Field Teams Research Articles

Long-term monitoring of marine turtle nests in northeastern Brazil

Abstract: This study monitored marine turtle nests in a region known as the Potiguar Basin, which stretches from the northern region of Rio Grande do Norte State (5°4’1.15” S, 36°4’36.41” W) to eastern Ceará State (4°38’48.28” S, 37°32’52.08” W) in Brazil. We collected data from January 2011 to December 2019 to identify species of sea turtles that spawn in the basin, to analyze the nesting spatial-temporal pattern and nests characteristics, and to record effects of environmental and anthropic factors on nests. A field team examined sea turtle tracks and nests signs. Turtle clutches were monitored daily until hatchings emerged from the nests. We monitored nests of hawksbill (Eretmochelys imbricata; n = 238) and olive Ridley turtles (Lepidochelys olivacea; n = 103). The nesting season for E. imbricata occurred between December and May and for L. olivacea from March to August. Hawksbills had clutch size, incubation time, number of unhatched eggs, and dead hatchlings higher than olive Ridley turtles; nevertheless, they presented lower hatching success. Precipitation between 0 and 22 mm and relative humidity (RH) higher than 69% increased the hatching success rate for E. imbricata; however, rainfall above 11 mm and RH 64% had the same effect for L. olivacea. Signs of egg theft and human presence (e.g. vehicle traffic and plastic residues on the beach) were recorded and are considered threats to nests. The results of our long-term monitoring study in the Potiguar Basin provide basis for the implementation of mitigation measures and adoption of management policies at nesting beaches in this Brazilian region.

New Working Organs for Solid Tillage of Fallow Fields in Summer Season

The work is of an applied nature and is aimed at substantiating the need to develop the working bodies of the tool for processing steam fields in the summer to preserve moisture in the soil, the main technologies for processing steam are given, the working bodies of steam cultivators are grouped, the design of a new working body is proposed, consisting of 2 narrow one-sided paws, its description is given, the angles of setting the upper part of the working body in the transverse and longitudinal-vertical planes and the horizon are justified, in conclusion, the results of the work done are given.

DEVELOPMENT OF A NEARSHORE EXTREME EVENTS RECONNAISSANCE COMMUNITY

Extreme events have significant impacts on the nearshore water-land system - where ocean, sound, and estuary processes interact with the nearby land - that pose high risk to society. Observations before, during, and after these events are critical to improve understanding of the interactions and feedbacks among the natural and built environments during major storms, and the corresponding human actions and reactions. The goal of the Nearshore Extreme Events Reconnaissance (NEER) Association is to organize and coordinate a national network of scientists spanning many disciplines to perform rapid, pre-and post-event site characterization, to deploy instruments to observe event processes, and to gather virtual data about the event and provide support to field teams. This presentation provides information about NEER's motivation, event-response and coordination activities, data-distribution plans, and lessons learned to date. Funding for NEER is provided by the U.S. National Science Foundation Coastlines and People Program.Recorded Presentation from the vICCE (YouTube Link): https://youtu.be/9I9Z3OLGszU

989. Pre-exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP) Short-Term Retention Among Heavy Alcohol Users in Rural South Africa

BackgroundDespite widespread access to HIV testing and antiretroviral therapy (ART), men, and especially young men, remain difficult to engage in HIV services. Alcohol use disorder (AUD) further complicates engagement. Congregate alcohol venues, known as shebeens, are an ideal place to engage with young men for HIV testing, treatment, and prevention services, including pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP). Here we report on one-month retention in care in eligible patrons recruited from shebeens into a community-based model of PrEP delivery.MethodsAn all-male field team offered HIV testing at mobile clinics outside shebeens in rural Msinga sub-district of Kwazulu-Natal (KZN) province. Eligible participants were offered enrollment into a community-based model of PrEP delivery. PrEP initiators completed the AUDIT scale, with hazardous alcohol use defined as score > 6 for women and > 8 for men, and had dried blood spot (DBS) analysis for phosphatidylethanol (PEth). Loss to follow up was defined as not attending the 1 month follow up appointment, non-response to 3 separate phone calls on three separate days, and unsuccessful tracing at least once at participant’s home address.ResultsBetween February and May 2020, 16 eligible shebeen patrons initiated PrEP, a median of 14.5 days (IQR 12.5 – 19) after initial screening. Among initiators, 93.8% were male, median age was 29.5 years (IQR 22.25 - 37), 31.2% were employed, 56.3% had running water, and 68.8% were hazardous alcohol users. One-month follow-up visits were completed with 68.8% (11/16) participants. Of those retained in care, 90.9% reported at least one sexual partner in the last month, and 54.5% reported more than one sexual partner. All sexually active participants reported inconsistent condom use. In the prior 7 days, 63.7 % of participants reported taking “all of my medication” and 36.4% reported taking “most of my medication,” verified by pill count. Hazardous alcohol use and PEth results did not predict one-month retention in this small sampleConclusionYoung men engaging in risky behavior were interested and willing to engage in PrEP through a community-based PrEP model. The majority were retained in care, and all reported good adherence to PrEP, suggesting the value of differentiated service delivery to engage men in HIV prevention.Disclosures All Authors: No reported disclosures

Application of hemodynamic optimization in the design of artificial heart

Heart failure is one kind of cardiovascular disease with high risk and high incidence. As an effective treatment of heart failure, artificial heart is gradually used in clinical treatment. Blood compatibility is an important parameter or index of artificial heart, and how to evaluate it through hemodynamic design and in vitro hemolysis test is a research hotspot in the industry. This paper first reviews the research progress in hemodynamic optimization and in vitro hemolysis evaluation of artificial heart, and then introduces the research achievements and progress of the team in related fields. The hemodynamic performance of the blood pump optimized in this paper can meet the needs of use. The normalized index of hemolysis obtained by in standard vitro hemolysis test is less than 0.1 g/100 L, which has good hemolysis performance in vitro. The optimization method described in this paper is suitable for most of the development of blood pump and can provide reference for related research work.

Економічні передумови використання безпілотних літальних апаратів у лісовпорядній діяльності в Україні

Today, unmanned aerial vehicles are increasingly used in various sectors of economy, including forestry. Therefore, there is a need for rationing and economic evaluation of these types of activity. Technical standardization of labor is an important stage in the implementation of innovative approaches, technologies, techniques, engineering samples and appliances in all spheres of production. This study serves the purpose of assessing the economic performance of unmanned aerial vehicles at aerial field work during forest management planning activities. The separate unit of the National University of Life and Environmental Sciences of Ukraine “Boiarka Forest Research Station” was identified as the base enterprise. The main analyzed means of technics within the scope of this research is the copter type unmanned aerial vehicle DJI Phantom 4. Based on the data of motion and time study of a quadcopter operator’s shifts, a rational balance of working time of a shift alongside with the normative indicators of labor productivity during aerial photographing activity were calculated. It is possible to adjust the production rate depending on the total travelled distance during a working shift. On the basis of the developed standards of labor productivity, the full prime cost of carrying out aerial photography on an area of 1 ha has been calculated. A comparison of the cost of carrying out aerial photography by means of an unmanned aerial vehicle with the cost of forest management planning and forest certification fieldwork has also been carried out. The results of the study suggest that provided the comparable qualitative and quantitative indicators of the collected data, the use of unmanned aerial vehicles for local clarification of the situation is less expensive compared to surveys by field teams.

Lesson learned – The operation of the pilot scale geothermal power plant 3MW – Kamojang, Indonesia

BPPT has developed and operated a 3 MW Geothermal Power Plant (GPP) of a condensing type technology in Kamojang, West Java - Indonesia, which is the first prototype GPP manufactured by Indonesian companies. The BPPT’s pilot plant was designed based on the geothermal steam field of the KMJ-68 well. The pilot plant becomes an early stage for developing wellhead type GPP in Indonesia. The wellhead GPP can meet with the capability of local manufacturers in the turbine and generator. The local content of BPPT’s pilot plant has reached 63.14 %. This paper discusses the design of Process Flow Diagrams (PFD), performance, and reliability of this plant during continuous synchronous testing to the 20 kV local power grid on November 21–25, 2019. This test is intended to fulfill the requirements to get a Certificate of Operation (SLO). The proposed SLO is for operation at a nominal power of 2 MW considering the limited capacity of the KMJ 68 well. As a technical requirement to obtain the SLO referred to, the plant must be operated continuously for 3 x 24 h in a power range of 1.8–2.2 MW. The utilization efficiency of the GPP was 29 %, which quite good considering dry steam geo-fluids condition. The specific steam consumption (SSC) achieved 14 kg/kWh. The plant still has an opportunity for improving efficiency by reducing the pressure loss in the steam strainer, increasing the condenser vacuum, and improving the turbine design and fabrication. The important aim in this testing was that the plant has operated by following the electricity demand fluctuation in the 20 kV PLN grid. This testing progress becomes a promising stage for the development of GPP’s equipment with local manufactures.

Masa muscular y valores espirométricos en el equipo de atletismo de fondo de la BUAP

Introducción. La espirometría es una prueba para valorar la función respiratoria y su evaluación en atletas resulta útil, ya que las capacidades físicas son esenciales para un buen desempeño deportivo. La masa muscular (MM) pueden ser factor determinante que explicaría la variabilidad de los resultados de la espirometría en atletas. Por estas razones el objetivo del estudio es asociar la MM y su distribución con valores espirométricos en el equipo de Atletismo de fondo de la BUAP.
 Materiales y Métodos. Muestra: 25 deportistas del equipo masculino de atletismo de fondo de la BUAP. Evaluación antropométrica: a través de Impedancia Bioeléctrica para obtener MM, del tronco (MMtr) y de las extremidades inferiores (MMei). Valoración de la función pulmonar: a través de espirometría forzada obteniendo: capacidad vital forzada (CVF), volumen espiratorio forzado al primer segundo (VEF1), pico flujo e Índice de Tiffenau.
 Resultados. Se encontró correlación positiva entre todas las variables espirométricas y las de la MM, siendo la MMei la que mayor correlación presento, siendo las correlaciones más fuertes con PEF y VEF1 respecto a la MMei (0.664 y 0.865 respectivamente).
 Conclusiones. La distribución de la MM tiene influencia significativa en la función respiratoria de los atletas y es la MMei la que tiene mayor asociación con valores espirométricos (VEF1 y el PEF).

The Impact of Three Years of Targeted Indoor Residual Spraying with Pirimiphos-Methyl on Household Vector Abundance in a High Malaria Transmission Area of Northern Zambia.

.The global malaria burden has decreased substantially, but gains have been uneven both within and between countries. In Zambia, the malaria burden remains high in northern and eastern regions of the country. To effectively reduce malaria transmission in these areas, evidence-based intervention strategies are needed. Zambia’s National Malaria Control Centre conducted targeted indoor residual spraying (IRS) in 40 high-burden districts from 2014 to 2016 using the novel organophosphate insecticide pirimiphos-methyl. The Southern and Central Africa International Centers of Excellence for Malaria Research conducted an evaluation of the impact of the IRS campaign on household vector abundance in Nchelenge District, Luapula Province. From April 2012 to July 2017, field teams conducted indoor overnight vector collections from 25 to 30 households per month using Centers for Disease Control light traps. Changes in indoor anopheline counts before versus after IRS were assessed by species using negative binomial regression models with robust standard errors, controlling for geographic and climatological covariates. Counts of Anopheles funestus declined by approximately 50% in the study area and within areas targeted for IRS, and counts of Anopheles gambiae declined by approximately 40%. Within targeted areas, An. funestus counts declined more in sprayed households than in unsprayed households; however, this relationship was not observed for An. gambiae. The moderate decrease in indoor vector abundance indicates that IRS with pirimiphos-methyl is an effective vector control measure, but a more comprehensive package of interventions is needed with sufficient coverage to effectively reduce the malaria burden in this setting.

Pemanfaatan Aplikasi Smartphone Android dalam Pengambilan Data Cagar Budaya

A Smartphone is a gadget that has the ability to resemble a computer. Smartphones are equipped with hardware and internet networks, so they can be used for various purposes in an era of sophistication. The most commonly used smartphones are those based on the Android Operating System (OS), which is also a competitor of Windows Mobile and iOS. As the most OS with the largest users in the world, it is reasonable that many developers aim at Android and develop applications for the collection of Cultural Heritage data. Often, during the Cultural Heritage data collection activities, the field team is constrained by several tools such as GPS, cameras, and measuring instruments, especially for the general public. But with the advanced features available on smartphones, all of that can be done quickly and accurately in one device. This is very helpful for agencies and the public in collecting data or registering Cultural Heritage. Furthermore, this article provides examples of several applications provided by developers on Android-based smartphones, which can be used to collect Cultural Heritage data. In addition, this also aims to find out which applications can support accurate data collection features, and are available for free on Play Store services provided by Android.

Study of Problem Identification and Solution for Handling the Housing Stimulant Grant Program in the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Case Study in Muncan Village, Bali

Purpose: The housing rehabilitation program for low-income people is carried out by the Indonesian Ministry of Public Works and Public Housing. Muncan Village is one of the areas that received 2020 house rehabilitation assistance (BSPS) for Karangasem Regency.
 Research methods: Preventive measures are needed, especially for the Field Facilitator Team as the front guard, so that the BSPS program channelled adequately. The key to smooth distribution, in addition to the precise mechanism, must also follow the government's recommendations and implement health protocols.
 Findings: Constraints on distribution activities, starting from November 2019 to the initial process in April 2020. Field constraints, social aspects, education, and the community's situation become challenges in these activities. But beginning in 2020, the COVID-19 pandemic made the distribution of aid even more complicated with adjustments to the rules and recommendations of the government in conducting activities.
 Implications: Additional mission the field team to accelerate the handling of the pandemic, an appeal about anticipating COVID-19 also needs to convey. Strategies related to initiatives provide a masker for beneficiaries to foster protocol awareness and motivation regarding applicable rules.

Exploring the burden of Ntwetwe virus–A novel orthobunyavirus associated with CNS infections–in Ugandan children

Background: Ntwetwe virus is a novel orthobunyavirus which was recently discovered from the cerebrospinal fluid of a three-year-old Ugandan girl with a fatal CNS infection. Orthobunyaviruses are arthropod-borne viruses, are prevalent worldwide and can cause different types of disease, ranging from mild febrile illness to fatal CNS infections. It is expected that human exposure to Ntwetwe virus may be common because of its presumed vector (the Anopheles mosquito) and the high seroprevalence to its closest relative (Tataguine virus) in sub-Saharan Africa. Nonetheless, because of its recent discovery, attempts to further study this virus have not yet been performed. The objective of this study is to determine the prevalence of Ntwetwe virus infections in children in the region where the virus was first identified and describe the clinical characteristics of infected cases. Moreover, this study aims to determine whether and which mosquitoes transmit Ntwetwe virus. This information will provide us with the first insight into the burden of Ntwetwe virus infections which will be important for clinicians, policy makers and future research. Methods and materials: We conducted a human case-control study on children presenting with mild febrile and severe neurologic symptoms–each linked to a healthy control–to Kiboga hospital between August 2019 and January 2020. Infection by Ntwetwe virus was determined by a quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) of blood and cerebral spinal fluid samples in the Uganda Virus Research Institute. The prevalence of acute Ntwetwe virus infections for both case groups was compared to healthy controls. For Ntwetwe virus positive patients, clinical and anthropological risk factors for infection were determined by comparison to patients negative for Ntwetwe virus. Mosquitos were captured at two time points by field teams from the UVRI using CDC light traps over a period of 2 weeks in the area surrounding Kiboga hospital during the dry and rainy season. Results: Fifteen cases (14 mild and one severe) and five controls were included by mid October 2019. Further inclusion and testing is ongoing. Conclusion: Results of this study will–for the first time–be presented at the ICID.

Approaches to overcome recruitment challenges in a rural setting in India: Strategies adopted in Srinivasapur Aging, Neuro Senescence and Cognition (SANSCOG) study

AbstractBackgroundRecruitment and retention of participants is a rate limiting step in any clinical research study, more so in a rural setting. The SANSCOG study is a large‐scale, longitudinal, rural, cohort study, to gather long term data to identify risk and protective factors for normal and pathological aging, dementia and other related disorders.MethodThe study will recruit 10,000 participants, out of which 1500 have completed baseline visit. Our recruitment strategy centred around utilising expertise within existing health care set‐up in Srinivaspur, India. We targeted 6 primary health centres and their associated villages. We collaborated with public health officials and gathered census data to identify potential participants (age ≥ 45 years). We formed a field team, conversant with the language and knowledgeable about local culture. By working closely with link workers, who are part of government health system, to promote health and well‐being initiatives in villages (ASHA), we were able to build better connections with the community. In consultation with village leaders, we conducted awareness programs, informing participants about our study. We maintained periodic contact with participants through telephone or in‐person house visits and actively engaged the community through activities like general health awareness camps, street plays and sports events. Though we don’t offer any treatment, the clinical team provides brief feedback on participants blood test reports, ECG and MRI and makes appropriate referrals to the primary health system, if necessary.ResultWe approached 3891 participants from 19 villages, out of which 48% consented. We observed that despite being marginalized, this community’s willingness to contribute to the study, with the notion of potentially helping their future generations, was remarkable. From our experience, the most crucial approach was forming alliance with existing health system to build community connections. We assessed participants interest to continue in the study via telephone calls (n=700) or house visits (n=255); having found the later strategy to be more effective, our approach was modified for subsequent follow‐ups. A pilot follow‐up was completed for 142 participants.ConclusionThe SANSCOG project provides unique insights on recruitment approaches that can be tailored and adopted for increasing study enrolment in rural cohorts in developing countries.

CAMPS

Field research in archaeology and biological anthropology exists in many different environments, each with implicit hazards to the well-being of the research team. It is considered standard practice for the principal investigator or academic team leader to be responsible for the well-being of the research team. It is not, however, a common requirement that field team leaders have specific training in how to ensure that the team is well prepared to safeguard its medical and psychological well-being during a field season. The most systematic study of health and safety among anthropology field camps was performed in 1986–87 and published in Current Anthropology (Howell 1988, 1990). The three greatest hazards identified (motor vehicle collisions, malaria, and hepatitis) have been mitigated due to a series of engineering and medical advances; however, hazards still abound. The Combined Anthropology Medical Preparation Survey (CAMPS) reassesses the hazards faced during field research in archaeology and biological anthropology and gauges the desire among field researchers for additional training or resources on medical readiness. As a medical needs assessment, it is intended to serve as a foundation for designing a systematic approach for team leaders to protect the well-being of team members before, during, and after fieldwork.

Экспертная оценка значимости выездной формы проведения медицинской реабилитации спасателей в зоне чрезвычайной ситуации

The purpose of the study is to analyze and summarize the results of an expert assessment of the goals, needs, ways and methods of medical rehabilitation of rescuers in the emergency zone to preserve and maintain their professional health and high performance during emergency rescue operations. Materials and methods of research. The study was conducted by interviewing of 248 specialists of the All-Russian service for disaster medicine (VSMC) using three questionnaires developed by the author. The questionnaires included questions on the possibility of using and expediency of the field form of medical rehabilitation of rescuers in the emergency zone, the need for additional preparation and professional training of specialists of field teams, as well as the expected effectiveness of this form of work. The results of the research were analyzed using the STATISTICA V.8.0 application software package. Research results and their analysis. The provisions are formulated as based on the results of processing expert opinions on the possibility, significance and expediency of using modern technologies of medical rehabilitation in the emergency zone, the need to change the professional training of specialists in the field of medical rehabilitation and additional training of specialists of field teams working in the emergency zone.

Microbiology in the Field: Construction and Validation of a Portable Incubator for Real-Time Quantification of Coliforms and Other Bacteria.

Performing microbiological assays on environmental samples in field settings poses logistical challenges with respect to the availability of suitable equipment or the ability to get samples to the laboratory in a timely fashion. For example, the viability of some bacteria can decrease greatly between sampling and arrival to the laboratory for processing. We developed and constructed rugged, reliable, and cost-effective portable incubators that were used by 10 independent field teams to perform microbiological assays on surface water samples from lakes across Canada. Rigorous testing and validation of our incubators ensured that incubation conditions were consistent within and across all 10 field teams and 2 sampling years. Samples from all sites were processed in duplicate and bacterial counts were highly repeatable within and across sampling teams. Bacterial counts were also found to be statistically equivalent to counts obtained with standard laboratory techniques using a conventional incubator. Using this method, thermotolerant coliforms (TTCs) and Escherichia coli were quantified from 432 lakes, allowing comparison to both historical datasets that relied on TTCs and those following current guidelines that use E. coli counts. We found higher loads at the shoreline than the middle of lakes and different patterns between ecozones. E. coli was not frequently detected, but many lakes exceeded Canadian guideline values for activities such as swimming and some even exceeded the guideline value for secondary recreational activities such as boating. To the best of our knowledge, this is the largest bacteriological water quality assessment of freshwater lakes to date in terms of both spatial scale and the number of lakes sampled. Our incubator design can be easily adapted for a wide variety of researcher goals and represents a robust platform for field studies and other applications, including those in remote or low-resources settings.

Caring for the Most Vulnerable: A Model for Managing Maladaptive Behavior in Children with Mental Special Needs During the COVID-19 Pandemic.

Background: This article presents the results of a comprehensive national model developed for managing maladaptive behaviors (MBs) in children with mental special needs (CMSNs) during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic that combines telehealth-based Applied Behavioral Analyses, psychiatric interventions, and support from local psychosocial teams. This study aims to determine the effectiveness of a system that combined telehealth applications with local psychosocial support teams, allowing services from video calls to emergency interventions. Materials and Methods: The system combines the telehealth applications with the services from local psychosocial intervention teams. In addition to system records covering sociodemographic variables and initial complaints, a telephone survey questioning the effectiveness and satisfaction of the system was used as the main outcome. Results: In total, 347 individuals used the system with mothers constituting the majority of applicants (88.7%, n = 332). The overall satisfaction of the system was 8.8/10. In terms of effectiveness, 63.3% (n = 237) of caregivers reported an improvement in the reason of application. Counselors decided on a need for follow-up visits for 36.6% (n = 137) of applications. A referral to a psychiatrist was asked for 40 patients (10.6%). Discussion: To our best knowledge, this is the first study presenting a model for managing MBs of CMSNs during the COVID-19 outbreak. In general, therefore, it seems that there is a need for unique systems to handle behavioral problems of CMSNs. Conclusions: The findings of this study suggest that it is possible to establish an integrative multistep multidisciplinary telehealth-based approach in a short while.

KRI DESIGN AND MITIGATION STRATEGY ON WATER DISTRIBUTION OF PERUMDA AIR MINUM MAKASSAR REGIONAL IV: A Case Study

Municipal Waterworks Corporation (PERUMDA AIR MINUM) of Makassar city currently finds many common risks in water distribution process. The risks cause a lot of damage to the piping network system, so that the quantity of distributed water to customers is not optimal. Consequently, it is necessary to handle the risks. This study aims to determine the risks that occur in water distribution process by using Delphi method to identify potential risks. Then, House of Risk (HOR) is used at the risk analysis and evaluation stage to determine mitigation strategies and Key Risk Indicators (KRI) is designed to determine the Early Warning System (EWS). Based on the results known that there are 16 identified risk events and 24 risk agents. Furthermore, a mitigation strategy is carried out on the risk agent by using 18 preventive actions. Based on the selected risk, coded as A24 with the indicator value is Information (Field Team) has lower threshold of 5 hours and upper threshold of 8.19 hours. Water loss has lower threshold of 3,118,047 m3 and upper threshold of 3,283,688 m3. A1 as Expired indicator value has lower threshold of 20 years and upper threshold of 26 years and leaking pipes replacement has lower threshold of 15 years and upper threshold of 16 years 3 months 2 weeks. Further research is expected to be able to design KRI for the risks that do not have EWS yet.

Abstract 16462: Using Geospatial Mapping to Target Risk and Facilitate Placement of Community Health Workers, Educational Tools, and AHA Field Teams

Introduction: Diabetes is a chronic condition that affects 34.2 million Americans. Long-lasting or undiagnosed diabetes increases the risk of developing cardiovascular disease (CVD). Geographic Information Systems (GIS) inform healthcare delivery interventions to target patients, clinicians, health systems and communities at highest risk. A gap remains in how data and GIS are applied and leveraged in the context of value-based care delivery systems. This spatial analysis demonstrates the application of a generalizable methodology for allocating resources such as AHA Field Teams, community health workers (CHWs), and educational tools to areas most burdened by diabetes and CVD. Methods: The automated geocoding infrastructure from the Duke Medicine electronic data warehouse was developed to standardize and scale geocoding addresses for a population of people with type 2 diabetes from the Southeastern Diabetes Initiative (SEDI) in 2017. While maintaining accuracy and assuring that patients’ protected health information was secure, we used geocoded data and public data (public health data, census tract data, and information on the built environment) to assess risk and identify accessible resources. Results and Discussion: Using this method to understand racial distribution, level of education, and income,we identified high risk communities in Durham County. We correlated geospatial patterns of health risk, illness burden, and determined accessible resources for diabetes and CVD.We calculated a resource ratio of one CHW to 100 patient-population and identified a central hub for fixed resource access. Using neighborhood boundaries, we identified a community where the burden of diabetes reached 17%, 60% of inhabitants were African American, median income was $55,945, and just 17.7% had a bachelor’s degree. Understanding risk using these social determinants (Figure 1) supports the intentional allocation of resources and hiring of CHWs.

Research Needs, Challenges, and Strategic Approaches for Natural Hazards and Disaster Reconnaissance

Natural hazards and disaster reconnaissance investigations have provided many lessons for the research and practice communities and have greatly improved our scientific understanding of extreme events. Yet, many challenges remain for these communities, including improving our ability to model hazards, make decisions in the face of uncertainty, enhance community resilience, and mitigate risk. State-of-the-art instrumentation and mobile data collection applications have significantly advanced the ability of field investigation teams to capture quickly perishable data in post-disaster settings. The NHERI RAPID Facility convened a community workshop of experts in the professional, government, and academic sectors to determine reconnaissance data needs and opportunities, and to identify the broader challenges facing the reconnaissance community that hinder data collection and use. Participants highlighted that field teams face many practical and operational challenges before and during reconnaissance investigations, including logistics concerns, safety issues, emotional trauma, and after-returning, issues with data processing and analysis. Field teams have executed many effective missions. Among the factors contributing to successful reconnaissance are having local contacts, effective teamwork, and pre-event training. Continued progress in natural hazard reconnaissance requires adaptation of new, strategic approaches that acquire and integrate data over a range of temporal, spatial, and social scales across disciplines.