Field Of Biotechnology Research Articles

Pemanfaatan Bakteri Termofilik Penghasil Amilase Pada Berbagai Pati

Indonesia is a country that produces a lot of starchy materials such as cassava, sago, corn and others. Indonesia has the potential to develop an enzyme-producing industry, especially amylase. The utilization of starchy materials which so far has not been maximized and is still limited to conventional methods can be increased by enzymatic development processes. This will increase its economic value and at the same time increase state income. One of the enzymes that is currently very widely used in the food and beverage industry is amylase. Nin Suharti and Geminsyah Putra 2021 have succeeded in isolating and identifying thermophilic bacteria from the sidedust hot springs of North Sumatra. The advantage of thermophilic bacteria is that they can produce enzymes that are resistant to high temperatures / thermostable enzymes. These enzymes are able to survive and are active at high temperatures. Such properties are highly needed by enzyme-based industries. The use of enzymes that can withstand high temperatures in the field of biotechnology can reduce operating costs and increase reaction speed, this study uses various types of starch including potatoes, cassava and corn as suitable and easily available carbon sources for the production of amylase enzymes. Bacteria in the media with potato starch added can produce the highest amylase enzyme from the three treatments of 65 U/L. For bacteria added with corn starch, the result was 50 U/L of amylase enzyme. Meanwhile, the lowest of the three treatments was media with added sweet potato starch with a content of 39 U/L. The isolates generally had a round shape, jagged edges, grooved, and smooth, white colonies, microscopic bacilli-shaped, endospores and motile, positive for catalase, gelatin and citrate tests. With Gram staining, it generally shows a positive Gram reaction.

ETHNO MEDICINAL SURVEY AND HEAVY METAL ANALYSIS ON MUD DAUBER NEST IN ZARIA, KADUNA STATE NIGERIA.

This study was aimed to survey the ethno medicinal uses of mud dauber nest in Zaria, Kaduna State, Nigeria. Structure questionnaires as well as interview were used as instruments for data collection on fifty respondents which included the herbalists, local elders, traders, students, and house wives. Socio-demographic characteristics of the respondents were also determined. The concentration of Fe, Cd, Zn and Pb were determined using atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AAS).Thirty-two (64%) of the respondents were males. The age range 41 and above, provided the highest uses of mud dauber nest. Seventeen (17) different ailments were recorded in this study. The use of mud dauber nest for treatment of mumps was the highest with 82%, followed by ringworm and pimples (14%), stomach ache (12%), tooth ache 8%, ear rash 6% and so on%, ear rash 6% and so on. It was shown that Fe has the highest average concentration with 5.268 ± 1.050 ppm, followed by Zn with 2.199±0.086 ppm, Pb with 0.766 ± 0.442 ppm and Cd with 0.059±0.003 ppm. This study showed the potentials of mud dauber for treatment of various diseases and its safety profiles, therefore its conservation for sustainable use and potential for discovery of newer is very important in the field of medicine, pharmacy and biotechnology.

Investigation Into the Potential Prospects of Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

Cell cultures and stem cell studies have revolutionized the field of biotechnology and regenerative medicine by opening various medicine sectors that were once closed due to lack of information and technology. The potent ability of stem cells has proven to be really significant in the field of medical research for treating degenerative diseases and disorders, thus developing novel therapeutics. Induced pluripotent stem cells are created by reprogramming adult cells to behave like an embryonic-like pluripotent state cell. The reprogramming of cells is done by introducing specific combinations or sets of genes into the cells using viral vectors. This in turn resets the genetic program and reprograms the cells in a way that the cells can differentiate into any type of cell in the human body. Induced pluripotent stem cells have the ability to self-renew and differentiate into all cell types, also including gametes. This type of stem cell can be cultured in lab, and have been proven to renew themselves indefinitely. These cells can be reprogrammed from cells obtained from any healthy person or patient. Stem cells are considered as a valuable resource in the field of medicine but pluripotent stem cells in nature are embryonic stem cells, so their study and isolation posed multiple ethical barriers to be overcome, and inducing pluripotent nature in adult cells has proven to be a solution to overcome those barriers. Induced pluripotent stem cells are considered to be the key for regenerative medicine as their potent ability can be manipulated to replace any diseased or damaged tissues. The authors have discussed the current status of induced pluripotent stem cells and their potential future prospects in this paper. There are also a lot of ethical and legal challenges and opportunities that must be overcome to fully exploit the potential of stem cells. Overall, the aim of this paper is to shed light on the significance of the study and development of stem cells and its research in the field of medicine, and its potential to formulate newer therapies and therapeutics. The authors tend to provide an overview of stem cell research and hope to inspire further research and development in this area to generate significant results in novel and effective stem-cell based therapies.

Galactomannan polysaccharide as a biotemplate for the synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles with photocatalytic, antimicrobial and anticancer applications

Biotemplates provide a facile, rapid, and environmentally benign route for synthesizing various nanostructured materials. Herein, Locust Bean Gum (LBG), a galactomannan polysaccharide, has been used as a biotemplate for synthesizing ZnO nanoparticles (NPs) for the first time. The composition, structure, morphology, and bandgap of ZnO were investigated by Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDX), X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS), X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) and UV–vis spectroscopy. XRD data showed single-phase crystalline hexagonal NPs. FTIR spectra confirmed the presence of M-O bonding in the sample. At a concentration of 0.5 mg/mL the NPs can degrade Rhodamine B under sunlight, displaying excellent photocatalytic activity. These NPs exhibited antimicrobial activity in both Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis. Significant cell death was observed at 500 μg/mL, 250 μg/mL, 125 μg/mL and 62.5 μg/mL of NP in breast cancer, ovarian cancer and lung cancer cell lines. Wound healing assay showed that the NPs significantly blocked the cell migration at a concentration as low as 62.5 μg/mL in all three cell lines. Further optimization of the nanostructure properties will make it a promising candidate in the field of nano-biotechnology and bioengineering owing to its wide range of potential applications.

Iron oxide nanoparticles induced cytotoxicity, oxidative stress, cell cycle arrest, and DNA damage in human umbilical vein endothelial cells

BackgroundNanotechnology and material science have developed enormously fast in recent years. Due to their excellent magnetic properties, iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) have been broadly applied in the field of bioengineering and biomedical. Thus, it is important to evaluate the safety issues and health effects of these nanomaterials. The present investigation was aimed to evaluate the adverse effects of IONPs on human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). MethodsThe cytotoxic potential of IONPs was assessed by MTT and neutral red uptake (NRU) assays. The impact of IONPs on oxidative stress markers (glutathione (GSH) and lipid peroxidation (LPO)), reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, and mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) was also examined. Furthermore, the toxic effect of IONPs was quantified by assessing DNA damage, cell cycle arrest, and apoptosis by quantitative real time PCR. ResultsWe found that IONPs induce a dose-dependent cytotoxicity on HUVECs with IC50 value of 79.13 μg/mL. The results also displayed that IONPs induce oxidative stress, ROS production, and mitochondrial membrane dysfunction. The comet assay results exhibited IONPs induces DNA damage in HUVECs. We found significant cell cycle arrest at SubG1 phase in treated cells and consequent cell death was evidenced by microscopic analysis. Moreover, IONPs display substantial up-regulation of pro-apoptotic genes and down-regulation of anti-apoptotic gene evidenced by real time qPCR. ConclusionOverall, our results clearly demonstrated that IONPs have the potential to induce cytotoxicity, DNA damage, cell cycle arrest, and apoptosis in HUVECs mediated through oxidative stress and ROS production. Thus, IONPs are cytotoxic and it should be handled with proper care.

Deposition and evaluation of thermoplastic polyurethane on paper substrate for test specimen production

This work presents the development and characterization of a process for manufacturing test specimens using thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) on paper substrates, which serve as elastomeric substrates for the manufacturing of piezoresistive sensor devices using the Graphite on Paper (GoP) technique. The study of piezoresistive sensor elements is based on their behavior in response to physical stimuli such as mechanical stress or compression, resulting in variations in electrical resistance obtained from the deposition of graphite films on paper, combined with the elastomer. By leveraging the piezoresistive effect of graphite, innovative technological solutions are sought, enabling the creation of different types of sensors for measuring and monitoring a wide range of physical quantities. The proposed process utilizes commonly available materials in the market and offers a low-cost alternative compared to traditional techniques used for semiconductor-based devices. To create the test specimens, a perforated matrix made of polylactic acid (PLA) was produced using 3D printing, with dimensions specified in ISO 1924-2/2008, and a thickness limitation of 2 mm. TPU is deposited into the perforated grooves of the developed matrix on the paper substrate, filling the spaces intended for the addition of the elastomeric polymer. The deposition process is carried out similar to silk-screen printing, ensuring uniform thickness of the test specimens. The curing process takes place over a period of 48 h at room temperature under the weight of granite structures covered with PVC sheets. After curing, the test specimens are demolded. The obtained results consist of TPU + Paper strips with an average thickness of approximately 2.1357 mm, with a mean thickness variation of 0.10688 mm, representing an average variation of 4.947 % among the strips. By disregarding the highest and lowest results from the measurement series, samples with an average thickness of 2.1327 mm and variations of 0.09250 mm were obtained, representing an average thickness variation of 4.328 %. These results are promising for the development of flexible sensor devices for applications in industrial equipment, soft robotic systems, healthcare, and bioengineering fields.

Aqueous two-phase extraction and characterization of thermotolerant alkaliphilic Cladophora hutchinsiae xylanase: biochemical properties and potential applications in fruit juice clarification and fish feed supplementation

Xylanase finds extensive applications in diverse biotechnological fields such as biofuel production, pulp and paper industry, baking and brewing industry, food and feed industry, and deinking of waste paper. Here, polyethylene glycol (PEG)-phosphate aqueous two-phase system (ATPS) was applied for the purification of an alkaline active and thermotolerant xylanase from a marine source, Cladophora hutchinsiae (C. hutchinsiae). In the purification process, the effects of some experimental factors such as PEG concentration and PEG molar mass, potassium phosphate(K2HP04) concentration, and pH on xylanase distribution were systematically investigated. Relative enzymatic activity and purification factor obtained were 93.21% and 7.18, respectively. A single protein band of 28 kDa was observed on SDS-PAGE. The optimum temperature and pH of xylanase with beechwood xylan were 30 °C and 9.0, respectively. The Lineweaver-Burk graph was utilized to determine the K m (4.5 ± 0.8 mg/mL), V max (0.04 ± 0.01 U) and k cat (0.001 s−1) values of the enzyme. It was observed that the purified xylanase maintained 70% of its activity at 4 °C and was found stable at pH 4.0 by retaining almost all of its activity. Enzymatic activity was slightly enhanced with Na+, K+, Ca2+ and acetone. The highest increase in the reducing sugar amount was 53.6 ± 3.8, for orange juice at 50 U/mL enzyme concentration.

Development of transgenic algae strain expressing CTB-M2e fusion gene an approach towards the development of a universal edible vaccine in Algae.

Avian Influenza, the most studied virus, is of high concern due to its zoonotic pandemic potential. In recent years, several influenza vaccines have been used with the broad goal of managing and in certain cases, eliminating the disease. The matrix 2 extracellular domain (M2e), is one of the key targets of the universal influenza vaccine, a liner peptide that is conserved throughout all influenza A subtypes virus. Many recombinant influenza proteins have been expressed in yeast and plants for vaccine development. A remarkable development has been made in the field of biotechnology to explore the potential of microalga as an expression host. In this study, we designed a fusion gene code for M2e peptide and CTB protein as M2e's natural form has a low level of immunogenicity. The fusion gene was cloned in the Chloroplast transformation vector pSRSapI and expressed in the TN72 mutant strain of Chlamydomonas reinhardii. The expression of the targeted protein was confirmed by ECL western blot analysis. A GM1-ELISA was carried out to detect the affinity of fusion protein for GM1 monosialoganglioside and the significant P-value is lower than 0.05. Immunogenicity assay on chicken detected the anti-M2e bodies in chicken serum. This study gives evidence of therapeutic protein production through algae chloroplast and a stable, selection free and low cost oral delivery for universal vaccine against influenza A virus.

VESICULOVIRUSES AS A TOOL OF BIOTECHNOLOGY

Vesiculoviruses are widely used in various fields of biotechnology. This article analyzes the results of published experimental works devoted to the development of oncolytic and recombinant vaccines against emergent viral infections based on vesiculoviruses. The use of genetic engineering methods makes it possible to strengthen their immunogenicity and oncolytic potential. Aim. Analysis and summarization of available information devoted to the development of oncolytic and other vaccines based on vesiculoviruses. Materials and methods. Publications were selected based on the PubMed (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/) and Google Scholar (https://scholar.google.com/) databases published in 2010–2023. They include information on development of oncolytic and other vaccines based on vesiculoviruses. Resalts. The article describes in detail the use of vesiculoviruses as a tool for creating highly active recombinant viral vaccines. These vaccines are able to protect people from emergent viral infections in various countries and may find application in anticancer therapy.

Impact of Christian Ethics on Biotechnological Resilience within the 21st Century

Research into varying forms of scientific research and study involve a variety of different ethical and social perspectives in order to comprehensively understand the limits and boundaries the research can be implemented into general public usage. Within the field of biotechnology, there is an abundance of diverse responses due to its ability to alter a being's body both presently and within future generations, most of which emerging from religious denominations. In particular, Christian sects have shown a certain hesitancy towards scientific advancement and ideologies that violate their own beliefs, a pattern which has been illustrated since the 16 and 17th centuries with the introduction of the Scientific Revolution. However, different Christian branches may view the implementation of biotechnology with a more beneficial perspective than others, which is why it is important to understand whether the continued advancement of biotechnology is resilient against the ethical values of Christianity within contemporary society. The need of biotechnological advancement to develop resiliency towards the negative connotations Christian communities hold may see it fit to decrease over time due to an increasing popularity to view science as an ability to aid humans in different illnesses within younger generations. However, opportunities for Christian communities to learn scientific concepts is still important since efforts to successfully introduce the advantages of biotechnology may be obsolete if religious communities wish to adhere to their own beliefs.

The worsening divergence of biotechnology: the importance of risk culture.

In the last 20years, the field of biotechnology has made significant progress and attracted substantial investments, leading to different paths of technological modernization among nations. As a result, there is now an international divide in the commercial and intellectual capabilities of biotechnology, and the implications of this divergence are not well understood. This raises important questions about why global actors are motivated to participate in biotechnology modernization, the challenges they face in achieving their goals, and the possible future direction of global biotechnology development. Using the framework of prospect theory, this paper explores the role of risk culture as a fundamental factor contributing to this divergence. It aims to assess the risks and benefits associated with the early adoption of biotechnology and the regulatory frameworks that shape the development and acceptance of biotechnological innovations. By doing so, it provides valuable insights into the future of biotechnology development and its potential impact on the global landscape.

Ultrasound-Based Recovery of Anti-Inflammatory and Antimicrobial Extracts of the Acidophilic Microalga Coccomyxa onubensis.

In the present study, the recovery of valuable molecules of proven anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial activity of the acidophilic microalga Coccomyxa onubensis (C. onubensis) were evaluated using green technologies based on ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE). Using a factorial design (3 × 2) based on response surface methodology and Pareto charts, two types of ultrasonic equipment (bath and probe) were evaluated to recover valuable compounds, including the major terpenoid of C. onubensis, lutein, and the antimicrobial activity of the microalgal extracts obtained under optimal ultrasound conditions (desirability function) was evaluated versus conventional extraction. Significant differences in lutein recovery were observed between ultrasonic bath and ultrasonic probe and conventional extraction. Furthermore, the antimicrobial activity displayed by C. onubensis UAE-based extracts was greater than that obtained in solvent-based extracts, highlighting the effects of the extracts against pathogens such as Enterococcus hirae and Bacillus subtilis, followed by Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. In addition, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry was performed to detect valuable anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial biomolecules present in the optimal C. onubensis extracts, which revealed that phytol, sterol-like, terpenoid, and even fatty acid structures could also be responsible for the antibacterial activities of the extracts. Moreover, UAE displayed a positive effect on the recovery of valuable molecules, improving biocidal effects. Our study results facilitate the use of green technology as a good tool in algal bioprocess engineering, improving energy consumption and minimizing environmental impacts and process costs, as well as provide a valuable product for applications in the field of biotechnology.

Self-Assembly of Platelet Lysates Proteins into Microparticles by Unnatural Disulfide Bonds for Bottom-up Tissue Engineering.

There is a demand to design microparticles holding surface topographies while presenting inherent bioactive cues for applications in the biomedical and biotechnological fields. Using the pool of proteins present in human-derived platelet lysates (PL), it is reported the production of protein-based microparticles via a simple and cost-effective method, exploring the prone redox behavior of cysteine (-SH) amino acid residues. The forced formation of new intermolecular disulfide bonds results in the precipitation of the proteins as spherical, pompon-like microparticles with adjustable sizes (15-50μm in diameter) and surface topography consisting of grooves and ridges. These PL microparticles exhibit extraordinary cytocompatibility, allowing cell-guided micro-aggregates to form, while also working as injectable systems for cell support. Early studies also suggests that the surface topography provided by these PL microparticles can support osteogenic behavior. Consequently, these PL microparticles may find use to create live tissues via bottom-up procedures or injectable tissue-defect fillers, particularly for bone regeneration, with the prospect of working under xeno-free conditions. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

Field-Flow Fractionation in Molecular Biology and Biotechnology.

Field-flow fractionation (FFF) is a family of single-phase separative techniques exploited to gently separate and characterize nano- and microsystems in suspension. These techniques cover an extremely wide dynamic range and are able to separate analytes in an interval between a few nm to 100 µm size-wise (over 15 orders of magnitude mass-wise). They are flexible in terms of mobile phase and can separate the analytes in native conditions, preserving their original structures/properties as much as possible. Molecular biology is the branch of biology that studies the molecular basis of biological activity, while biotechnology deals with the technological applications of biology. The areas where biotechnologies are required include industrial, agri-food, environmental, and pharmaceutical. Many species of biological interest belong to the operational range of FFF techniques, and their application to the analysis of such samples has steadily grown in the last 30 years. This work aims to summarize the main features, milestones, and results provided by the application of FFF in the field of molecular biology and biotechnology, with a focus on the years from 2000 to 2022. After a theoretical background overview of FFF and its methodologies, the results are reported based on the nature of the samples analyzed.

Bioprospecting for industrially relevant exopolysaccharide-producing cyanobacteria under Portuguese simulated climate

Cyanobacterial exopolysaccharides (EPS) are potential candidates for the production of sustainable biopolymers. Although the bioactive and physicochemical properties of cyanobacterial-based EPS are attractive, their commercial exploitation is limited by the high production costs. Bioprospecting and characterizing novel EPS-producing strains for industrially relevant conditions is key to facilitate their implementation in various biotechnological applications and fields. In the present work, we selected twenty-five Portuguese cyanobacterial strains from a diverse taxonomic range (including some genera studied for the first time) to be grown in diel light and temperature, simulating the Portuguese climate conditions, and evaluated their growth performance and proximal composition of macronutrients. Synechocystis and Cyanobium genera, from marine and freshwater origin, were highlighted as fast-growing (0.1–0.2 g L−1 day−1) with distinct biomass composition. Synechocystis sp. LEGE 07367 and Chroococcales cyanobacterium LEGE 19970, showed a production of 0.3 and 0.4 g L−1 of released polysaccharides (RPS). These were found to be glucan-based polymers with high molecular weight and a low number of monosaccharides than usually reported for cyanobacterial EPS. In addition, the absence of known cyanotoxins in these two RPS producers was also confirmed. This work provides the initial steps for the development of cyanobacterial EPS bioprocesses under the Portuguese climate.

Ethics and Regulation in Bionanotechnology: A Step Further in Ethical Rules and its Applications

Nanobiotechnology can be defined as the interconnection between technology and nanoscale. Many questions have been raised on ethical and regulatory issues. This has to do with the safety of humans and the environment. In nano biotechnology their a lot of risks and benefits in nanobiology. The EU Commission intends to place nanobiotechnology in the structure. The development of bionanotechnology is fast-growing including the ethical issue. This write-up shows the importance of ethical issues in bionanotechnology, these ethical issues cut across all other fields in biotechnology. In nanotechnology, there is a lot of implication that affects society and human. There is a difference in great impact but many needs to know more about nanotechnology. Some researchers are researching ethical and societal problems.

Design and Implementation of a Low-Cost Torque Sensor for Manipulators

Humanoid and collaborative robots find their application in numerous sectors, such as automotive, electrical and mechanical engineering, not excluding the field of bioengineering. They replace repetitive and often monotonous human activity. As the trend nowadays is for continuous optimization of production processes, their advantage is easy relocation and operative application to new tasks, which allows the automation of practically all manual work. A common feature of manipulators is the control of the positioning of the actuators, primarily by adjusting the parameters of the drive units. Feedback is often implemented through various sensors that provide real-time information. However, most of the sensors in use do not provide information that would allow obtaining data on the history of the operating load in order to assess the further safe and reliable operation of the mechanical parts. This paper presents a low-cost torque sensor that was proposed by modifying the design of an existing part. The torque sensor was developed on the principle of strain gauge measurement. The results of strain–stress analysis obtained by numerical modelling were experimentally validated under static and dynamic loading. Practical application is mainly the development and long-term testing of prototypes of various types of manipulators and collaborative robots, where high accuracy and repeatability of positioning are essential.

Recent Advances in Electrospun Fibers for Biological Applications

Electrospinning is a simple and versatile method to generate nanofibers. Remarkable progress has been made in the development of the electrospinning process. The production of nanofibers is affected by many parameters, which influence the final material properties. Electrospun fibers have a wide range of applications, such as energy storage devices and biomedical scaffolds. Among polymers chosen for biological scaffolds, such as PLA or collagen, polyacrylonitrile (PAN) has received increasing interest in recent years due to its excellent characteristics, such as spinnability, biocompatibility, and commercial viability, opening the way to new applications in the biotechnological field. This paper provides an overview of the electrospinning process of a large range of polymers of interest for biomedical applications, including PLA and PEO. It covers the main parameters and operation modes that affect nanofiber fabrication. Their biological applications are reviewed. A focus is placed on PAN fiber formation, functionalization, and application as scaffolds to allow cell growth. Overall, nanofiber scaffolds appear to be powerful tools in medical applications that need controlled cell culture.

VII congress of biophysicists of Russia

The problems and results of research in biophysics, which were devoted to the VII Congress of Biophysicists of Russia (Krasnodar, April 17-23, 2023, http://rusbiophysics.ru/db/conf.pl), are discussed. The results of fundamental and applied research in the field of molecular biophysics, cell biophysics, biophysics of complex multicomponent systems were presented at plenary, sectional and poster sessions. The structure and dynamics of biopolymers, the fundamental mechanisms underlying the impact of physicochemical factors on biological systems, membrane and transport processes were actively discussed. Much attention was paid to new experimental methods of biophysical research, methods of bioinformatics, computer and mathematical modeling as essential research tools at all levels of organization of living systems. Along with the fundamental problems of studying the biophysical mechanisms of regulation of processes at the molecular, subcellular and cellular levels, much attention was paid to applied research in the field of biotechnology and environmental monitoring. Works in the field of medical biophysics were especially widely represented. During the Congress, the National Council for Biophysics was formed.

Magnetic Solid Phase Extraction for Determination of Dyes in Food and Water Samples

Recently, magnetic solid-phase extraction (MSPE) is an important technology due to its use in analytical chemistry, biotechnology, and medicinal fields. MSPE shows rapid isolation of target analyte from large volume samples, the huge surface area of magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs), and simplicity in application due to using an external magnetic field instead of using packing column, centrifuge and filter papers. The aim of this review is to evaluate the extraction and determination of dyes in food and water samples by using the MSPE technique.