscope and a Leica Macroscope. We service around 300 clients’ projects a year in every field of experimental science and engineering, logging over 8,000 hrs of beam time annually. But funding constraints have always kept us short staffed and our laboratory has been working towards complete digital image capture for the past ten years to enhance our productivity. The perceived benefits of digitisation for us are: Photographic processing of negatives eliminated. Archiving of (bulky) photographic negatives eliminated. Need for special darkroom & graphics skills eliminated Responsibility for archiving and indexing images devolved to individual users Responsibility for image processing devolved to individual users. Rapid turnaround of images. Rapid sharing of results.

Report On ?The Penn State Resource Center: A Faculty Vision Becomes Reality?

In this workshop, Peter Jurs and Robert Minard presented a concise, easily applied formula for improving the overall quality of the learning experience at a large state school through simple reading into student psychology. Using the example of a local beer garden, known for its activity, noise, and boisterousness, a ‘chaotic’ approach was described for designing a chemistry learning center attractive to students. The facility integrates all undergraduate laboratory instrumentation and study areas into one room with an atmosphere that is oriented to the student culture. Workshop participants concur that such an approach begins to address the problem of students being too distracted by nonacademic activities on campus after class. The development of this program was reported to greatly improve the level of peer interaction, group learning, and create a more positive response by majors and nonmajors alike to chemistry at Penn State. The success of the learning center in bringing in students suggests that this approach is not limited to chemistry, but is perhaps applicable to other fields of experimental science. Other departments at Penn State are currently exploring this option.

Information as the fourth vital element and its influence on the culture of peoples

Almongst the various possible subjects that occurred to me within the fields of experimental science and the humanities, I decided to choose a question of great importance today –that of information and its influence on the historical evolution of the culture of peoples. Through this subject, I shall be able to explain, in general terms, my thoughts and opinions, which I would like to believe contain philosophical and historical traces. Inspired by contemporary philosophers, Dr. Martinez Fornes is of the idea that, as Alonso Quijano died unmarried and without issue, we are all children of Sancho Panza –positivistic, realistic, with our ___ the ground, somewhat pessimistic, without a trace of spirituality. I, if you will permit me, prefer to think that I have descended from Don Quijote´s niece; and that I have inherited some genes from an idealist, dreamer and, to some extent, and optimist. With this mixture of Don Quijote and Sancho, I shall now go on to give my talk on the subject “Information as the fourth vital element and its influence on the culture of peoples”.

Prof. F. J. Cheshire, C.B.E

THE death of Prof. Frederic John Cheshire, on March 24, at seventy-eight years of age, removes one who had a very considerable influence on the development of the optical instrument industry in Great Britain, moreespecially during the War of 1914-18 and in the following years. His main interests lay in the fields of experimental science, and his true vocation was to the life of a teacher.

The Child's Conception of Physical Causality

Our encounters with the physical world are filled with miraculous puzzles - wind appears from somewhere, heavy objects (like oil tankers) float on oceans, yet smaller objects go to the bottom of our water-filled buckets. As adults, instead of confronting a whole world, we are reduced to driving from one parking garage to another. Child's Conception of Physical Causality, part of the very beginning of the ground-breaking work of the Swiss naturalist Jean Piaget, is filled with creative experimental ideas for probing the most sophisticated ways of thinking in children. The strength of Piaget's research is evident in this collection of empirical data, systematically organized by tasks that illuminate how things work. Piaget's data are remarkably rich. In his new introduction, Jean Valsiner observes that Piaget had no grand theoretical aims, yet the book's simple power cannot be ignored. Piaget's great contribution to developmental psychology was his clinical method - a tactic that integrated relevant aspects of naturalistic experiment, interview and observation. Through this systematic inquiry, we gain insight into children's thinking. Reading Piaget will encourage the contemporary reader to think about the unity of psychological phenomena and their theoretical underpinnings. His wealth of creative experimental ideas probes into the most sophisticated ways of thinking in children. Technologies change, yet the creative curiosity of children remains basically unhindered by the consumer society. Piaget's data preserve the reality of the original phenomena. As such, this work will provide a source of information for developmental psychologists and those involved in the field of experimental science.

Chemotherapeutic Experiments with Coal-Tar Dyes on Spontaneous Mouse Tumors

We are aware that these attempts to influence the growth of tumors may seem to partake of the haphazard and casual. Many different substances and of widely different chemical structure have been injected into tumor-bearing animals, with a therapeutic purpose.1 Most of these attempts have been failures or have had but temporary or equivocal success. The basis or justification of such experiments is clear and follows the obvious and ancient tradition of therapeutics,—to give medicine. That many such attempts must be wholly or partly empiric goes without question. The great importance which would attach to any clue or leading suggestion obtained from any substance whatever capable of repeated administration to the animal organism without serious injury, justifies persistent essays to test the effect on cancer of the most various groups of chemical agents. Obviously in many such cases no cogent a priori reason could be given for expecting other than adverse or negative results. In view of the usefulness of accidental observations and unexpected results throughout the field of experimental science and the barren field of medication in cancer, it seems justifiable and expedient to investigate even unpromising fields. We have aimed to test representatives of all the major chemical groups into which the innumerable coloring matters derived from coal-tar are classified and to this end have selected upwards of seventy actual or potential dyes. No attempt has been made to select toxic compounds, to combine them with metals, or to confine to agents having medicinal, vital staining, or tumoraffine properties, but rather to seek any organic bodies in this group which might in any way influence growth of spontaneous tumors and hence furnish a possible clue to specific or general action in chemotherapy. A few pharmaceuticals not used as dyes have been included. We wish here to record the results with about thirty of these tests reserving the unfinished remainder for a future report, to include a classificatory tabulation of the dyes and some references to the bibliography of the subject.